Physicochemical Properties na iskar gas. Production da kuma amfani da iskar gas

A gaseous Jihar al'amari - ya fi na kowa idan aka kwatanta da sauran tara dangane sigogi. Bayan duk, a cikin wannan jiha:

• taurãri.
• interstellar sarari;
• duniya.
• yanayi;
• halittu a matsayin dukan.

Babban bayãnin hukuncin Properties na gas - rarrauna ne intermolecular interactions a crystal raga, saboda wanda aka nuna da kuma duk babban halaye daga cikin wadannan abubuwa. Gas, ba shakka, sosai. Duk da haka, mun yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci da kuma na uku ya fi na kowa a wannan duniya tamu - wata halitta.

Halitta gas: Abun da ke ciki

Idan faye hali ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na iskar gas, shi wajibi ne don nan da nan ware gyara na biyu kungiyoyin: kwayoyin da inorganic. Domin ko da yake shi ne a zaci cewa shi ne hada da methane, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne.

Organic aka gyara sun hada da:

• methane - CH _4;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10.
• ethane - C ₂ H _4;
• heavier hydrocarbons da carbon yawan fi biyar.

Inorganic aka gyara hada da wadannan mahadi:

• hydrogen (a kananan yawa) - H _2;
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• helium - ba;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

Abin da daidai ne abun da ke ciki na wani musamman cakuda dogara da tushen, Ina nufin adibas. A wannan dalilai da kuma daban-daban physico-sinadaran Properties na iskar gas. Duk da haka, wani daya daga cikinsu yana cirewa da kuma darajar ma yana daya. Kamar wasu irin aka yi amfani a matsayin man fetur, da kuma zafin waje impurities ma kitse da ake amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu don kira na mahadi.

Physicochemical Properties na iskar gas

Don saka wadannan sigogi daidai, ya kamata ka sani daidai da abin da abun da ke ciki na gas cakuda. Bayan duk, idan Marinjãyi yafi methane (97%) a cikinta, da halaye za a iya kore, shiryuwa a kan shi.

Idan inorganic bangaren ko da nauyi hydrocarbons a wuce haddi (har zuwa dama cikin dari), yayin da physico-sinadaran Properties na da gas canji abruptly.

Saboda haka, kawai m iyakar sigogi a jiki halaye za a iya kayyade.

1. Maras wata-wata ƙonewa zazzabi - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. A Octane lambar - 120-130.
3. Yana yana da wani launi, dandano da wari.
4. M fiye da iska kusan 2-Musulunci, sauki su mayar da hankali a kan bene.
5. Da yawa daga wani al'ada jihar (gas) - 0,68-0,85 kg / m ^3.
6. A karkashin tuta yanayi, ko da yaushe kasance a cikin wani gaseous Jihar tari.
7. Lokacin da gauraye da iska a yawa na 5-15% shi ne wani fashewa Hazard.
8. Calorific darajar - game da 46 MJ / m ^3.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya kamata a lura da kuma sinadaran gefen gas sigogi.

1. Yana da matuƙar combustible, iya kai-Ignite lokacin da ake ji tartsatsi kuma ba tare da shi a wani zazzabi.
2. Tun da babban bangaren - methane, cewa yana duk da sinadaran Properties.
3. Shiga cikin canzawa halayen, dehydrogenation pyrolysis shigarsu refraction.
4. Matsa da liquefied a low yanayin zafi da kuma dagagge matsin lamba.

Babu shakka cewa wannan physico-sinadaran Properties na da gas sanin mai fadi da kewayon amfani a masana'antu.

A musamman Properties na iskar gas

A musamman Properties na wadannan mahadi - ne da ikon samar gas hydrate adibas, cewa shi ne, a cikin m jihar. Wadannan Tsarin wakiltar wani tafki na ruwa kwayoyin tunawa a cikin juz'i na iskar gas a cikin wani rabo na 1/220. Saboda haka, wadannan adibas ne sosai arziki a cikin jinsin. Places na da taro a yanayi:

• Pallets zurfin yadudduka daga cikin teku.
• jari na permafrost.

Yanayi na zama - da hydrodynamic matsa lamba da kuma low zazzabi.

Gas-filin

Idan muka magana game da abun ciki na iskar gas a cikin yanayi, shi ne mai yiwuwa a gano babban wuraren taro:

1. Wannan dutsen laka, ma'adanai, wanda aka kafa da yawa millennia anaerobic lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin yadudduka na ɓawon burodi.
2. Narkar da a ruwan karkashin kasa.
3. Kunshe a cikin mai, ulla man fetur da kuma iskar gas hula a kan shi.
4. Yana auku a cikin nau'i na gas hydrates a cikin yadudduka na seabed, kuma matsananci maki arewa.

Idan muka nuna a fakaice da rarraba kudaden da geographically gas, da shugabannin wadannan kasashe:

• Rasha.
• Kasashen Gulf.
• Amurka.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Kazakhstan.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Production a duniya ne a shekara kimanin 3,643 tiriliyan m ³ a kowace shekara. Daga cikin wadannan, kawai Rasha asusun 673 460 000 000 m ^3.

Da yawan zafin jiki na iskar gas, inda aka ƙone, shi ne 650 ⁰ C. Wancan ne, da kudi a da shi ne iya kai-Ignite. Wannan saki mafi yawa daga zafi fiye da a lokacin konewa na wani man fetur. Babu shakka, wannan ba zai shafi ikon yinsa, na yin amfani da abu.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kasashe da dama da ba su da iskar gas reserves, dole shigo da shi daga sauran} asashe. Shari yi a hanyoyi da dama:

• da bututun a gaseous form.
• a tankuna na teku hanya - a cikin ruwa nau'i.
• a Railway tank motoci - LPG.

Kowace daga cikin hanyoyi na da amfani ko rashin amfani. A musamman, marine kuma dogo zabin mafi aminci, tun reactivity na liquefied gas a cylinders sanyaya ne sosai fiye da ƙananan a cikin gaseous jihar. A bututun kuma qara watsa iyaka da kuma ta kundin, a Bugu da kari, wannan hanya ne ta fuskar tattalin arziki da amfani.

Methane a cikin abun da ke ciki na iskar gas

Methane gas ne mai babbar albarkatun kasa bangaren a cikin abun da ke ciki na halitta cakuda. Da abun ciki jeri daga 70-98%. By kanta, wannan ita ce ta uku mafi kowa duniyar tamu gas da cewa ta shiga man abun da ke ciki, na interstellar sarari, da yanayi na sauran duniyoyi.

Daga mahangar sunadarai, methane gas - cikakken hydrocarbon, game da jerin cikakken aliphatic mahadi. A farko wakilin alkanes ko paraffins. Its reactivity ne low, shi ne quite m. Iya amsa:

• canzawa;
• cikakken hadawan abu da iskar shaka.
• hira.

M colorless hayaki batu, yana da wani wari.

Nau'in na iskar gas

Akwai uku main iri da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya.

1. Dry iskar gas - shi ne daya a cikin abin da fiye da 97% methane. Wannan ne, da abun ciki na impurities, ciki har da wasu hydrocarbons, shi ne musamman low.
2. Ramammu gas. Don haka ya kira cakuda dauke da qananan adadin nauyi hydrocarbons.
3. Bold iskar gas - wanda shi ne mai arziki a cikin mutum hydrocarbons da inorganic gyara (nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide).

Irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda na coefficient na gas rashin ruwa, don kimanta ingancin albarkatun kasa daga wanda nan za a iya samar da kayayyakin. Bayan duk, iskar gas da kanta - shi ne kawai da tushe. Domin daban-daban da masana'antu bukatar su samfurin, don haka ne sosai sarrafa da kuma tsabtace daidai da takamaiman bukatun.

ingancin kayayyakin

Halitta gas ingancin ne kai tsaye dogara a kan abun da ke ciki. Idan methane rinjaya, sa'an nan kuma wannan samfurin zai zama mafi kyau a matsayin tushen man fetur. Idan, duk da haka, mafi a cikin abun da ke ciki na m hydrocarbons, irin albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran masana'antu - mafi dace.

Don samar da iskar gas na da kyau quality, akwai na musamman chemical, inda shi ne ya mamaye tsabtace kafin kara aiki da kuma aika zuwa ga makõma. Hanyoyin da aiki zai dogara ne a kan manufa ga abin da samfurin ne aka yi nufi.

Alal misali, idan za a yi amfani da m dalilai, to, shi ne kara musamman abubuwa, odorants, kamar mercaptans. Wannan ne yake aikata domin ya sami wari da gas ya zama, saboda sa'an nan a cikin hali na yayyo shi zai zama da sauki gane. All mercaptans da pungent wari.

A amfani da iskar gas

Da amfani da iskar gas ne da za'ayi a cikin mutane da yawa masana'antu da kuma abubuwa. Ga misali:

• CHP.
• Tukunyar jirgi da dakuna.
• Gas injuna.
• Chemical samarwa (yi robobi da kuma sauran kayan).
• Fuel ga motoci.
• Dumama gabatarwa.
• Cooking.

Saboda haka, cikin duniya da samar da albarkatun kasa ne don haka mai girma, da kuma shigo da kuma fitar da kayayyakin da ake kiyasta a biliyoyin daloli.

A muhalli al'amari

Daga cikin ra'ayi na tsarki ga halitta ba mafi man fetur source fiye da iskar gas. Muhalli kungiyoyi da cikakken yarda da amfani. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, konewa gas take kaiwa zuwa jari na daya daga cikin dauki kayayyakin - carbon dioxide.

Kuma kamar yadda dangantaka da greenhouse gas, da duniyar tamu na garkensa ne mai hadarin gaske. Saboda haka gudanar da yawa ƙwarai, ayyukan don kare muhalli a jihar na duniya daga looming greenhouse sakamako.