Microbes - menene wannan? rarrabuwa na kwayoyin

Germs - shi ne mafi karami rai, mafi yawa guda-celled kwayoyin da cewa za a iya gani kawai ta microscope ne sosai m. Su size ne don haka kananan cewa shi ne auna a microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), ko nanometers (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

Abin da ake karatu ilimin

Ilimin kira kimiyya da cewa duba da ikon yinsa, na da ake dasu rai: tsarin, aiki, yanayin rayuwa, ci gaba da kuma haifuwa.

Na farko da mutum wanda ya iya gani da kuma bayyana kwayoyin cuta, shi ne Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek. A faɗuwar rana 17th karni, ya kera wani ruwan tabarau magnifies Hoton ne fiye da 200 sau. Yana da aka gigice da abin da ya gan ta hanyar su cewa microbes - shi ne mai duniya tare da kansa halaye na zama. Kamar wancan ne aka aza harsashin ginin sabuwar kimiyya - ilimin. Leeuwenhoek kwatanta da aka bayyana a microbes samu. Hotuna da hotuna da su image daga waɗanda sau - karuwa hoton ta hange.

da ake dasu jinsunan

M bambancin da ake dasu nau'in tana da ban sha'awa. Microbes - da takaice sunan daruruwan mafi daban-daban. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin bayyanar, tsari da yanayin rayuwa, da ikon haifa. Bambanta da ba-salon salula, kwayar kuma unicellular microbes. Hotuna da su na gani taimaka wajen sauƙi lãbãri zuwa kowane mutum ga wani irin. A rarrabuwa na microbes :

• kwayoyin cuta.
• ƙwayoyin cuta.
• phages.
• namomin kaza.
• microalgae.
• protozoa.
• yisti.

kwayoyin cuta

An dukan sashe na ilimin halittu kanana - bacteriology - buɗe sama da wata babbar duniya na kwayoyin - prokaryotic kwayoyin. Daga eukaryotic (kwayar, protozoa, algae, fungi) an halin da rashin chlorophyll, bayar da tsakiya da kwayoyin abu da kuma wasu gabbansa. The girman da kwayoyin ba akai, kuma zai iya bambanta dangane da waje yanayi (daga 0.1 zuwa 28 microns). Mafi mashahuri rarrabuwa na kwayoyin - a kan morphological tsarin.

cocci

Kira mai siffar zobe cocci kwayoyin cuta, wanda zai iya daukar wani mai siffar zobe, wake, elliptical ko lanceolate.

1. Micrococci iya sanya daya bayan daya, a cikin nau'i-nau'i, ko da ka. Su kira saprophytes, rayuwa a cikin ruwa da kuma iska.
2. Diplokokki haifa ta rarraba a cikin wannan jirgin sama a kan guda biyu. Wadannan sun hada da meningococcus (meningitis kafofin watsa labarai) da kuma gonococci.
3. Streptococci kamar wancan raba a cikin wannan jirgin sama, amma dukan sarkar. Known pathogenic ga mutum kwayoyin nau'in wanda aka ruwaito angina high erysipelas.
4. Tetrakokki shirya a guda biyu a kan biyu jirage perpendicular. Opportunistic mutane ne sosai rare.
5. Kifin gwangwani bales ne halayyar Kwayoyin zuwa 8, 16 ko fiye a cikin uku yardatayya perpendicular jirage. Kusan duk da wakilainsu rayuwa na musamman a cikin iska.
6. Staphylococci za a iya raba lokaci guda a dama jirage shirya da ka game da juna a cikin bayyanar kama hõre nunannun 'ya'yan inabi.

sanda-siffa

Cylindrical microorganisms ne ya fi yawa a wasu jinsunan. Sun kasu kashi kwayoyin ciwon babu ikon sporulate (diphtheria, dysentery, da tarin fuka, partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) da kuma Bacillus iya samar da spores (Anthrax, hay, tetanus, anaerobic). Rarrabuwa ta rarraba Hanyar:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly bambanta a cikin tsari a daya jirgin sama biyu kawai sel (ciwon huhu).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly a fission zauna guda jirgin sama a kan abin da gina sarkar (Anthrax).
• The girma na cylindrical microbes aka shirya haphazardly a kan mutum guda.

crimped

Crimped microbes iya daukar wani nau'i na waƙafi, shi cholerae (misali, cutar kwalara). Spirilla da 'yan curls, spirochete - wani bakin ciki Twisted sandunansu (syphilis).

Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa duk da germs da kwayoyin ne polymorphic, suna da musamman ikon canja siffar ƙarƙashin rinjayar da dama dalilai. External yanayi, zazzabi, acidity, da dai sauransu. Yana da wannan ikon ne tushen yawa awon karatu na microbes, da nufin ci gaban da magunguna da cewa zai taimaka a nan gaba don magance mutum pathogenic kwayoyin.

ƙwayoyin cuta

Ƙwayoyin cuta - a sararin al'umma na microbes da ya bambanta da na sauran a matsayin rashin salula tsarin da kanta. Daga girma incomparably karami fiye da kwayoyin cuta, daga 5 zuwa 150 nm. Don ganin su, wajibi ne a kafa wani na'urar hange a matakin qarshe na daidaito. Mai wakilan kwayar kwayoyin kunshi kawai na gina jiki da kuma nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

Wasu kwayoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta ne causative jamiái na da yawa tsanani adam cututtuka (mura, hepatitis, kyanda). Bugu da ƙari, akwai jinsunan pathogenic ga dabbobi (annoba, da ƙafãfu da kuma bakin cuta).

Mycophagous - ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi. Bacteriophages - ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin, an same su kusan ko'ina inda akwai akalla wasu rai. Wasu phages da amfani sosai iyawa - halakar da ake dasu cell, don haka sau da yawa amfani a yi na wani medicament domin yin rigakafi da magani daga cututtuka iri-iri.

Ricketts - musamman irin kwayoyin da cewa za a iya dangana ga duka da kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan gyaran sanda kwayuka parasites m na kafa spores ko capsules.

namomin kaza

Wannan musamman kwayoyin shuka rasa chlorophyll da ikon haduwa kwayoyin abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rãyukansu bukatar shirye kwayoyin halitta, saboda haka kusan dukkan su girma a kan tushen da substrates na daban-daban asalin. Akwai wasu pathogenic zuwa mutane, da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da jinsunan fungi.

Fungi bambanta daga kwayoyin cuta saboda su Kwayoyin ne mafi kama da shuka da tsakiya da kuma vacuoles. Suna gabatar a cikin nau'i na hyphae - dogon filaments cewa iya reshe, kuma lauye da juna.

Fungi iya haifa a hanyoyi da dama: da vegetative division, asexual da kuma jima'i - da samuwar spores. Fungal spores suna sosai resistant, ba za su iya rayuwa da wani dogon lokaci a cikin wani yanayi daban-daban da kuma kewaya a lokaci guda a kan sararin nisa, muddin ba fada cikin matsakaici inda suke sauri canza kama zuwa hyphae.

Kyawon tsayuwa an same mu sau da yawa sosai, suka za a iya sauƙi gani da ido tsirara a kan propped-kayayyakin abinci. Sun yi kama da wani cheesy plaque m launi. Akwai wasu iri fungi cewa ba kawai ganimar da kayayyakin da suka samar da mai guba ga mutane da dabbobi mitoksin kamar Aspergillus ko Fusarium.

Duk da haka, fungi ba ko da yaushe cutarwa, su da yawa amfani Properties an samu nasarar yi amfani da masana'antun magunguna. A mafi inganci da kuma rare kwayoyin penicillin samar da fungi jinsin Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - kwarai view of kwayoyin, wanda yana da wani tsari da kuma kaddarorin kwayoyin da haifuwa Hanyar kama fungi.

yisti

Wannan unicellular microbes gyaran size of 10 zuwa 15 microns, wanda zai iya zama madauwari, m, cylindrical a rare lokuta da jinjirin wata siffar. Yisti fungi ne irin wannan a cikin tsarin to dauke da vacuole da kuma tsakiya. Zai yiwu hanyoyin da haifuwa - division, budding ko ta jayayya. Da suka ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin ƙasa, domin abinci, da shuke-shuke. Yisti surface abinci kai ga su fermentation kuma acidification. Giya fermentation canza da sukari cikin barasa, da tsari ya ba da dalilin da barasa masana'antu da kuma gida winemaking.

Akwai pathogenic to jikin mutum iri. Alal misali, a fairly na kowa irin Candida yisti inganta m cuta - candidiasis.

M microbes a cikin jikin mutum

Jikin mutum da aka lugar iyaka daban-daban kwayoyin cuta, wanda zai iya zama duka cutarwa da kuma amfani. Akwai kwayoyin da suke da muhimmanci ga da al'ada aiki na jikin mu. A total nauyi na kwayoyin cuta a cikin ya fara tasawa mutum na iya zama a matsayin babban matsayin 4 kg, tare da ¾ na su zauna a cikin mu gut. A wasu bunƙasa a cikin urogenital tsarin, fata da kuma mucosal saman. Sha'awa, jikin yaro da aka lugar da kwayoyin riga a cikin tsari da aka haife shi, da kuma shekaru 10 na hanji microflora an riga an kafa cikakken. Wasu microbes ne hadarin gaske musamman ga yara, don haka shekara ta fari ta rayuwa da yaro ta jiki kiwon lafiya dole ne ya mai da hankali.

Menene microbes zaune a Gut:

• lactobacilli.
• bifidobacteria.
• streptococci.
• enterobacteria.
• namomin kaza.
• protozoa.
• ƙwayoyin cuta.

A amfani da kwayoyin da mutane

1. Tare da enterobacteria kwayoyin accustom bitamin B, C, da kuma K, niacin da kuma folic acid.
2. Unsplit taimaka nike abinci.
3. Kula ionic da ruwa-gishiri metabolism.
4. Hana ci gaban na pathogenic kwayoyin.
5. Taimakawa wajen kula da kariyar.
6. Ci gaba lymphoid na'ura.
7. Rage ji na ƙwarai daga hanji bango to carcinogenic kayayyakin.
8. Kara juriya da ƙwayoyin cuta.
9. Rayayye shiga a cikin zãfi balance.

Bifidobacteria da lactobacilli zauna fiye da rabin na hanji microflora, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar wani m mutum:

1. Lactic acid da kuma acetate samar da sa hannu na wadannan kwayoyin ne iya haifar da irin wannan yanayi a cikin Gut, wanda ba zai iya rayuwa cuta-haddasa microbes.
2. Bifidobacteria - halitta antihistamine cike rashin lafiyan halayen a cikin jiki.
3. Bã su da wani antioxidant sakamako da kuma suna fafitikar da ci gaban da ƙari Kwayoyin.
4. Bifidobacteria an rayayye da hannu a cikin ci gaban B bitamin
5. Bifidobacteria da lactobacilli taimako ga kara yawan assimilation na mutum da na baƙin ƙarfe, alli da kuma bitamin D.

The darajar da na halitta microbes

Kwayoyin cutar dauke da ammonifying enzymes proactively taimakawa wajen aiwatar da lalata da ragowar mutane, da dabbobi, tsirrai da abincin da sharar gida. A lokacin da furotin da bazuwar a cikin yanayi yana da muhimmanci sosai kasaftawa gas: ammonia da nitrogen, waxanda suke da muhimmanci ga mutane, da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke.

Urobakterii iya decompose urea samar da kullum ta hanyar kowane mutum da Pet. Kuma wannan, ba zato ba tsammani, ba kasa da 55 ton miliyan a kowace shekara.

Microbes iya nitrification, ammonia ne oxidized. Denitrifying microorganisms da taimako zuwa ga watsi daga ƙasa kwayoyin oxygen.

Carbon - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci salula mahadi na duniya na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Fiber, wanda ci dabbobin da yawa, ya ƙunshi mai yawa na carbon. A cikin ciki shi ta amfani da cellulose kwayoyin fermented kuma bar taki mayar da shi yanayi. Saboda haka, duniya na'am da humus, shi ya zama yafi m, kuma yanayi ne tare da cikakken carbon dioxide.

Saboda haka, kwayoyin cuta da kuma germs - wannan ne mai matukar muhimmanci na dukan rai duniya. Kuri'a na amfani da kwayoyin kullum bi wani mutum cikin rayuwa da kuma kare mu daga jiki maras so waje tsoma. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ba don damemu da m da m daidaituwa tsakanin m, kuma pathogenic kwayoyin.