Mene ne epithets a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Epithets - abin da yake da shi? The darajar manufofi a Rasha

Mene ne daya daga cikin manyan masu tsafi na hulda tsakanin mutane? Hakika, sadarwa, raba su tunani, motsin zuciyarmu da kuma juyayinsu tare da juna ta hanyar harshe. Yanzu kaga idan duk da mu tattaunawa da aka iyakance na musamman da watsa wani bayani, data tsirara ba tare da wani alama da halaye da kuma connotations, nuna halinmu zuwa ga abin da aka ce. Yana tunatar da wannan sadarwar inji cewa sadarwa daban-daban haduwa da wadanda kuma zeros, amma maimakon lambobin - kalmomin da ba kawo wani tunanin canza launi. Expressiveness na magana ne mai muhimmanci, ba kawai a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum amma kuma a cikin adabi (da kuma a nan shi ne "m"). Yarda, yana da wuya su yi tunanin wani labari, wani waka ko wani labarin, cewa ba su yi amfani alama da ma'anar da sauran wajen m magana. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin mu magana, duka na baka da kuma rubuta, suna da muhimmanci epithets. Mene ne wannan? Wannan shi ne abin da taimaka sa kalmomi da phrases amfani da mafi m, mafi daidai kai su muhimmanci halaye da kuma bayyana halinmu zuwa gare su. Next, mun dauki kusa look at wannan ra'ayi, ayyana rawar da ma'anar manufofi a jawabin da kuma kokarin rarraba su bisa ga manufar da takamaiman aikace-aikace.

A ra'ayi na jinsin epithet da Tsarin

Bari mu fara da cewa muna wakiltar cikakken da kuma zurfi fahimtar da kalmar "epithet": wato, abin da tsarin shi ne, yadda za a yi amfani da a wasu yanayi.

Adjectives matsayin manufofi

Daga cikin Greek "epithet" fassara a matsayin wani abu "amfani" ko "Bugu da kari" ga core. Shi ne. Wadannan musamman ma'ana kalmomi ko da yaushe zo a matsayin dace da zuwa sauran, shi ne da wani abu (abu ko batu). Yawanci wannan tsarin "definition + suna", inda da epithet - definition ne yawanci wani siffa (amma ba dole ba). A sauki misali: a baki melancholy, duhu dare, mai iko kafadu, sugar lebe, zafi sumba m launuka, da dai sauransu ...

A wannan yanayin, da manufofi - manufofi cewa ƙyale mu mu zana mafi cikakken hoto game da wani batun kwayoyin halitta: ba kawai nostalgia, da kuma "black", azzaluman, impenetrable. ba kawai sumba, da kuma "zafi", m, bada yardarsa - wannan bayanin sa warai ji abin da ya so ya isar da marubucin, ya fuskanci wasu majiyai da motsin zuciyarmu.

A amfani da wasu sassa na magana kamar yadda epithets

Duk da haka, rawar da epithets iya wasa ba kawai wani siffa, sau da yawa a cikin "rawar da" yi da kuma adverbs, sunaye da kuma magana da, da kuma ko su shafa da kuma fi'ili participle phrases (cewa shi ne, ba wanda kalmar, da kuma a hade daga gare ta). Sau da yawa shi ne wadannan sassa na jawabin damar more daidai da vividly kai da image da kuma haifar da dama yanayi fiye da zai yi da shi manufofi.

Ka yi la'akari da misalai na amfani da wasu sassa na jawabin manufofi:

1. Adverbs. A tsari su ne yanayi. Misalan "ciyawa kallo fun" (Turgueneff). "Kuma mai zafi gunaguni, da kuma m hawaye zuba" (Pushkin).
2. Sunaye. Su ba siffa halaye na abu. Dokar kamar yadda aikace-aikace ko predicates. Misalai: "Oh, Uwar Volga taksi a baya gudu!" (M). "A spring daraja, mu gunki!" (Pushkin).
3. Magana da. Kamar yadda manufofi da suka yi amfani da lokacin da bayyana da superlative mataki na wani sabon abu. Misali: "... yãƙi ... yãƙi ce wani more!" (Lermontoff).
4. Tarayya. Misali: "... Na, fascinated, da sani na dangling thread ..." (Block).
5. SHAFE lokacinta. Misalai: "A takardar da ringing da dancing ƙarni a shirun" (Paint). "... ... hack marubuta wanda da kome a cikin harshen, amma kalmomin, ba su ambatar zumunta" (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
6. Adverbial participle da fi'ili participle phrases. Misalai: "... wasa ɓõyẽwa, kuma ku nemi, sama yake sauka daga ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi" (Pasternak). "... romp da wãsa, rattling ..." (Tiutchev).

Saboda haka, manufofi a tambaya na iya zama ba kawai manufofi, amma kuma wasu sassa na magana, idan sun taimake su kai kuma daidai bayyana da kaddarorin da aka bayyana batun kwayoyin halitta.

m epithets

Da wuya, amma akwai lokuta lokacin da wajen aikewa amfani a cikin rubutu ba tare da ainihin kalmomin, epithets yi aiki da kansu, ba tare da ma'anar a tsare. Misali: "The strangest kuma sabon doing scribbled a shafukan da haihuwa littattafai" (Block). Ga epithets "m" da "sabon" a lokaci guda wasa biyu matsayin - da kuma ma'anar da kuma tsare. Wannan dabara ne halayyar da adabi na symbolism.

Hanyar epithets rarrabuwa

Saboda haka a yanzu muna da fairly bayyananne ra'ayin irin wannan muhimmanci lokaci a wallafe-wallafen ka'idar kamar yadda epithets. Mẽne ne da kuma yadda za a yi amfani da, mun yi nazari. Duk da haka, domin mafi fahimtar wannan sabon abu shi ne muhimmanci a iya bambanta da kuma rarraba da manufofi a kan wasu sharudda. Duk da cewa da farko kuma mafi muhimmanci manufar da yin amfani da wadannan wajen aikewa ko da yaushe ya zo saukar zuwa abu daya - don bayyana, to ayyana m abu ko sabon abu, duk manufofi za a iya classified. Sun kasu kashi kungiyoyin bisa ga daban-daban sigogi, wanda muka tattauna a kasa.

Irin epithets daga ra'ayi jinsi

Na farko da kungiyar ta rabu manufofi cikin Categories dangane da kwayoyin asalin:

• Common Harshe (Popular).
• jama'a shayari (m).
• mutum marubuci.

The kowa da harshen, wanda kuma ake kira gefuna ne wani halaye da cewa bayyana abubuwa da dũkiyõyinsu, da effects. Misalai: .. Beautiful tẽku, a deathly shiru, leaden girgije, ringing shiru, da dai sauransu Yawancin mu yi amfani da su a yau da kullum magana, domin mafi iyar da yanayi na bayyana events / batu da mu ji interlocutor.

Mutane ta shayari, ko m, epithets - Waɗannan su ne kalmomi, ko duka maganganu da cewa, a cikin shekarun kahu sosai a zukatan mutane domin wasu takamaiman kalmomi. Misalai: tarar saurayi, ja yarinya, mai haske watã, bude filin da sauransu.

Daidaiku-marubucin epithets - shi ne mai samfurin na m hankali na marubucin. Wannan shi ne, kafin kalma ko magana ba a yi amfani da wani jawabin a wannan ma'ana, sabili da haka ba epithets. Su ne sosai a cikin adabi, musamman a cikin shayari. Misalai: "wani mutum tysyacheglazogo amince ..." (Mayakovsky). "Flattery m abun wuya", "beads zinariya hikima" (Pushkin). "... madawwami motif a tsakiyar rayuwar" (Brodsky).

Epithets, dangane da misãli da metonymy

Kasu kashi kungiyoyin na manufofi na iya zama da sauran filaye. Tun da siffa manufofi sukan hade da yin amfani da kalmomi a zaurance, dangane da irin šaukuwa kalma (wanda shi ne epithet) za a iya gano:

• metaphorical.
• metonymy.

Metaphorical epithets a matsayin riga bayyana daga muƙamin, m da misãli. Misalai: "haske alamu", "hunturu azurfa" (Pushkin). "Sad, bakin ciki da abota," "m, jana'izar da tunani" (Hertz). "Bakarãriya filayen" (Lermontov).

Metonymy epithets dangane metonymic zaurance na kalma. Misalan "zafi ta tono rada" (M). "Birch, gaisuwa harshe" (Yesenin).

Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofi da cewa su ne bisa ko Metonymically zaurance, za su iya sha da sauran kaddarorin tropes: a hade tare da hyperbola, da embodiment da sauran wallafe-wallafen hanyoyin.

Misalai: "m winged kibau, byas baya, ji / The procession na wani fushi bautãwa: ya tafi ya, kamar dare" (Homer). "Izrugivalsya, roƙonka, da yanke / hau ga mutum ya ciji cikin bangarorin. / A ja sama, kamar yadda da Marseillaise / twitching, okolevaya faduwar rana" (Mayakovsky).

Wannan damar yin amfani da epithets ko da haske, karfi, mafi daidai bayyana a ji wasu mamaki / abubuwan da marubucin da kuma kai wadannan ji wa masu karatu ko sauraro.

Epithets cikin sharuddan marubucin kima

Adjectives za a iya raba kungiyoyin dangane da hanyar da marubucin da aka bayyana a cikin kimantawa da samfurin:

• na gani.
• ma'ana.

Tsohon ana amfani da su bayyana fasali da kuma mayar da hankali a kan wasu muhimman bambance-bambance, ƙin Properties ba tare da nuna marubucin kima na shi. Misalai: "... a cikin kaka gloom duk da haka ghostly lambu nuna gaskiya mulki" (Brodsky). "Ka shinge juna baƙin ƙarfe / blue harshen wuta kuma naushi" (Pushkin).

Ma'ana guda manufofi (as sunan ya ɗauka) ba masu karatu don jin marubucin hali, shi a fili bayyana bayyana kimantawa abu ko mamaki. Misalai: "m da kuma rage haske" (Block). "Zuciya - wani sanyi yanki na baƙin ƙarfe" (Mayakovsky).

Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan rabo ne wajen matukar, kamar yadda sau da yawa pictorial epithets ne ma wani tunanin launi da kuma ne a saboda abin da na ji na marubucin daban-daban articles.

A ci gaba da yin amfani da epithets a wallafe-wallafen

Jayayya da cewa wannan epithets a cikin adabi, ba za mu iya taba batun na ci gaba a cikin lokaci. Suna kullum jurewa canji a cikin tarihi da kuma al'adun. Bugu da kari, da epithets bambanta dangane da labarin kasa (wurin zama) daga cikin mutane, wanda Ya halitta su. Our ilimi, da kuma musamman da rai yanayi samu da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma mamaki, da kwarewa - duk wannan yana rinjayar da images halitta a cikin jawabin da ma'anar abin da suka aza.

Epithets da kuma Rasha jama'a art

Epithets - abin da irin hotuna a labarin baki? A wani wuri mataki na ci gaba da adabi epithets yawanci bayyana wani jiki Properties na abubuwa, da kuma ware su da muhimmanci, key fasali. A wani tunanin bangaren da magana daga hali zuwa bayyana abu motsa a cikin bango ko gaba daya ba a nan. Bugu da kari, da m epithets sãɓã wa jũna ƙari Properties na abubuwa da mamaki. Misalai: m gandun daji, da kyau 'yan'uwa, babban arziki da sauransu.

Epithets na Azurfa Age da kuma postmodernism

Tare da nassi na lokaci da kuma ci gaban adabi epithets ya zama wuya, su gyara su tsarin canza rawar da suka taka a cikin ayyukansu. The sabon abu na poetic harshe, kuma ta haka ne yin amfani da epithets ne musamman bayyanannu a cikin adabi na Azurfa Age. War, m fasaha canji da kuma alaka da canje-canje a duniya sun kai ga canje-canje a cikin tsinkayar duniyar mutum. Marubuta da kuma kasida hau kan wani search for sabon wallafe-wallafen siffofin. Saboda haka - cikin zargin da babban yawan "abokai" (watau copyright) kalmomi da karya sabõda morpheme dangantakar tsarin, sabon siffofin kalmomi da kuma sababbin hanyoyin hada su.

Misalan "barci curls kafadu snow fari" (Ant). "Laughers ... cewa dariya dariya cewa smeyanstvuyut smeyalno oh usmeyalno your dariya!" (Hlebnikov).

A yawa ban sha'awa misalai a cikin yin amfani da sabon abu kalmomi kuma image abubuwa za a iya samu a cikin ayyukansu na Mayakovsky. Wannan kawai shi ne waka "The goge da kuma kadan kodadde," a cikin abin "da drum ... slipped a kona Kuznetsky kuma bar", "wawa farantin vylyazgivala", "Helicon mednorozhy" wani abu da ake kira goge, da sauransu. D.

Ƙwarai a cikin aikace-aikace ne manufofi da kuma postmodern wallafe-wallafe. Wannan Trend (wanda ya tashi a cikin 40th da kuma samun mafi girma alfijir a cikin 80s) ya sãɓa wa hakikanci (musamman na gurguzu da labarun almara), rinjaye a Rasha har zuwa karshen 70s. Wakilai daga postmodernism kãfirta game da dokoki da ka'idoji raya al'adu. A cikin aikin da iyakoki tsakanin gaskiya da kuma na almara, gaskiya da kuma art ake sharewa. Saboda haka - cikin manyan yawan sabon fi'ili siffofin da kuma dabaru, m da kuma ban sha'awa sosai da yin amfani da epithets.

Misalai: "Ina kallo diathesis / kyallen zinariya" (Kibrit). "A reshe na itacen ƙirya ... wari kamar creosote, ƙura shirayin ... dare tiptoed baya a cikin lambu da kuma jin motsi na lantarki jiragen kasa" (Sokolov).

Ayyukan da zamanin postmodernism cike da misalai na abin da epithets a cikin adabi na zamaninmu. Daya yana da kawai don karanta mawallafa kamar Sokolov (misali gabatar a sama), line, Levin, Sorokin et al.

Tatsuniyoyi da su halayyar epithets

Yana bautarka wani wuri na musamman a cikin tãtsũniyõyin na epithets. Almara ayyukan ƙwarai daga daban-daban sau da daban-daban mutanen duniya da ya ƙunshi mai yawa misalai na yin amfani da epithets. Alal misali, ga Rasha jama'a tãtsũniyõyin halin da m amfani da nesa epithets da ma'anar, ta kwatanta da kewaye yanayi. Misalan "tsarki filin, duhu itace, high duwãtsu". "Ƙasashe masu nisa, a Jihar Far Far Away" ( "Finist - Bright Falcon," Rasha jama'a labari).

Amma ga Iran tãtsũniyõyin, misali, halin da Gabas hasashe, arziki a da dama epithets kowanne kofa magana. Misalai: "... mutun mai hikima Sultan, tare da m fayyace shiga cikin harkokin jihar ..." ( "The History of Sultan Sanjar").

Saboda haka, a cikin misali amfani da almara epithets za a iya gano wa al'adu da halaye muhimmi wata kasa.

Epithets epics da camfin da daban-daban al'ummai na duniya

A daidai wannan lokaci na almara na kasashe daban-daban na duniya ne halin da na kowa siffofin na yin amfani da epithets bauta wa wani qayyadadden dalili. Wannan ne sauƙi gani a Greek myths, Celtic Legends da Rasha epics. Duk wadannan ayyuka suna da ha metaphorical da dama events, amfani da manufofi tare da wani mummunan inuwa bayyana tsoratarwa wurare, events, ko mamaki.

Misalan "marasa iyaka duhu hargitsi" (Greek mythology) "kururuwarta, wasu batattun sifofi dariya" (Celtic Legends), "Idol rududdugaggu" (Rasha bylina). Irin wannan epithets ne ba kawai ga m kwatancin yadda wurare da kuma abubuwan da suka faru, amma kuma da samuwar na musamman ji, hali ga mai karatu karanta.

A arziki Rasha harshen? Epithets da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin magana da kuma wallafe-wallafen harshen

Bari mu fara da wani sauki misali. A takaice tattaunawa na biyu sentences: "..? Hey, ɗana, zan je gida, yadda kuke Me kake yi?" -. "Hi, mamma Ci Good miya.". Wannan tattaunawar ne a bushe musayar bayanai: mamma ke gida, da yaro ci miya. Wannan sadarwa ba ya gudanar da wani motsin zuciyarmu, yanayi da kuma ba ya yin halitta, shi za a iya ce, ba ya ba mu wani bayani game da ji da kuma halin da ake ciki real a interlocutors.

Wani abu, idan a kan aiwatar da sadarwa "baki" epithets. Me ye bambancin yi? Misali: "..? Hello, ta zaki dan Going gida gaji tikis, kuma a matsayin kare Kuma yaya ka ke Me kake yi?" -. "Hello, masoyi mummy yau zan kasance mai zafi rana, a hanya mai kyau na ci miyan, shi ne mai girma!". Wannan misali ne mai kyau amsar wannan tambaya da dalilin da ya sa manufofi a zamani magana haka muhimmanci, ko da shi ke da wata al'ada yau da kullum hira. Yarda, saboda wannan hira ne sauƙin fahimta, ya kasance daya daga cikin interlocutors a abin da halayya: mamma zai zama farin ciki da cewa dansa ne duk da kyau da kuma farin ciki da cewa ya na son miyan. ɗa, bi da bi, zai fahimci cewa mahaifiyata ne gaji, kuma za su ji dimi abincin dare domin ta zuwa, ko aikata wani abu dabam da amfani. Kuma shi ke godiya epithets!

A epithet a Rasha harshen: rawar da amfani misalai a cikin art na magana

Daga sauki ga hadaddun tafi. A ma'adanin na jawabin epithets a kalla, kuma watakila ma mafi muhimmanci. Babu wani daga cikin wallafe-wallafen aikin zai zama mai ban sha'awa da kuma ba za su iya zuwa captivate karatu idan shi ne bai isa manufofi (tare da 'yan ƙalilan, ba shakka). Baya ga cewa su ba ka damar yin haske da kuma mafi ma'ana image na nuna events, articles, epithets kuma yi wasu ayyuka a wallafe-wallafen texts :

1. Jaddada wasu halayyar siffofin da kaddarorin da aka bayyana mahaluži. Misalan "rawaya katako", "daji kogo", "m kwanyar" (Lermontoff).
2. Bayyana bayyana siffofin banbamta da wani abu (msl, launi, size, da dai sauransu). Misali: "Itace ... shunayya, da na zinariya, da shunayya ..." (Bunin).
3. Amfani a matsayin dalilin da samar da contrasting oxymoron ta hanyar hada da ma'anar kalmomin. Misalai: "m inuwa," "zullumi alatu."
4. Bada marubucin ya bayyana su hali zuwa bayyana sabon abu, ba su kima da kuma bayar da shi mafi zaa iya karanta. Misali: "Kuma da kalmar annabci muna masu godiya, da kuma mu girmama Rasha kalmar" (Sergeyev-Tsensky).
5. Taimaka ƙirƙirar live view of batun. Misali: "... da spring, da farko ringing ... aradu a blue sama" (Tiutchev).
6. Ƙirƙirar wani yanayi sa ake so wani tunanin jihar. Misali: "... a m da kuma baƙo a kusa, tafiya da m watsi da high hanya" (Tolstoy).
7. Form masu karatu a wasu hali zuwa sabon abu, abu ko gwarzo. Misalai: "tafiye-tafiye muzhichische-rube, da wani mutum a zaune a kan shi mai kyau doki" (Rasha bylina). "Onegin aka dauke da mutane da yawa ... / Scientific 'yan'uwanmu, amma a pedant" (Pushkin).

Saboda haka, rawar da manufofi a almarar ne m. Yana da wadannan ma'ana kalmomi yi aikin, ko na zama a waka, waka, da labarin ko wani labari, m, m, iya sa wasu motsin zuciyarmu, yanayi, daraja. Yana da hadari a ce babu wani epithets, zai jefa shakka a kan sosai yiwuwar kasancewar tsaya adabi kamar yadda wani art.

ƙarshe

A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin amsa fiye da cikakken cikin tambaya game da abin da epithets a adabi da kuma tattaunawar, za mu dubi daban-daban hanyoyi na kassa wadannan hanyar magana, amma kuma yi magana game da muhimmancin manufofi a rayuwa da kuma aiki. Muna fatan wannan ya taimake ku fadada ka fahimtar irin wannan muhimmanci lokaci a wallafe-wallafen ka'idar, kamar yadda wani epithet.