Mene ne kowa ãyõyin namomin kaza da kuma yadda suka bambanta daga shuke-shuke da dabbobi?

Domin quite lokaci mai tsawo, namomin kaza tana nufin wani shuka. Suna halin kamar na baya, ba su da chlorophyll. Wannan ya faru saboda irin alamun namomin kaza a matsayin stiffness, ikon girma cikin rayuwar, a hanyar cin abinci, gaban keji wuya harsashi, a yarda da masana kimiyya su kusantar da karshe game da yanayin da wadannan halittu na ga ƙananan tsire-tsire. Amma a cikin 1970-80s a kimiyya da aka ware a raba mulkin, tare da fiye da mutum ɗari da dubu jinsunan. Wasu malaman bayar da shawarar cewa a gaskiya da irin namomin kaza mai yawa fiye da, sun yi kawai ba duk da bude mutum. Game da cewa, abin da suke da na kowa ãyõyin fungi, wanda Properties ne domin su mafi halayyar, da kuma wasu masu ban sha'awa abubuwa don kokarin gaya maka a cikin wannan labarin.

mycology

Kimiyya karatu da rayuwa da kuma aiki, sa'an nan, abin da suke da na kowa ãyõyin fungi, zama da aka sani mycology. By hadisin, shi ne dauke da sashe na o (da namomin kaza a matsayin shuke-shuke karatu botanists, masana kimiyya). A farkon 21st karni, ta haka ne da kalmar "namomin kaza" da ya yi ba ne gaba ɗaya unambiguous, ha daban-daban a cikin tsari da kuma irin abincin da kwayoyin.

A da yawa

A yanayi na wadannan halittu - wani da gaske] imbin bambancin, da kuma nazarin halittu da muhalli. Namomin kaza za a iya gani a ko'ina: a ƙasar, a cikin iska da kuma ruwan sarari. Kuma a cewar kimomi da daban-daban masana, mycologists, akwai tsakanin 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya jinsunan fungi da gribopodobnyh kwayoyin. Sun zama wani mahimmin juzu'in dukan muhalli tsarin na duniya. Our duniya ne a zahiri Ribar da wadannan halittu na halitta: daga cikin kankanin spores a cikin iska to spawn, mikewa karkashin kasa domin da yawa kilomita. Ba zato ba tsammani, da masu bincike sun kiyasta cewa mafi girma abu a duniya - a naman kaza! Mene ne kowa bayyanar cututtuka na naman kaza tare da m babban iri-iri daga cikinsu, daga kusan ganuwa zuwa ido ga shawarwari blewits-tinder, ciwon nauyin fiye da 10 kilo? Tare, bari mu bincika.

Alamun takamaiman to fungi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, namomin kaza dauke da alamun biyu shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Watau da kama da dabba, da kuma shuka rai, da ba daya ba kuma sauran. Wadannan halaye na namomin kaza da gribopodobnyh kwayoyin da kuma yarda ware su a cikin wani raba daula yanayi.

wadata hanyoyin

Fungi ne heterotrophs. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba su haduwa kwayoyin halitta da kuma amfani da shi a matsayin abinci riga a ƙãre form. Yana kawo su kusa da dabbobi. Shlyapochnye yawa namomin kaza, misali, gudanar da wani symbiosis tare da shuke-shuke: juna hadin kai, a cikin abin da aka shirya daga kwayoyin matattu shuke-shuke, ciyar da iri da kuma saki kwayoyin al'amura cikin inorganic, zubarda su. A shuka, bi da bi, da aka samu daga fungi, wadannan ma'adanai a matsayin abinci. Saboda haka, kowa da ãyõyin namomin kaza hada da farko heterotrophy. A general, a cikin hanyoyin da ikon iya zama wasu fungi da parasites, kuma ko da yara. Parasites namomin kaza ana gabatar a cikin abokin gaba ta jiki ta hanyar lalace. za su iya, wani lokacin sa har ma da mutuwa na maigidansa, ya kuwa ci abin da ya ragu daga shi - matattu kwayoyin halitta. A naman kaza mulki da yara kama amoebas kuma nematodes amfani da musamman m bulges a kan hyphae.

babu chlorophyll

Namomin kaza ba su iya photosynthesis, kamar yadda wannan shuke-shuke. Sun ƙunshi wani chlorophyll a cikin sel. Mene ne kowa ãyõyin namomin kaza? A abun da ke ciki na cell hada chitin (a halayyar, misali, ga kwarangwal na arthropod). Kuma har yanzu kasancewa iya adana wadannan carbohydrates (glycogen), da kuma karshe na rayuwa samfurin excreted - fitarwa. Kuma da waɗannan da na kowa ãyõyin fungi kuma kawo su kusa da dabbobi.

Immobility da kuma ci gaban

Namomin kaza ba su iya motsawa kamar yadda aikata dabbobi. A wata hanya, su ne har yanzu (mana, sai dai in ka yi la'akari da mycelium, wanda shi ne iya matsar kusa, girma karkashin kasa, wani lokacin yawa kilomita). Bayan haka, duk suka yi ta rayuwa girma da kuma haihuwa ta spores, kamar yadda ka yi da yawa daga shuke-shuke. Kuma suna ciyar da abinci ta tsotsa da haduwa hormones da bitamin, wanda kuma Yanã fitar da su tare da shuke-shuke.

Bambanci a asalin

Amma duk da yawa kamance, da masana kimiyya ya gano cewa, fungi da kuma shuke-shuke daga zuriyar daban-daban kungiyoyin na zamanin d kwayoyin ne da suka rayu a zamanin da a cikin ruwa yanayi. Kuma wadannan biyu mulkoki ya bambanta a su juyin hanya.

Mene ne kowa ãyõyin namomin kaza

A wasu kamance da shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da kuma fungi da kawai su muhimmi fasali. A vegetative jikin kwayoyin - mycelium (mycelium) cewa zai iya girma ba tare da iyaka duk rayuwarsa. Shiyyar da aka kafa a cikin substrate na da ake kira naman kaza hyphae - tubular filamentary Tsarin. Su naman kaza a haɗe zuwa substrate, inda suka ciyar. A hyphae weakly bayyana salon salula tsarin. A general, da namomin kaza na iya samun unicellular da kwayar tsarin, makaman nukiliya, ƙuntata harsashi.

External ko iska zone da yawa naman kaza 'ya'yan gawarwakin wakilta (abin da muke amfani da su a zahiri kira namomin kaza). A wani m yanayi suke located zahiri daga mycelium. A fruiting jikin dauke da spores yi nufi ga kiwo. An sani cewa wasu shlyapochnye fungi iya nuna up zuwa dama dubun biliyoyin spores ga rai na 'ya'yan itace jiki. Amma fungi iya ninka ma mycelium (da kuma a wasu lokuta ta Kwayoyin).