Polovtsian - a ... Gano wanda da Cumans

An dade an yi imani da cewa Polovtsian - ya kasance maƙiyi da Rasha ƙasar, kamar yadda 'yan wannan kabila da aka gani a mahara hare-hare a kan ƙasar na kasar mu. Duk da haka, masana tarihi da aka sani aukuwa daga mai makwabcin ta zama Polovtsian kabilu da kuma Slavs, kazalika da yunkurin yaki da, misali, da Hungarians, da Volga Bulgars, mangolawa da sauransu. Material shaida, m asirin wannan nomadic kabilar, shi ya kasance quite kananan, amma su za a iya amfani da su waƙa da asali tarihi na Polovtsian mutane.

Polovtsian kakanninmu masu Sin?

Da ma'anar "Polovtsian" a zamanin d harshen nuna cewa Slavs kira a matsayin mutane ko zo daga matakan (daga kalmar "filin"), ko kuma yana da wata yellowish tinge da fata (daga kalmar "polov" - "rawaya").

Lalle ne, kakanninsa sun Polovtsian makiyaya suke zaune a cikin matakan tsakanin Eastern Tien Shan kuma Mongolian Altai, wanda kasar Sin ya kira Mutane Seyanto. A wannan yanki akwai wani tsoho jihar, kafa a 630, wanda, duk da haka, aka sauri halakãsu da Uighurs da Sin tare da guda. Bayan da mazaunan wadannan wurare da aka maye gurbinsu da Generic sunan "Syrah" to "Kipchaks", wanda yake nufin "m, m," da kuma, suka je Irtysh da kuma gabashin matakan Kazakhstan.

Fassarar karni na sha tara da kuma ra'ayi na Sakharov

The ma'anar da kuma fassarar da kalmar "Polovtsian" kuma fassara da wasu masana kamar yadda ya faru daga kalmar "kifi", wanda ke nufin farauta (a ji na dukiya da kuma mutane), kazalika da kalmar "full" - kama, kawar da wakilin inda Slavs.

A cikin karni na sha tara (musamman E. kuma A. Skrizhinskaya Kunik) sunan gano da tushen wadannan kabilu "pol" na nufin rabin. Kamar a sama, masu bincike sun zaci, mazauna na zamanin d Kiev, located a dama banki na Dnieper, kira makiyaya, waɗanda suka zo daga sauran gefen kogin, "tare da bene daga gare shi." Academician Dmitry Likhachev kullum dauke duk samarwa version wanda ba a gama ba. Ya zaci cewa asiri na asalin sunan wannan kabilar ba zai iya warware, kamar yadda Kipchak-Cumans bar m adadin nasu rubuta takardu.

Cumans - wannan ba mai raba kabilar

Yau, an yi imani da cewa Polovtsian - wani wakilin conglomeration na nomadic kabilu, da kuma wadannan bayanai suna dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa a cikin goma sha ɗaya karni AD Kipchak mutane da aka cinye ta da yaki da Mongol kabilan kumosi-Kimaks, sa'an nan gudun hijira zuwa yamma, tare da wakilan da Mongoloid kabilan - Kidane. By ƙarshen thirties na goma sha ɗaya karni, wannan tarin al'umma mamaye matakan tsakanin Volga da Irtysh da ya zo da kan iyakoki na Old Rasha jihar.

"Yellow" mutane suka zo kan iyakar Rasha

Game wanda da Cumans daga mahangar da tarihi na Rasha shirin gaskiya a karon farko ya ba wani bayani Hypation Chronicle a 1055. A cewar wannan rubutun, zuwa iyakar da mulkin Pereslavsky mutane zo "haske rawaya", wanda a yarda a sanya cikin Kipchaks da Mongoloid kabilan Generic sunan "Cumans".

Sababbin suka zauna a cikin Tekun Azov, a lokacin da Lower Don da ta Arewa, inda suka tarar da dutse "mace", wanda, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni, nomadic kabilu kafa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da kakanni.

Su wane ne Cumans lokacin daga ra'ayi na addini da koyarwa? An yi imani da cewa wannan matsakaici farko an aikata nomadic daba kakanninmu, wanda aka aiwatar da saitin dutse sculptures high rabo Steppe, watersheds a musamman huruminsa. A wannan yanayin, kai tsaye binne ba ko da yaushe kusa. A Polovtsian kaburbura aka sau da yawa mika jana'izar marigayin, tare da iyali abubuwa da gawa (cushe) ya warhorse.

Dubu biyu da dutse gumãka kuma wani m rubutu

A kan kaburbura na shahararren mutane da bukatunsu na Polovtsian Barrow. A kwanan nan more sau, a lokacin da Musulmi ci Kipchaks, kashi arna Monuments kasance halakakku. A ranar, da ƙasa na zamani Rasha zauna game da 2000 dutse "mata" (daga "balbal" - "m"), wanda har yanzu dauke da ikon kara da takin gargajiya na ƙasar, na maido da yanayi. Wadannan Monuments sun tsira da ƙarni, ciki har da tsawon Christianization Polovtsian. Majusawa, Musulmai, Kiristoci - shi ke da suka da Cumans a daban-daban lokaci na ci gaba da wannan sa mutane.

Su kibiya harbe saukar tsuntsaye a kan gardama

Bayan bayyana a gabashin Turai matakan a XI karni BC Cumans bai daina a yankin da kuma ci gaba da shirya a kan, amfanin wannan ne saboda da gaban irin wannan iko abin hawa a lokacin, kamar doki, da kuma kyau makamai a cikin wani nau'i na baka.

Polovtsian - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon jarumi. The yara na wadannan kabilu daga yara sanar horsemanship da kuma fama da dabaru da cewa daga baya suka iso a cikin koshuna - mayakan sa daga wannan HALITTAR. A koshun ka iya hada mutane da yawa, ko uku, ko hudu mutum ɗari, wanda farmaki makiya kamar ambaliyar ruwa, da aka kewaye da ya zobe kuma an rufe shi da kibiyoyi. Bayan slozhnosostavnyh zahiri m a lokacin da bakuna Polovtsi sabers, wukake, māsu. Sun kasance makamai a cikin nau'i na rectangular faranti na baƙin ƙarfe. Su soja tsananin hĩla ya haka high cewa a cike karkatar daga baka mahayi iya harba saukar da wani tsuntsu.

Camp kuka karkashin sirdi ...

Su wane ne Cumans cikin sharuddan da hanyar rayuwa? Wadannan mutane sun hankula nomadic, sosai unpretentious, ko da bukatunsu na cewa lokaci. Da farko sun rayu a rufe kekunan shanu ko ji alfarwansu, ci madara, cuku da kuma raw nama, wanda softens karkashin sirdi wani doki. Hare-hare da suka kawo ganima da kuma kãmammu, hankali shan kan daga wasu al'adu da ilmi ba, halaye da kuma al'adu. Ko da yake asalin kalmar shi ne ba da wani daidai definition na abin da ake nufi Polovtsian, kwarewa da kanka al'ummai da yawa na cewa lokaci.

Dauki al'adu Polovtsy ya daga wani kamar nomadic Kipchak a cikin goma sha biyu karni kai Ciscaucasian matakan (a kan p. Sunzha kudi ya Polovtsian khans), ziyarci a Pomorie, Surozh da Korsun, Pomorie, Tmutarakani jajirce a total na game da 46 hare-hare Rus, wanda sau da yawa lashe, amma akwai mãsu hasãra. A musamman, a kusa da 1100 BC game da 45 dubu Kipchaks aka hambarar Rusichi a cikin Jojiyanci ƙasar, wanda garwaye da na gida alƙarya.

Polovtsian halaye rasa kome da kowa da kowa wanda aka kama da hannu, ya kai ga cewa ga wani lokaci na nomadic al'ummai sun koya gina gidaje domin hunturu, inda har aka sanye take makera a misãlin Rasha dumama abubuwa. M fata tufafinsu da aka yi wa ado da qwarai a kan su hannayen riga, kamar Byzantine manya daga cikin kabilan akwai alamun kungiyar.

Polovtsian mulkinsa ba kasa Turai

By lokacin da ya ci na Mongol-Tatar sojojin a cikin XIII karni Polovtsian taro ne wata kungiya, mai ƙarfi daga abin da suke Don da Dniester. A waɗannan kwanaki, Polovtsian - wani wakilin mutane da suka rayu a wani yanki m, a size zuwa Turai da mulkoki. Wadannan kusan samuwar impeded nassi na tafiyar hanya "daga Varangians zuwa Helenawa", da za'ayi a raba incursions Rus sun aiki kafin da kuma 90s na goma sha biyu karni, sa'ilin kipchaki fada, yafi a Rasha squads lokacin mezhknyazheskih yakin basasa.

Saboda haka ta yaya za mu iya amsa wannan tambaya na wanda da Cumans? shi za a iya kammala daga zamanin d tarihi, cewa wannan mutane, duk da wasu m, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da siyasa taswirar duniya a wancan lokaci da kuma a cikin samuwar daban-daban kasashe, ciki har da a yau.