Chemical kashi tin. Properties da kuma aikace-aikace na tin

Kowane sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, da kuma ilimi da su sauki da hadaddun abubuwa ne na musamman. Suna da musamman Properties, da kuma mutane da yawa suna yin shakka gagarumin taimako ga 'yan adam da zama a general. Babu togiya da sinadari tin.

Gabatar da mutane zuwa karfe ke mayar da su tsufa. Wannan sinadari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban wayewar dan adam zuwa wannan rana tin Properties an yadu amfani.

Tin a tarihi

A farko ambaci wannan karfe, wanda yana da, kamar yadda mutane a baya tunani, har ma da wasu daga cikin sihiri Properties za a iya samu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki texts. Muhimmanci ga inganta rayuwar tin taka leda a lokacin da "tagulla" karni. A lokacin, mafi m karfe gami da cewa mallaki mutumin ya tagulla, shi za a iya samu a jan don ƙara wani sinadari mai tin. Domin da dama ƙarni, wannan abu samar da komai daga kayan aikin da kuma kawo karshen tare da kayan ado.

Bayan da aka gano daga cikin kaddarorin da baƙin ƙarfe-tin gami ba a yi amfani da, ba shakka, shi ne amfani ba to wannan sikelin, amma tagulla, kazalika da yawa wasu gami kuzari a yau mutum a cikin masana'antu, fasaha da kuma magani, tare da karfe salts, msl, kamar chloride tin, wanda aka samu ta hanyar maida martani tin da chlorine, wannan ruwa tafasa a 112 digiri Celsius, da narkewa a cikin ruwa, shi Forms crystalline hydrates da tururi a cikin iska.

Sinadarin matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci Table

Chemical kashi tin (Latin sunan stannum - «stannum" da aka rubuta alama ce SN) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev gaskiya shirya ƙidaya hamsin a cikin na biyar lokaci. Yana da dama isotopes, ya fi na kowa - da isotope 120. Wannan ƙarfe ne ma a cikin babban subgroups na shida kungiyar, tare da carbon, silicon, germanium da Flerov. Its wuri predicts amphoteric Properties, daidai muhimmi da kuza, da acid, da kuma asali halaye na wanda za a aka bayyana a kasa a more daki-daki.

A lokaci-lokaci Table ma yana dauke da atomic nauyi na tin, wanda shi ne daidai 118,69. ² lantarki sanyi 5s 5p ² cewa abun da ke ciki na kayan damar hadaddun karfe yana da wani hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +2 da +4, bada kawai biyu electrons zuwa p-sublayer ko hudu da s- da p- gaba daya emptying dukan m Layer.

Lantarki halayyar kashi

Bisa ga atomic yawan tin atoms perinuclear sarari qunshi nuna hamsin electrons, suna shirya a biyar matakan, wanda bi da bi raba cikin wani yawan sublevels. Biyu na farko suna da kawai da s- kuma p-sub-matakai, kazalika daga uku akwai duffai uku tsagawa cikin s-, p-, d-.

La'akari da na waje electron matakin, tun da shi ne tsarin da kuma ciko da electrons sanin sinadaran aiki zarra. A unexcited jihar kashi farfado da valence na biyu, akwai wani mika mulki a cikin zumudi na wani electron daga sublevel s-p zuwa wõfintattu wurin zama sub-Layer (wanda zai iya ƙunsar a kalla uku unpaired electron). A wannan yanayin, da kuza, da yana da wani valence hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar - 4, tun ba su guda biyu electrons, ya kuma inganta a cikin shakka daga sinadaran hulda a kan su sublevels kome riko.

Simple abu karfe, kuma da kaddarorin

Simple abu tin ne wani karfe da azurfa launi tana nufin fusible kungiyar. Metal taushi, mun gwada sauƙi amenable ga nakasawa. Da dama muhimmi siffofin irin wannan karfe matsayin tin. Da yawan zafin jiki a kasa 13.2 digiri Celsius ne iyakar ta miƙa mulki karfe tin foda gyara ne tare da wani canji na launi daga azurfa-fari ga m al'amari, da kuma rage yawa. Tin narke a 231,9 darajõji, kuma tafasa a 2270 digiri Celsius. White crystalline tetragonal tin karfe tsarin ya bayyana halayyar pohrustyvanie lokacin da lankwasawa da kuma dumama a wurin da gogayya inflection crystal abu da juna. Gray tin yana da cubic syngony.

Chemical tin kaddarorin da dual ainihi, shi shiga duka biyu acidic da asali dauki, nuna amphoteric. Da karfe reacts tare da alkalis, kuma acid kamar sulfuric da nitric acid, shi ne mai aiki a dauki da halogen.

tin gami

Me ake yawan amfani da maimakon m karfe gami da wani yawan bijiro da batun kafa da aka gyara? Gaskiyar cewa muhimmi kaddarorin da gami, wanda ba su da wani mutum karfe, ko wadannan kaddarorin ne mafi girma (msl, watsin, da juriya ga lalata, passivation ko kunnawa da jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye na karafa, idan ya cancanta da dai sauransu). Tin (photo nuna wani samfurin na m karfe) ne wani ɓangare na da yawa gami. Ana iya amfani da a matsayin ƙari ko tushe abu.

A halin yanzu, akwai babban adadin wani karfe gami, tin (Farashin ga su dabam yadu), dubi mafi m da kuma amfani da (amfani da wasu gami da shi zai je da ya dace sashe). A general, stannuma gami da wadannan halaye: high ductility, low narkewa batu, a kananan taurin da kuma ƙarfi.

Wasu misalai na gami

• A gami da kuza, da darma tare da wasu dopants (antimony, jan, cadmium, tutiya, da azurfa, indium) - abin da ake kira tin solder, da yawan stannuma a cikinsu, ga mafi bonding Properties dole 49-51 ko 59-61 bisa dari. Bond karfin tabbatar da samuwar cikin m bayani na tin lazimta tare da karfe saman.
• Garth - wani gami da kuza, da gubar da antimony - shi ne tushen rubutu tawada ga (wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ba da shawarar zuwa kunsa abinci a jarida, su hana ingress maras so yawa na wadannan karafa).
• Babbit - tin gami, gubar, tagulla da kuma antimony - An halin low gogayya, high lalacewa juriya.
• An gami da indium-tin - fusible abu, wanda ne muhimmi bijirewarsu, lalata da juriya da kuma babban ƙarfi.

A mafi muhimmanci na halitta da mahadi

Tin Forms jerin halitta mahadi - ores. A karfe 24 siffofin da wani ma'adinai fili, mafi muhimmanci ga masana'antu na tin oxide - cassiterite da ƙuƙumma - Cu ₂ FeSnS _4. Tin tarwatsa a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, da kuma mahadi kafa ta su, da Magnetic asalin. A masana'antu ya kuma yi amfani da poliolovyannyh acid gishiri da kuma tin silicates.

Tin da jikin mutum

Chemical kashi tin ne mai alama kashi a gwada yawa abun ciki a cikin jikin mutum. Its main tari ne a kashi nama, inda al'ada karfe abun ciki facilitates dace ci gaba da kuma ta sauran aiki na musculoskeletal tsarin. Bugu da kari da ƙasũsuwa, tin fi mai da hankali a cikin gastrointestinal fili, huhu, kodan da kuma zuciya.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa ya wuce kima jari na karfe iya kai wa ga wani janar guba na jiki, da kuma mafi dadewa daukan hotuna - ko da a cikin m gene maye gurbi. Kwanan nan, wannan matsala ne quite dacewa, kamar yadda da muhalli jihar na yanayi ya fita yawa da za a so. A high yiwuwar maye da tin mazauna birane da yankunan da ke kusa da nan kusa masana'antu kadarori. A mafi guba faruwa da jari a cikin huhu tin salts, kamar stannous chloride, da sauransu. A lokaci guda, alama kashi rashi iya fararwa wani slowdown a girma, ji asarar da kuma gashi hasãra.

aikace-aikace

Da karfe ne kasuwanci, akwai da yawa a cikin karfe shuke-shuke da kuma kamfanonin. An samar a cikin nau'i na ingots, sanduna, waya cylinders, anodes tsantsa sauki abu kamar tin. The farashin jeri daga 900 zuwa 3000 rubles da kg.

Tin a cikin tsarki tsari yana da wuya amfani. Fiye amfani gami da mahadi - gishiri. Tin solder aka yi amfani a yanayin saukan bonding sassa wadda aka ba fallasa zuwa high yanayin zafi da kuma tsanani inji lodi, yi da tagulla gami, karfe, tagulla, amma ba da shawarar for kerarre daga aluminum ko ta gami. The kaddarorin da kuma halaye na tin gami da aka bayyana a cikin dacewa sashe.

Solder amfani ga solder kwakwalwan kwamfuta, a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki kuma manufa tushen karfe gami kamar tin. Photo nuna wani tsari da ake ji a tin-gubar gami. Yin amfani da shi ba za ka iya aiki quite bakin ciki.

Saboda ta high jure lalata na tin shi da ake amfani da yi na tinned baƙin ƙarfe (tinplate) - gwangwani ga kayayyakin abinci. A magani, musamman a cikin Dentistry, tin da hannu don yin hakori fillings. Tin-rufe brownies bututun da kuma ta gami ake kerarre bearings. Invaluable taimako ga wannan muhimmin al'amari da kuma a cikin wutar lantarki aikin injiniya.

Mai ruwa-ruwa mafita daga wannan stannous salts, fluoroborates, sulphates da chlorides ana amfani da electrolyte. Tin oxide - a glaze ga tukwane. By gabatarwar a cikin roba da kuma roba kayan na daban-daban Kalam na tin yana yiwuwa a rage su flammability da isolating cutarwa tururi.