Physiological nazari: zaman jama'a aji description, ransa, mazauninsu, tushe da dabi'u

Wasu ci gaba na zamantakewa sani a tsakiyar karni na sha tara sun hanyar wannan salo, a matsayin physiological muqala. Nekrasov da Belinsky, samar da almanacs da ake kira sabon makaranta, kamar yadda idan kokarin mayar da Rasha ta wallafe-wallafen aiki a cikin m da kuma akida ryleevskoy bestuzhevskoj "Arewa Star". A isasshe babban rukuni na marubuta sõyayya da m akidar na lokacin, don haka fahimtar m ayyuka, sun canja matu.

idon basira manufofin

Revolutionary manyansu da dadewa maye gurbin da juyin juya halin Musulunci Democrats, sabili da haka, don maye gurbin rundunar romanticism shi idon basira aikin shirin. Physiological nazari ya kasance daya daga cikin karin bayanai za su dauki pre-neman sauyi lokaci. The kalmar "Physiology" na adabi amfani ne ba halitta da kuma magoya bayan na sabon makaranta. Yana bayyana yawa a baya.

Koni more a 1841 da aka buga a "Literary jaridar" dada m almara da funny sunayen: "Physiology na mace kyakkyawa", "Physiology na hanci", misali. The fassara na wannan shekara kawo Faransanci "Physiology manyan mukaman sinimomi" da "Physiology na wani aure mutum."

A zamani fahimtar da kalmar bai dace ba abin da ya nufi da Nekrasov Sahaban. Rasha adabi na karni na 19th gan shi a matsayin nazari na kyawawan dabi'u da kuma hali da kuma mores a wasu sana'a ko zamantakewa yanayi.

Physiology na Petersburg

Writers, masu bincike na wani sabon shugabanci a cikin adabi sun yanke shawarar yin magana ga mai karatu tare da Physiology na Petersburg. Kuma shi ne ba na aikin, da gaban gefe na wannan babbar kasuwanci da kuma Gudanarwa cibiyar suna dauke m da kuma rayuwar zamantakewa na kasa. Physiological muqala a matsayin Genre a bayansa da yayi cikakkar fenti mai hoto na maras ɗa'a rai, kuma mafi nisa da shi a bayan fage, da cewa shi ne, mayar da tituna da kuma slums.

Saboda haka, Vladimir Dahl ya kawo wani zane na St. Petersburg janitors, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev bayyana Petersburg columnist Alexander Kulchytsky - Petersburg omnibus, kuma Evgeniy Grebenka - St. Petersburg gefen ... da marubuci ya nitse a cikin yanayi da kansa ga duk cikakkun bayanai za a iya more hankali dauke ba sosai saba musu zaman lafiya baseman.

duniya bayani

Physiological binciken a Rasha adabi na lokaci ba mai kyau a wannan ma hankali da sha'awar da Physiology na cewa shi ne wannan sha'awa ya zama kai-isa. Image iyali, hoto, magana ko m aka gyara gaba daya sanƙarar da mafi muhimmanci aiki na marubuci, ko da ta'aziyya ga matalauta ba ko da yaushe aiki.

Wadannan fada cikin naturalism - a cikin narrowest ji na lokaci - ya yi da marubuci ya zargi. Ko da yake m ci gaban rayuwar al'umma, ba shakka, inganta. Character nazari ne ba kawai da matsaloli na aiki, amma kuma da Genre, da kuma song.

heroes disclosures ta kwatanta kullum tsarin rayuwar yau da kullum, da labari da aka bai kasa da kasa wurare na mãkirci sun ɓãci, a matsayin mamaye da muqala - mutum zane-zane da kuma al'amuran yau da kullum rayuwa, da alaka da ba mãkirci, ba guda mataki, kuma daya daga cikin akida da matsala.

Physiology na peasantry

Salo physiological zane da sauri ya zama gaye, ya zama wani sabon kalma a cikin adabi na 1840s. Petersburg marubuta ba su daina. Interest a baƙauye rayuwa, nasa rabo na ƙasar da aka ma manya-manyan. Da watsuwar wannan batu musamman rarrabe matasa marubuta Grigorovich ( "Anton m" da kuma "The Village"), Dal ( "Rasha mutum"), Herzen ( "The Thieving Magpie").

Musamman rubutu dole ne Nekrasov da waka "The Road", inda sosai talented canjawa wuri image na talakawa baƙauye, ko sosai hazaka, amma hasãra serfdom. Kazalika shiga a cikin shugabanci na hakikanci da Physiology na Rasha kauye, Ivan Turgenev, wanda a 1847 ya fara buga makala daga gidaje da filaye baƙauye rayuwa.

sukar juyayi

Development of wani sabon salo ne sosai m zuwa Belinsky. Ya yi kokari ya gaskata rubuce bayyanar, asali da kuma wajibcin irin wannan sabon abu, a matsayin physiological muqala. Ma'ana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin nau'o'i na aikin jarida , ko makala, binciko wani zaman jama'a aji, kazalika da Usul, dabi'u da kuma yanayi ne da aka ba a cikin review articles zargi, inda ya characterizes sabon labarin da rai na peasantry. Yawancin ayyukan marubuta a cikin wannan salo Belinsky ya high yabo.

Hadedde siffofin cancanci da hankali. Belinsky yi imani da cewa physiological nazari kamata ba zama wani labarin ko labari. Saboda haka sukar Grigorovich, ya lura marubuci basira domin jama'a rai almara, amma ya tsawata wa "Village" na labari. Ko rashin amfani wannan samfuri, bisa ga Belinsky, cewa ya zana dukan zane-zane na yankunan karkara rayuwa dole externally hana wani dangane, amma wanda ya isa ya numfashi da tunani.

home muqala

Wani sabon Trend in adabi samo asali ba, kamar yadda mahalarta da kuma babban yayi na kerawa saukar hankali. Belinsky ya gamsu da cewa fara da litattafan Gogol bytopisatelstvo wanda sanya adabi da kuma sabon abubuwa ne don haka mai haske cewa haifar da yawa koyi, litattafan Gogol nuna jama'a da gaskiya kallo na Rasha labari, saboda shi yana tare da shi, da kuma fara wani sabon zamani na mu wallafe-wallafe.

Followers of Nikolaya Vasilevicha Belinsky ware Vladimir Sologub tare da labari "The biyu Students", "A Tale of biyu galoshes", "The Bear" da "sunadarai". Sologub, da ra'ayin mazan jiya aristocrat, kuma da ya ga fanko wadanda mutane rai, kamar yadda tsayayya wa ta gaskiya kuma gaskiya na mutane daga cikin ƙananan aji. Belinsky lura da cewa zurfin bangaskiya da kuma chikin imani a Sologub ba, saboda wani lokacin da image ne untouched. Duk da haka, da ba da sauki da kuma daidai da hankali na gaskiya da ke sa labari Sologub musamman m.

ilimi rawa

Musamman da kyau-gani siffofin a cikin physiological zane "Oblomov ta Dream". A halin da gwarzo ne gane duk aka bayyana Goncharov abubuwa cewa kewaye da shi. Idan duk abin da benevolently, amma har ma da alheri ba magana game da gamsuwa Oblomov nasu rayuwa. Ya real matsayin fanko da kuma zullumi, da kuma gwarzo ne sane.

Ya mafarkin yara, wanda ya faru a cikin patriarchal Oblomovka inda na bincike da kuma ji dãɗi, yaro da aka ba a yarda ya ko da samun ado. Kawai bayin aiki a can. Oblomov ta Dream ya kawo a cikin wani lokacin ga rayuwarsa ba haka ba ne m, amma juya. Kamar yadda wani yaro, kuma a yanzu duk abin da ya riga ya gane Oblomov, da kuma tashi mai gidan, ba ya juya.

takaici fatan

Akwai marubuta wanda karfi Belinsky sa a cikin ta farko jere na Rasha adabi, duk da cewa ya ga wasu daga cikin shortcomings na wasiƙa, amma ya gaskata cewa duk marubuta za su iya shawo kan.

Da fatan zargi ya, misali, I. I. Panaev, wanda labari "The haihuwa lady", "Onager", "Actaeon" da sauransu kira ga a kalla a na ƙwarai sabon abu a Rasha adabi na karni na 19th. Ya lura da cewa, a cikin wadannan labaru kawai yawa cewa gaskiya ne, halayyar, da basira da kuma tenaciously riƙo. Belinsky kuma ga wani abu vacillating, rashin qarfin zuciya, unsteady, amma ambatonta rashin ci gaba na ƙwarai iyawa. A gaskiya, wadannan su ne dukiya na tunani marubucin, don shawo kan cewa, ya yi nasara ba.

Har ila yau extolled da sukar lamiri da kuma litattafan V. I. Dalya, inda ne mai matukar m, m siffofin dama m rayuwa. A labarin "Batman", ya sanya wani janar a cikin taskar Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Kuma farincikin maimaita cewa bayan litattafan Gogol Dahl - farko ne kawai iyawa, a gaskiya mawãƙi physiological zane. A gaskiya ma, Dahl ba mai girma adabi, da kuma nan gaba wajen sauri prioritize.

Fantasy duniya da matsananci gaskiya

Shi ne a yanzu mun san cewa, shi ne gaskiya daga rayuwa, kuma da gaskiya wallafe-wallafe, kuma shi ne gaskiya cewa wasu zane-zane ne yafi tsada. A sha tara arni marubuta sun neprotoronnoy hanya a search na adabi da labarun almara. Ya rubuta game da babban bambanci tsakanin shugabanci, hanya, ƙunshiya da kuma ruhu na adabi na haihuwa da kuma sabuwar makarantar. A tsohon labarin Zagayawar a duniya na fantasy, da kuma sabon - hakikanin rai.

New makaranta kungiyar ta dauka siffar, idan Belinsky shiga ta ƙaramin marubuta - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, kadan daga baya - Dostoevsky. Sa'an nan kuma aka tattara, da kuma aka buga a karkashin editorship na Nekrasov uku Almanac: biyu kundin "Physiology na Petersburg" da "Petersburg Collection", wanda ya zama wani irin manifesto da wannan wallafe-wallafen motsi. Akwai aka kammala da jerin m ka'idojin (foreword Belinsky), da kuma hanyar kerawa.

Hakika, babu Masterpieces bai zauna da wajen m Genre - da irin da irin wannan mawallafa. Ga mu dole ne da farko kira Turgenev ta "Notes na wani Hunter": kwaikwayon na duk ka'idojin rubutu physiological zane takwas Genre hotuna sun juya daga cikin mafi girman samfurori da poetic kalma. Plus - antiserfdom zaton cewa accompanies karatu dukanin "Notes".

Tsohon sabon mujallar

Tun 1847 ya fara tafi gaba daya gyara "Littafi", wanda ya zama sashen mafi m Rasha wallafe-wallafen motsi. Duk da canji na Editocin (zits-Shugabannin), da dokoki na mujallar gaba ɗaya N. A. Nekrasov. Shekaru ashirin da wannan mujallar ya kasance mafi mashahuri a kasar.

Works da aka buga a "Littafi" da kuma "Notes da Fatherland", sun fili fadi da kuma Fuller physiological zane, da kuma m dabaru amfani da marubucin, ba a iyakance ga cikakken bayani game da rayuwar yau da kullum na haruffa. Akwai aka buga "An Talakawa Story" Goncharova, a nan ya zo na biyu, na daga cikin nice Herzen ta labari "Wãne ne m?". A dukan labari da aka buga a cikin appendix da "Littafi". Yana bayyana M. E. Saltykov (Shchedrin ba tukuna) tare da na farko labari. Kuma Fyodor Dostoevsky. Rasha adabi na karni na 19th ta hanyar da physiological zane samu da kuma ƙware wani sabon shugabanci, ba makaranta - da labarun almara.