Masar hieroglyphs. Masar hieroglyphs da su da ma'ana. Ancient Masar hieroglyphs

Masar hieroglyphs, images of wanda aka bai wa a kasa, daya ne daga cikin rubuce-rubuce da tsarin amfani da kusan 3.5 shekara dubu da suka wuce. A Misira da aka yi amfani a nuna na 4th da 3rd ƙarni BC. e. Wannan tsarin hadawa abubuwa na karin lafazi, syllabic da ideographic styles. Ancient Masar hieroglyphs sun picturesque images, complemented karin lafazi alamomin. Matsayin mai mulkin, suna yanka a kan duwatsu. Duk da haka, a kan Papyrus, da kuma a kan katako sarcophagi ma zai iya samun Masar hieroglyphs. Pictures da aka yi amfani da yiwa alama, sun yi kama da abubuwa da cewa suna rababbe. Wannan ƙwarai facilitates fahimtar da rubuta abu. Bugu da ari, a wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku game da abin da ake nufi da wannan, ko da harafin.

Da asiri na bayyanar alamun

A tarihin abin da ya faru na tsarin ke zurfi a cikin gabata. A kan lokaci mai tsawon, daya daga cikin mafi tsoho Monuments na rubutu Misira shi ne Narmer palette. An yi imani da cewa ta farko da ãyõyinMu da aka nuna. Duk da haka, Jamus archaeologists a 1998 gano a lokacin rami na ɗari uku lãka Allunan. Suna nuna protoieroglify. ÃyõyinSa kwanan rana 33 karni BC. e. An yi imani da cewa matukar farko jumla rubũtacce a kan hatimi na biyu daular makabarta a Abydos Fir'auna Shitu-Shitu-Peribsen. Zan iya cewa da farko kamar yadda ãyõyin amfani da hotuna na abubuwa da kuma abubuwa masu rai. Amma wannan tsarin da aka quite rikitarwa saboda shi ake bukata wasu m basira. A wannan batun, bayan dan lokaci da hotunan da aka Sauki ga zama dole haihuwarka. Kamar wancan akwai wani hieratic rubuce. Wannan tsarin yana amfani da yafi firistoci. Sun yi da inscriptions a kan kaburbura da kuma haikalin. Demotic (kasa) tsarin, abin da ya bayyana daga baya, ya fi sauƙi. Yana kunshi da'ira, arcs, dashes. Duk da haka, don gane asali haruffa a cikin wannan wasika da ya kasance matsala.

inganta ãyõyi

Da farko, da Masar hieroglyphs sun pictorial. Wancan ne, kalmar bayyana a cikin nau'i na gani images. Ta kuma kara da kafa ma'anar (ideographic) wasika. Da taimakon ideograms iya rikodin wasu m Concepts. Saboda haka, misali, iya nufin duwãtsu image matsayin wani ɓangare na taimako, da kuma dutsen, wani waje kasar. image rãnã nufin "rana" saboda shi haskakawa kawai a lokacin da rana. Daga baya a ci gaban da dukan da Masar rubuce-rubuce tsarin ideograms taka muhimmiyar rawa. Da ɗan baya, ya fara bayyana da kuma sauti da alãmarsu. A wannan tsarin, mafi hankali da aka biya ba kawai da ma'anar kalmomi kamar yadda ya sauti fassarar. Ta yaya da yawa haruffa a Masar? A cikin New, ta tsakiya da kuma Old Mulkin ãyõyi ya game 800. A Greco-Roman lokaci akwai fiye da 6,000.

rarrabuwa

systematizing matsalar sun kasa warware wannan rana. Uollis Badzh (English philologist da Egyptologist) ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da masana kimiyya, wanda tana Masar hieroglyphs. Ya rarrabuwa da aka dogara ne a kan na waje ãyõyin ãyõyi. Bayan shi, a cikin 1927, wani sabon jerin aka harhada Gardiner. Ya "Masar Grammar" na dauke da rarrabuwa na ãyõyi a kan daukan hotuna. Amma a cikin jerin alamu suka kasu kashi kungiyoyin cewa alama da Latin haruffa. A cikin Categories ãyõyin da jerin lambobin da aka sanya. A kan lokaci, hada Gardiner rarrabuwa aka dauke kowa. A database da aka wadãtar da Bugu da kari na sabon haruffa a wani ɓangare daga gare su. Mutane da yawa bude daga baya ãyõyi sanya zahiri dabi'u kara bayan da lambobi.

A sabon codification

Tare da fadada daga cikin jerin, kõma sama a kan tushen da rarrabuwa na Gardiner, wasu masu bincike suka fara yayata game da ba daidai ba rarraba haruffa a kungiyoyin. A shekaru 80, ya sake wani hudu-girma kasida haruffa, rabu a ma'anar. Wannan gasar daga baya lokacin da aka ma fara sake tunani. A sakamakon haka ne nahawu hada da Kurt a 2007-2008. Ya gyara da kimanta hudu Gardiner da ya gabatar da wani sabon rabo a cikin kungiyoyin. Wannan aiki, ba shakka, a sosai m da kuma amfani a translation yi. Amma wasu masu bincike suna shakka game da ko sabon codification saba a Egyptology, tun da shi yana da shortcomings kuma flaws.

Modern tsarin kula da tsarinsa haruffa

Yau da za'ayi fassarar Masar hieroglyphics? A shekarar 1991, lokacin da fasahar kwamfuta da aka ɓullo da kyau, an samarwa zuwa encode haruffa na harsuna daban daban Unicode Standard. The latest version ya ƙunshi manyan Masar hieroglyphs. Wadannan haruffa ne a cikin kewayon: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Yau ci gaba da fita da dama da sabon taskoki a lantarki da form. Deciphering Masar hieroglyphics a kan Rasha harshen ne da za'ayi amfani da wani zana edita Hieroglyphica. Ya kamata a lura cewa a wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da bayyana sabon kundayen. A dangane da isasshe manyan yawan ãyõyi sun har yanzu ba za a iya cikakken classified. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, masu bincike gano sabon Masar hieroglyphics da kuma karin lafazi darajar wani sabon nadi na data kasance mãsu girmansu.

Image Direction ãyõyi

Mafi sau da yawa, da Masarawa rubuta a kwance Lines, yawanci daga dama zuwa hagu. Yana da aka rare saduwa a line daga hagu zuwa dama. A wasu lokuta, a cikin ãyõyin ne a tsaye. A wannan yanayin, suke ko da yaushe karanta daga sama zuwa kasa. Duk da haka, duk da fifikon shugabanci daga dama zuwa hagu, a cikin rubuce-rubucen da Masarawa, ga m dalilai, a cikin zamani bincike adabi zuwa lamba daga hagu zuwa dama. Alamun cewa wanda aka nuna tsuntsaye, da dabbobi, da mutane sun ko da yaushe aka juya zuwa farkon line fuska. A babba alamar ya ɗaukaka a cikin kasa. Masarawa ba su yi amfani separators sentences ko kalmomi, watau babu alamar rubutu. Calligraphic ãyõyi a lokacin da kokarin raba harafi ba tare da gibba kuma symmetrically, forming rectangles ko murabba'ai.

burbushi tsarin

Masar hieroglyphs za a iya raba biyu manyan kungiyoyin. Na farko shi ne phonograms (sauti alamomi), da kuma na biyu - ideograms (na ginin jumla ãyõyi). Bugawa kalmar amfani da su koma zuwa ga wani ra'ayi. Su, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi 2 iri: determiners da logograms. Phonogram amfani ga sautuna. Wannan kungiyar hada iri uku ãyõyi: trehsoglasnye, dvusoglasnye da odnosoglasnye. Abin lura shi ne cewa akwai wani image tsakanin haruffan wasali. Saboda haka, wannan shi ne baƙi rubuce-rubuce tsarin, kamar Larabci ko Hebrew. Masarawa ba su iya karanta rubutu da duk vowels, ko da idan suka ba rubũtacce. Kowane mutum ya san daidai abin da sauti tsakanin wasu baƙaƙe Dole ne a sa a cikin pronunciation na wata kalma. Amma babu alamun vowels ne mai tsanani matsalar for Egyptologists. A kan lokaci mai tsawon (kusan karshe shekara dubu biyu) harshe aka dauke matattu. Kuma a yau babu wanda ya san daidai da yadda kalmomin ƙaho. Saboda da philological bincike iya, ba shakka, kafa wani m imin sautin harshe na da yawa kalmomi, to fahimci ma'anar Masar hieroglyphics a Rasha, Latin, da sauran harsuna. Amma irin ayyukan yanzu sosai ya zama ruwan dare kimiyya.

phonogram

Odnosoglasnye ãyõyi sun Masar haruffa. Hieroglyphs a wannan yanayin amfani da su nuna a fakaice daya baƙi. A daidai sunayen duk haruffan odnosoglasnyh ba a sani ba. Su bi da bi ci gaba da masana kimiyya, Egyptologists. Kalma da wani harshen da aka yi ta hanyar amfani da Latin haruffa. Idan, duk da haka, da Latin haruffa ne ba dacewa haruffa ko suna bukatar karin, sa'an nan lafazi alamomi ana amfani da su nuna. Dvusoglasnye sauti an tsara don watsa biyu baƙaƙe. Wannan irin haruffa ne kowa isa. Wasu daga cikin su ne sautunan (aika da mahara haduwa). Trehsoglasnye ãyõyi kai, bi da bi, da uku baƙaƙe. Suna kuma yadu rarraba a rubuce. Matsayin mai mulkin, da karshen iri biyu suna amfani da Bugu da kari odnosoglasnyh alamun cewa ne jera ko cikakken gani da sauti.

Ideogrammaticheskie Masar hieroglyphs da su ma'anar

Logograms ne alamomin da cewa wanda aka nuna abin da suka zahiri nufi ba. Alal misali, wani zane na Rana - wannan rana, da haske, da rãnã da kanta, da kuma lokaci. Domin a more m fahimtar da logo ne complemented sauti saba. Determiners ne ideograms, wanda aka yi nufi ga koma zuwa logogram nahawu Categories. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka sanya shi a cikin karshen kalmomi. Determinative bauta wa bayyana ma'anar rubuta abu. Duk da haka, ya ba designate wani kalmomi ko sautuna. Determiners iya da biyu mai ɗaukuwa da wani kai tsaye darajar. Alal misali, Masar hieroglyph for "ido" - shi ne ba kawai kawai da sashen hangen nesa, amma kuma da ikon ganin, to watch. A alamar nuna wani yi na Papyrus, ba kawai nuna a fakaice a littafin, ko gungura kanta, amma kuma suna da mafi m, m ra'ayi.

da yin amfani da alamun

Ado da kuma wajen m haruffa a gare su aiwatar. A musamman, a cikin ãyõyin amfani, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ga alama daga cikin tsarki matani da kuma monumental. A rayuwar yau da kullum, don ƙirƙirar wani kasuwanci da kuma administrative takardun, rubutu amfani da wani sauki hieratic tsarin. Amma duk da fairly m amfani, ba zai iya kau da haruffa. Suka ci gaba da amfani da, a cikin tsawon na Persian, da kuma a lokacin Greco-Roman iko. Amma dole ne in ce cewa IV karni akwai 'yan mutanen da suka iya amfani da fahimta da tsarin.

kimiyya da bincike

Daya daga cikin na farko haruffa sha'awar tsoho marubuta Diodorus, Strabo, Herodotus. Special dalĩli a cikin binciken na ãyõyi da Horapollon. Dukkan wadannan marubuta sun yi jayayya karfi da cewa duk haruffan buga wani hoto na wani harafi ba. A wannan tsarin, a ra'ayi, da mutum haruffa sanya shi ga dukan kalmomi, amma ba da haruffa ko syllables. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar wannan rubutu ne mai matukar dogon lokaci, kuma sun kasance masu bincike na 19th karni. Ba kokarin kimiyance tabbatar da wannan ka'idar, masana kimiyya sun deciphered da hieroglyphs, zalunta kowane daga cikinsu a matsayin wani kashi na pictographs. A farko wanda shawarar gaban karin lafazi alamomi, ya Thomas Young. Amma ba ya iya sãmun mažalli don fahimtar su. Decipher Masar hieroglyphics nasara Jean-Fransua Shampolonu. A tarihi abin yabo na wannan bincike cewa ya yi watsi da sabawa rubuce-rubucensu na zamanin d marubuta da kuma zaba nasa hanya. A matsayin tushen karatu ya dauki zato cewa Masar rubuce-rubucen ba kunshi na ra'ayi da kuma karin lafazi abubuwa.

Bincike na Rosetta Stone

Wannan archaeological find ya wani goge baki basalt slab. An duk gaba daya an rufe ta da inscriptions cewa an sanya a harsuna biyu. A kan farantin an uku jawabai. Biyu na farko da aka yi ta zamanin d Masar hieroglyphs. The uku shafi da aka rubuta a Greek, kuma shi ne godiya ga ta gaban a kan dutse rubutu da aka karanta. A wani m adireshin firistoci, da umarni Talomi na biyar Epiphanes a kan ya kawo masa,. A Girkanci rubutu a kan dutse ya samu halartar sunayen Cleopatra da Talomi. Da suka kamata su zama a Masar rubutu. Yana da aka sani cewa sunayen da Fir'auna hada da cartouches, ko m Frames. Shi ya sa Shampilona wani ƙunci ya sami sunayen Masar rubutu - su a fili tsaya daga sauran haruffan. Daga bisani, ta hanyar kwatanta rubutu shafi, mai bincike ya ƙara tabbata daga cikin tushe na ka'idar karin lafazi alamomin tushen.

Wasu dokoki na lamba

Na musamman muhimmancin a cikin art na rubuce-rubuce da ado sharudda. A wannan hasashe haifar da wasu dokoki da takura da zabi na shugabanci na rubutu. Alamun za a iya rubuta a matsayin dama da hagu, da kuma mataimakin versa, dangane da inda amfani. Wasu haruffa da aka rubuta don fuskantar junã karanta. Yana mika wannan mulki zuwa yawa haruffa, amma mafi bayyananne ne ƙuntatawa ya a jawo haruffa cewa kwatanta dabbobi da mutane. Idan rubutu da aka sanya a kan website, ta mutum haruffa kira ga tsakiyar ƙofar. Zo a cikin mutum zai iya haka sauƙi karanta haruffan, saboda shi ta fara da rubutu haruffa located a nesa kusa da shi. A sakamakon haka, babu wani daga cikin alamar "bai nuna jahilci" da kuma ba ya jũya kowa. A wannan manufa ne, a gaskiya, za a iya lura a hira tsakanin mutane biyu.

binciken

Ba dole ne a ce cewa, duk da bayyana sauki daga cikin abubuwa na rubuce-rubuce na Masarawa, su tsarin na ãyõyi aka dauke da wahala. A tsawon lokaci, da haruffa fara Fade a cikin bango, kuma nan da nan suka maye gurbinsu da wasu wajen hoto magana na magana. Romawa da Girkawa da bai nuna musamman sha'awa a Masar hieroglyphs. Tare da tallafi na wani tsarin na alamomin Kiristanci gaba daya daga amfani. By 391, ta domin na Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Theodosius da farko Great duk arna haikalin da aka rufe. Last hieroglyphic rikodin kwanakin daga shekara 394 (evidenced da archaeological binciken a kan game. Fila).