Mawallafan Amirka Dzhon Steynbek: A Biography

Dzhon Steynbek (USA) - daya daga cikin shahararrun Amirka marubuta na zamaninmu. Aikinsa, wani ɓangare na abin da ake kira mai girma triptych American mawallafa irin na karni na 20th, sa kan daidai da Hemingway da kuma Faulkner. A iri-iri na adabi halittun Dzhona Steynbeka hada da 28 litattafan da 45 littattafai, kunsha na makala, kwaikwaiyo, short labaru, tsarin sautinsu, aikin jarida da kuma film rubutun.

Dzhon Steynbek. shekaru na rayuwa

Magabatan da marubuci ya Yahudawa da kuma Jamus Tushen, amma ita Amirka version of sunan asali sunan a Jamus - Grossteynbek. Dzhon Steynbek aka haife kan Fabrairu 27, 1902, a wani karamin lardin garin Salinas, California a Amurka. Ya mutu a 66 shekaru a 1968 a kan 20 Disamba.

iyali

Future American marubuci Dzhon Steynbek da iyalinsa zaune a tsakiyar-samun kudin shiga kuma yana da biyu-storey gidan tare da mãkirci a cikin dukiya, a cikin abin da yara koyon aiki. John Ernst Steinbeck, Sr., mahaifinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin na jama'a sabis, da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Olivia Hamilton ya a baya a makaranta. John yana da uku mata.

Dzhon Steynbek. Biography: a takaice

A farkon yara ya kafa a wajen rikitarwa hali - zaman kanta da kuma kai-so. Daga wani matashi, nan gaba marubuci Dzhon Steynbek ya sosai Keen a kan adabi, duk da fairly mediocre makaranta yi. Kuma a lokacin da ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 1919, ya ya karshe ya yanke shawarar ya kebe da rayuwarsa da kuma makomar da rubuce-rubuce. A wannan ya samu cikakken goyon bayan mahaifiyarsa, wanda goyon kuma shared so gama ɗan karatu da rubutu.

Tare da wasu interruptions, daga shekara ta 1919 zuwa shekara ta 1925, Dzhon Steynbek aka ilimi a Stanford University.

A farkon wata m hanya

Dzhon Steynbek, wanda biography a matsayin marubuci ya fara a tsakiyar 20-ies karni na karshe, ya yi kokarin da yawa fasahohin da kuma aiki da kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, da kuma matsayin direba, da kuma kafinta, kuma ko da a matsayin sarkin ƙofa kuma tsaro. Ga ya taimakawa iyaye aiki makaranta, traversed a da yara, wanda ƙwarai rinjayi ya zama na gaba.

Da farko ya yi aiki a filin na jarida, kuma nan da nan ta farko da gajejjeran labaru, ya fara bayyana a buga. Steinbeck ta farko halarta a karon a matsayin marubuci ya faru a shekara ta 1929, bayan motsi zuwa San Francisco, inda ya wallafa farko da manyan aiki - labari "The Golden kwano".

A kadan daga baya, da samfurin na "Tortilla Flat Quarter" - wani m bayanin irin rayuwar da talakawa manoma da suke zaune a ƙasar tuddai ta Monterey County, saki a 1935, ya kawo shi da ya fara samun nasara. Domin irin wannan naturalistic labari an amince da wallafe-wallafen sukar.

Duk wadannan shekaru, Dzhon Steynbek hayayyafa, ku kuma kusan ci gaba da aka tsunduma a samar da sabon ayyukansu. Tuni a 1937 da ya ga littafin na sabon labari "Game da beraye da mutane", bayan da masu sukar da kuma wallafe-wallafen al'umma fara magana game da shi a matsayin manyan marubuci.

Lakabinsa, kuma an yi fice a aikin - "The Inabi na hushi" - wani labari cewa ya gaya labarin game da zamanin da ya canja alkiblar kasar a cikin 30s. Ya sa wata babbar dama a social da'ira, za nisa fiye da wallafe-wallafen duniya. Duniya zargi ba su kasance sha'aninsu dabam da kuma shake tabbatacce feedback game da labari, wanda ya lamba daya a kan bestseller jerin shekara biyu. Dzhon Steynbek samu haruffa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, a cikin abin da gardama "The Inabi na hushi." Hollywood ma biya da hankali ga irin wannan high-profile aiki, da kuma darektan Dzhon Ford sanya karbuwa a 1940. A fim, saki a kan labari da Dzhona Steynbeka, ya wildly rare, an yaba da film masu sukar da kuma lashe "Oscar" a biyu gabatarwa. Ya kamata a lura, shi ya ba da karshe irin wannan nasara. Films kafa a marubucin littattafai, da kuma daga baya ya wata babbar nasara.

Yanã garwaya daraja ba hana kara hayayyafa aiki na mawallafi. Tuni a shekarar 1947 dukan duniya karanta littafin "Rasha Diary", kunsha na tafiya makala da ya gaya labarin wani tafiya Steinbeck da Tarayyar Soviet, tare da photojournalist Robert Capa. Duk da cewa da samfurin ya bayyana a farkon na Cold War tsakanin Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet da kuma girma adawa tsakanin kasashen biyu, a ko'ina cikin littafin ji undisguised daraja da Tarayyar Soviet, amma kuma ba a ta kaifi da kuma basira comments game da matakai da cewa flowed sa'an nan a cikin wani totalitarian jihar .

John Steinbeck biography (short), wanda aka bayyana, a wannan labarin, ban da aiki a filin na adabi ne har yanzu tsunduma kuma zamantakewa. Ya goyon abokinsa Democrat Adlai Stevenson, wanda aka gudanar antikonservativnyh jin zuciya, da shan kashi a zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1952 da kuma 1956.

Bayan kafadu, da kuma kai tsaye hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Vietnam, inda ya shiga cikin Jungle for shida makonni matsayin wani yaki wakilinmu.

Gurgunta ya kiwon lafiya sakamakon cewa entailed tsanani da kuma hadadden aiki gudanar da marubuci a 1967. Daga baya, bayan da dama zuciya harin, Dzhon Steynbek mutu 66-shekara a 1968.

Sunansa yana kunshe a cikin California Hall of Fame a shekara ta 2007 ta hanyar da kokarin Gwamna Arnolda Shvartseneggera.

Journey to Tarayyar Soviet

A tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet mawallafin Dzhon Steynbek tafi a 1947, tare da wa Robert Capa - da aka sani daukar hoto da kuma master of photo. Lokaci zuwa tafiya da aka zaba m, amma a lokaci guda gayyatar da marubuci saboda bambamcin labarai game da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma daga Tarayyar Soviet.

Kawai 2 shekaru sun shude tun wannan lokacin a lokacin yakin duniya na II ƙare da dade na shekara Cold War tare da Amurka - masõya daga jiya suna shirye su zama m abokan yau.

Kasar sannu a hankali zo rayuwa, da soja albarkatun da sabon tsiwirwirinsu ikon, kullum tafiya da magana game da shirin nukiliya da kuma ci gaban da superpowers da kuma babban Stalin kuma duka kamar m. Tsinkaya a kan abin da zai kawo karshen wannan "game", yi kome ba.

Desire ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet da gudummawar da ra'ayin wani nan gaba littafin, wanda ya zo da marubuci da abokinsa, da daukar hoto Robert Capa a New York don tattaunawa da sabon daftarin hadin gwiwa aiki a mashaya, "Bedford" hotel a 1947.

Steinbeck ce Capa cewa Tarayyar Soviet kullum rubutu da dama na jaridu, da sadaukarwan da shi kusan a kowace rana ga dama articles. Al'amurran da suka shafi tashe a cikin articles, kara kamar haka: "Abin da tunani Stalin Mene ne tsare-tsaren da General Staff na Rasha da kuma inda su sojojin a abin da mataki na gwaji ci gaban da atomic bam da rediyo-sarrafawa da makamai masu linzami ???". A duk wannan Steinbeck m cewa duk wadannan kayan ana rubuta ta mutanen da suke ba a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma abu ne mai wuya a can har abada zai zama. Kuma game da hanyoyin samun bayananka, magana ba ya je.

Kuma abokaina da ra'ayin cewa kungiyar tarayyar lalle yana da yawa daga abin da janar ce ba, kuma ba ma sha'awar. Kuma a nan su ne riga da sha'awar gaske, akwai tambayoyi: "Mene ne mutane a Rasha abin da suka ci da kuma yadda za ka dafa Shin, sunã da wata ƙungiya, su yi rawa, wasa yaya kauna da mutuwa Rasha Me suka magana da kowane ???? sauran? akwai ko da Rasha yara zuwa makaranta? ".

Sun yanke shawarar cewa, shi zai zama farin gano duk wannan kuma rubuta game da shi. Madaba'oi vividly amsa zuwa ga sabon shirin abokai, da kuma a lokacin rani na 1947, mai tafiya zuwa da Tarayyar Soviet, inda hanya ne kamar haka: Moscow, sa'an nan Stalingrad, Ukraine da kuma Georgia.

Dalilin da tafiya ya rubuta da kuma gaya Amirkawa game da real Soviet mutane da kuma abin da suka gaske ne.

A waɗannan shekaru akwai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da aka dauke shi wata mu'ujiza ba, amma Steinbeck da Capa, ba kawai bari a Rasha, amma sun yi ko da samu izinin ziyarci Ukraine da Georgia. Lokacin da barin fim da aka kusan ba ta shãfe, wanda shi ma abin mamaki ga lokaci. Kãmã kawai yana kokarin muhimmanci cikin sharuddan na musamman da sabis, ra'ayoyi, da harbe fita daga cikin jirgin sama, amma ba ta shãfe abu mafi muhimmanci ga wani marubuci - hotuna na mutane.

Tsakanin abokai, akwai wata yarjejeniya da za su ba ka nẽma shi a wani bakon da kuma harsh kasar, za ta yi kokarin zama haƙiƙa - ba don crack up, amma a lokaci guda kuma ba su shiga cikin Rasha zargi, kuma ba a kula da Soviet burokrasi kuma ba za a amsa dukan cikas. Suna so ne su rubuta wani gaskiya abu, a cikin abin da za a yi ba comments ko karshe kuma da aka shirya domin gaskiyar cewa sun fuskanci wani abu, ba su fahimta ko mara dadi, kuma zai iya sa da yawa daga rashin jin dadin. Tare da irin wannan za a iya samu a kowace kasa a duniya.

A sakamakon wani tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet da aka buga a 1948 a littafin makala "Rasha Diary" gaya labarin da marubucin lura da rayuwa da mutane na Tarayyar Soviet na wancan lokaci: yadda za a yi aiki, da yadda suka rayu, kamar yadda sauran, kuma me ya sa a cikin kungiyar tarayyar haka girmamawa gidajen tarihi.

Sa'an nan da littafin da aka ba liking kuma a Amurka, kuma a Rasha. Amirkawa dauke shi ma kyau, da kuma Rasha ba son ma korau bayanin irin rayuwa na kasar su da kuma al'ummarta. Amma ga wadanda suka so ka sani game da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma rayuwa a cikin shi, da littafin zai yi dadi karatu da kuma wallafe-wallafen da ethnographic ra'ayi.

bibliography

Peru nasa ne John Steinbeck ta da yawa ƙwarai ayyukan da suka zama litattafansu na adabi duniya da kuma gane bestsellers a daban-daban nau'o'i.

A mafi kyau a san su ne:

litattafan:

• "The Golden kwano".

• "Tortilla Flat".

• "Lost bas".

• "Gabas da Eden".

• "Inabi na hushi".

• "Cannery Row".

• "A hunturu na mu damunsu."

labarin:

• "Daga Mice kuma Men".

• "Pearl".

-Rubuce litattafan:

• "Tafiyarka tare da Charley".

• "Rasha Diary".

Collections na gajeren labarai:

• "Long Valley".

• "Aljanna makiyaya".

• "Chrysanthemums".

Bugu da kari ga wallafe-wallafen ayyukan rubuta by John Steinbeck 2 screenplay:

• "Viva Zapata".

• "Yashe Village".

Mafi shahara quotes

Tun Steinbeck ayyukansu sun Popular a duk faɗin duniya, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba cewa wasu daga cikin phrases daga cikin littattafan zama shahararren quotes, cikin shahararrun daga wanda aka jera a kasa, kuma lalle ne zai ze saba.

Daga labari "Gabas da Eden":

• "Soyayya wata mace ne kusan indestructible."

• "Lokacin da wani mutum ya ce ba ya son wani abu to tuna, shi yawanci yana nufin cewa shi ne kawai game da daya da kuma tunani."

• "Dole ne mu tuna da mutuwar da kuma kokarin rayuwa domin mu mutuwa to kowa ba sadar da yardarSa."

• "A gaskiya gaskiya wani lokacin sa mai kaifi zafi, amma zafi ke bãya, yayin da rauni sãmar da ƙarya, festers kuma ba ya warkar."

Daga labari "The hunturu na mu damunsu":

• "Na tashi da radadin ji cewa na yi wani miki da rai."

• "Kuma don me kake tada cewa, Ka ce, mutãne sun yi zaton mugun ku? Eh, ba su tunanin ku. "

• "Hanya mafi boye su real muradi - ne daga mãsu gaskiya."

• "Don m - wannan yana nufin rufe scars."

Daga "The Inabi na fushi" da labari:

• "Idan kana da matsala, idan ka kasance a cikin bukata, idan kana laifi - je ga matalauta. Kawai za su iya taimaka, wanda kuma. "

Daga labari "Lost bas":

• "Shin, ba shi mamaki cewa mata gasa ga mutãne, sai su ba ma bukatar?".

Daga labari "Tortilla Flat":

• "The rai, m daga cikin mafi girma da kyau, m kuma mai babbar masifa."

• "The yamma na gabatowa a matsayin imperceptibly kamar yadda gabatowa tsufa a farin ciki mutum."

A allo karbuwa daga cikin littattafan

Da dama wallafe-wallafen ayyukan Steinbeck da irin wannan babbar nasara da cewa ja hankalin na fim da Hollywood da aka yin fim. Sashe na daga cikin movie aka yin fim da kuma sake sarrafa domin wasan kwaikwayo.

• "Daga Mice kuma Men" - na farko film karbuwa a 1939 da kuma sake, a 1992;

• "Inabi na hushi" - a 1940.

• "Tortilla Flat Quarter" - a 1942.

• "Pearl" - a cikin shekarar 1947.

• "Gabas da Eden" - a cikin shekara ta 1955;

• "Lost Bus" - a shekara ta 1957.

• "Cannery Row" - allon, a 1982, a Theatrical samar - a 1995.

kyauta

Steinbeck domin ya wallafa aiki an zabi sau da dama ga mafi shahararren awards a fagen dabarun rubuce-rubuce.

A 1940, ya fi shahara labari "The Inabi na fushi", wanda ya gaya game da rayuwar ma'aikata, yanayi ma'aikata, marubucin samu lambar yabo ta Pulitzer.

A shekarar 1962 ya aka bayar da Nobel kwamitin da lashe kyautar na wannan sunan da wadannan comment: "Ga wani mai idon basira da kuma poetic kyauta ga mai kyau hade da mutumci da kuma tsanani zamantakewa ra'ayinmu game da duniya."

Personal rayuwa da kuma yara

Dzhon Steynbek, wanda sirri rayuwa ne a ci gaba quite rayayye, wasu sau da aka yi aure for rayuwa.

Riga ya fara da za a buga, ya fara aure yana da shekaru 28 years Kerol Henning, saba da wanda ya zo daidai da lokacin da aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaro a kifi factory. The aure dade shekaru 11, da kuma duk da cewa Carol ya ko da yaushe goyon kuma tare da mijinta a tafiyarka, da dangantaka sannu a hankali ya fara deteriorate, kuma suka saki a 1941. Akwai jita-jita cewa, dalilin da rushe su da aure ne da rashin yara.

Steinbeck ta biyu matarsa kuwa da actress da kuma singer Gwendolyn Conger, wanda ya sanya wani tayin kan 5th ranar mu sani a 1943. The aure dade kadan ya fi tsayi, kawai 5 years old, amma daga wannan jam'iyya da suka 'ya'ya biyu - Tomas Mayls, an haife shi a shekarar 1944, da Yahaya a shekarar 1946.

Ganawa da actress da kuma wasan kwaikwayo darektan Eleyn Skott a tsakiyar shekarar 1949, a kan wani na uku aure Steinbeck a watan Disamba 1950. Duk da cewa a cikin aure ba su bayyana kowa yara, Elaine zauna matar marubuci zuwa mutuwarsa a 1968. Ta kanta ya mutu a 2003. Elaine da kuma Dzhon Steynbek (iyali photo wanda aka gabatar a kasa) suna binne tare a mahaifarsa, a Salinas.

Dan Tomas Mayls Steinbeck bi sahun daga cikin shahararrun uba, kuma ya kasance mai jarida, screenwriter kuma marubuci. Har 2008, ya kuma 'yarsa Blake Smile, Dzhona Steynbeka jikanyar, an hana hakkin doka zuwa ga ayyukan ubansa da kakan. Ya zaune yanzu a California tare da matarsa.

Ya ɗan Yahaya IV (hudu) kadan ne da aka sani. Dzhon Steynbek bauta wa a US Army a Vietnam. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1991.