Meiji Restoration - wani hadadden na siyasa, soji da kuma zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a Japan

Meiji Restoration a Japan - wani hadadden na gwamnatin ayyuka da za'ayi a 1868-1889 shekaru. Yake da alaka da samuwar wani sabon zamanin da tsarin. Events yarda su karya da gargajiya hanya na rayuwa, na yawan jama'ar da hanzari aiwatar da nasarorin da West. Ka yi la'akari da kara yadda da Meiji Restoration.

Samuwar sabuwar gwamnati

Bayan da shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu koma ikon zuwa sarki, sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa. A farkon Janairu 1868 shi aka zayyana umartar a farkon administrative canje-canje. Bisa ga daftarin aiki, da Tokugawa Shogunate daina wanzuwa. Jihar iko, haka switched ga sarkin da gwamnatin. A taro, an yanke shawarar zuwa rabu da tsohon Shogun mafi ƙasar lakabi da darajõji. Da irin wannan tsari da aka sanya da magoya bayan tsohon gwamnatin. A sakamakon haka, jihar raba biyu sassa. A kasar suka fara wani yakin basasa.

juriya

A marigayi Janairu, magoya bayan tsohon shogunate ya yi wani yunkurin kama Kyoto don mayar da su mulki. Da su daga 'yan, amma modernized sojojin da Sarkin sarakuna. 27-30 Janairu 1868 da 'yan tawayen suka ci a yakin Toba-Fushimi. A fadar sojojin koma zuwa arewa-maso-gabas. A May 1868 farko sallamãwa Edo. A ko'ina cikin rani da kaka na sojojin yaki a arewacin jihar kan Northern Alliance, wanda ya kuma yi aiki a kan gefen tsohon shogunate. Amma a watan Nuwamba ta Resistance Army karshe an karya tare da sallama da castle na Aizu-Wakamatsu.

Bayan da aka hambarar da Yoshinobu, mafi yawan kasashen gane fadar mulki. Duk da haka, da zuciyar da tsohon magoya bayan na shogunate, wanda aka kai da Aizu kabila, ya ci gaba da juriya. Battle ya faru, wanda dade a watan jiya. A sakamakon Satumba 23, 1868 Aizu kayen za ~ e, bayan wanda mafi yawan matasa samurai kungiyar "The White Tiger" kashe kansa. A watan baya, Edo da aka sake masa suna Tokyo. Daga wannan lokacin ya fara da tarihin Meiji.

frame na gwamnatin

A fadar ikon lokacin yakin juriya kamata sanin da nasu na siyasa nagartacce. A watan Fabrairu na 1868 da gwamnatin ta sanar da amintattun wakilan kasashen waje jihohi. A matsayin shugaban kasar yi daidai da, da sarki. Ya yi hannun dama don gudanar da wani kasashen waje da manufofin, kafa dangantakar diplomasiyya tsakaninsu. A farkon watan Afrilu, Yarjejeniya rantsuwa da aka buga. Yana kafa daga cikin ka'idojin, wanda ya wuce da Meiji Restoration a Japan. A cikin wadannan biyar sakin layi na samar da:

1. Collegiality mulki.
2. Saka hannu cikin ya yanke shawara wakilan duk azuzuwan.
3. Ƙin na kyamar baki.
4. Yarda da kasa da kasa shari'a norms.
5. A gaskiya, na duniya ya furta domin ya sami ilmi zama dole don ƙarfafa management.

A cikin watan Yuni 1868, har umurnin gosustroystve sabon gwamnati tsarin da aka amince. Yana zama da aka sani da majalisar na jihar Council na babban. Gwamnatin aro da m manufa na rabuwa da iko a kan wakilin Amurka kundin tsarin mulki, shari'a da kuma zartarwa rassan. A kan hukuma daukawa da shi da aikinsu za a sake zabe wurin aikinsu sau daya a cikin shekaru 4. A tsarin da tsakiyar ofishin na babban jami'in sabis da aka amince. Suka yi ta aiki na ma'aikatun. A yankunan da aka kafa ta da ƙananan sabis, wakiltar tsakiyar hukumomi a administrative-yankin raka'a. Bayan kama Edo da renaming shi a Tokyo, a watan Oktoba soma wani sabon taken Meiji. Japan samu wani sabon babban birnin kasar.

Sanarwa ga jama'a

Duk da cewa da kula da tsarin da aka muhimmanci sabunta, da gwamnati, a wani sauri don gudanar da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin. A farkon Afrilu 1868 5 jama'a Sanarwa ga 'yan ƙasa da aka buga. Sun tashi na gargajiya ka'idodinta baya zamanin mulkin. Suna dogara ne a kan Confucious a halin kirki. A gwamnati ya bukaci al'ummar kasar da su yi biyayya da magabatansu, ya zama aminci ga mãtan aurensu, da girmama dattawa da kuma iyaye. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke envisaged da kuma gazawa. Saboda haka, kada damar rallies da kuma zanga-zanga, jama'a da kungiyoyi, da furci na Krista.

administrative canje-canje

Kamar yadda daya daga cikin yanayi na kafa wata unitary jihar yi kafin kawar na'urar. Gudanarwa-yankin raka'a sun m sarauta, wanda ake sarrafawa da daimyo. A lokacin yakin basasa, gwamnatin kwace dukiyoyin shogunate kuma ya kasu kashi jahohi. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke bar ƙasa, wanda ba kai tsaye sarrafawa da sarki.

Meiji sarautar da monarch samarwa reassign hudu sarauta Khan. Daimyo na Satsuma, Hizen, Choshu da Tosa amince da shi. Suka kõma zuwa ga ƙasar da mutane zuwa jihar. Yanzu sun mallakar da Sarkin sarakuna. Meiji gwamnatin umurce su da su yi haka da sauran mulkoki. A mafi yawan lokuta, a jihar canja wurin ikon mallakar dauki wuri da sauri da kuma aikin. Resistance da kawai 12 sarakuna. Duk da haka, su aka tilasta canza wurin ƙasar registries da jama'a a kan umarni. A dawowar, da daimyo zama shugabannin ofisoshin lardi kuma fara samun gwamnati albashi.

Duk da m canja wuri na ƙasar ga gwamnatin, da khans kansu da aka ba shafe ta. Su daimyo riƙe da hakkin ya tattara haraji, ta samar da dakarun kan su sanya yankuna. Saboda haka, gwamnati zauna Semi-m ƙasa.

Duk da haka, irin wannan rabin na Meiji sake fasalin sun sa rashin biyan bukata a cikin mutane. Domin da karshe miƙa mulki ga wata unitary tsari na na'ura a karshen watan Agusta 1871 da gwamnatin ta sanar da tartsatsi kawar da Khans da kuma kafa jahohi. Tsohon daimyo aka canjawa wuri zuwa Tokyo. A wurin da suke, da gwamnati nada gwamnonin jahohi, da dogara a kan cibiyar. Har 1888 da yawan yankunan da aka rage daga 306 zuwa 47. Kamar yadda na musamman gundumar aka ayyana Hokkaido. By jahohi sun daidaita da kuma manyan birane na Osaka, Kyoto, kuma Tokyo.

Canje-canje a cikin gwamnati

Kamar yadda tushen na zartarwa reshe yi da management tsarin da 8th karni. A sakamakon da Meiji garambawul gwamnati ne zuwa kashi uku bẽnãye: da dama, hagu da kuma babban. A karshen taka rawar da hukuma. Yana hada yanzu jihar, dama da hagu ministoci da shawara. A bar jam'iyya amsa kamar yadda wani majalisu jiki. The dama reshe kunshi 8 ma'aikatun, jagorancin wadda aka za'ayi da ministoci da wakilai,. Mafi yawa daga cikin posts a cikin gwamnatin da aka shagaltar da zuriyar pre-data kasance mulkoki. Sun kafa "Khan ƙungiya." Main ofishin mallakar Metropolitan aristocracy.

sojojin modernization

Yana daya daga cikin key ayyuka na gwamnatin a lokacin Meiji lokaci. The sojojin na pre-data kasance mulkoki kunshi samurai. Duk da haka, wadannan yankunan da aka shafe, da kuma sojojin suka kunã mãsu sallamãwa na War ma'aikatar. A Janairu 1873 a shirin na Yamagata Aritomo da Ōmura Masujirō duniya soja sabis da aka gabatar da gwamnatin. Daga wannan lokacin duk da maza suka kai ga samun ashirin da shekaru, kamata ya yi hidima a cikin sojojin, ko da kuwa su zamantakewa matsayi. Kebewa daga soja wajibai da kuma samu shugaban magada daga iyalansu, dalibai, jami'an gwamnati da kuma daidaikun mutane su biya rahamar 270 yen. A sabon sojojin sun kasance mafi yawa manoma.

Meiji juyin juya halin da aka rako ba kawai ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin dakarun da ke jihar. Dabam, 'yan sanda raka'a aka kafa daga sojojin. Suna subordinated ga ma'aikatar shari'a har sai 1872, kuma da na gaba mika mulki a da gudanar da ma'aikatar cikin gida. A babban birnin kasar ta tilasta doka raka'a aka shirya a cikin wani raba Tokyo 'yan sanda dake.

kadarori

Meiji juyin juya halin shãfe da kuma jihar ta yawan jama'a. By karshen watan Yuni 1869 da gwamnatin 2 galihu nobility aka kafa: kazoku (bafadan) da kuma shizoku (mara). A farko ya hada da babban birnin kasar kai tsaye tare da fādawan da daimyos narkar Khans mulkoki. A gentry ya zuwa kananan da kuma matsakaici samurai. A ajin Meiji Restoration aka nufin magance tutur rikici tsakanin aristocrats da samurai. The gwamnatin nemi kawar da fata a cikin al'umma da kuma kawar da na da model na ginin dangantaka, "Mr. - bãwã." Tare da wannan a aji Meiji Restoration aka tare da shela da daidaici da manoma, 'yan kasuwa da kuma sana'a, ko da kuwa da matsayi da kuma aiki. Dukkan su sun kira heymin (kowa mutane). A cikin wannan aji a 1871 a hada a pariah, da za a nuna musu wariya a cikin Edo lokaci. Duk da kowa mutane da samun da a sunan (a baya sun kasance kawai samurai). Babu lakabi da mai taken nobility aka bayar da wani mezhsoslovnye aure. Meiji Restoration kuma samar da yarjejeniyoyin da hani ne a kan kasuwanci da kuma tafiya canji. A farkon Afrilu 1871 an bayar da gwamnatin na doka a kan rajista al'ummominsu. A shekara, suka shiga a cikin littãfi posemeynye littattafai daidai da dukiya.

Matsaloli na tattalin arzikin

Gentry ya a cikakken jihar goyon baya. Wakilai daga wannan aji na'am da wani shekara-shekara fensho na 30% na jimlar kasafin kudin. Don magance wannan jama'a kaya a 1873, gwamnatin shige da wata doka a karkashin abin da fensho baya ga monarch. A karkashin ta arziki, da nobility ya ba da sama da biya a baya kafa a cikin ni'imar da daya-lokaci premium. Wannan, duk da haka, ba ya warware data kasance matsaloli. A kasa bashi a kan biyan pensions ya karu sosai a hannunsu.

A wannan mahallin, a 1876 da gwamnatin karshe watsi da yi. A cikin wannan shekara da samurai aka haramta su ci Katana. A sakamakon da Meiji Restoration kai ga bacewar na shari'a daidaituwar tsakanin samurai kuma kowa mutane. Don tabbatar da ransa ɓangare na galihu aji tafi zuwa ga aikin farar hula. Jama'a zama malamai, 'yan sanda da kuma gwamnati clerks. Mutane da yawa sun fara tafiyar da ayyukan noma. A mafi yawan daga cikin aji jingina a cikin harkokin kasuwanci. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikinsu da sauri ya tafi fatara, tun ba su da kasuwanci kwarewa. Don a goyi bayan tallafin da aka kasaftawa da gwamnatin na samurai. Hukumomi sun kuma karfafa su su ci gaba da Semi-daji Hokkaido. Amma da matakan dauka da gwamnati sun ba a kawo ake so sakamako, wanda shi ne ake bukata kafun ga nan gaba tashin hankali.

ilimi

Makarantar sakandire ta kuma halartar m canje-canje. A 1871 aka kafa ta tsakiya ma'aikata alhakin ilimin siyasa. A shekara, 1872, wannan hidima ta soma wani ƙuduri approving da makaranta na Faransa misali. A daidai da kafa tsarin na takwas jami'a gundumomi da aka kafa. Kowace daga cikinsu zai iya kasance 32 makarantu da kuma 1 jami'a. A tsakiyar bene don ƙirƙirar raba yankunan. Kowannen su suna da aiki 210 na farko makarantu.

Da aiwatar da wannan umurnin a yi da aka hade da wani yawan matsaloli. Yafi ma'aikatar ba su yi la'akari da real yiwuwa na 'yan kasa da kuma malamai. A wannan batun, a 1879-m hukuncin da aka bayar, bisa ga abin da tsarin da aka soke gundumomi. A farko horo da aka iyakance zuwa makaranta a Jamus model. Domin da farko lokacin da ya fara bayyana cibiyoyin, a cikin abin da maza da mata da aka horar da juna.

jami'o'i

A jihar ya yi ta kokarin su ci gaba. Saboda haka, aka kafa shi a 1877. A Jami'ar Tokyo. Yana yi aiki mai yawa na kasashen waje da masana, wanda aka gayyace ta gwamnati. A jahohi aka kafa pedagogical cibiyoyi da jami'o'i da na mata. Shugabannin al'umma rayayye goyan bayan da gwamnatin kasar ta bayar a fagen ilimi. Alal misali, Fukuzawa Yukichi kafa zaman kansa Keio University da kuma nan gaba makaranta. A 1880 wasu gwamnati da dokokinta da aka soma da suka shafi jami'a, mafi girma ilimi, makarantun firamare da sakandare ilimi.

al'adu canji

Gwamnatin da aka yi niyya ga zamani na jihar a duk duniyoyin rayuwa. Ikon rayayye ciyar da gabatarwar m Yammacin ra'ayoyi da kuma model. Mai mambobi ne na ilimi kashi na yawan dauki wani m view of wadannan canje-canje. Godiya ga kokarin da 'yan jarida, da sabon tunani suna yadu ciyar daga cikin jama'a. A kasar akwai da fashion ga duk kasashen Turai, m kuma gaye. Muhimman canje-canje da suka faru a cikin gargajiya hanya na rayuwa, na yawan jama'ar. A mafi m cibiyoyin karfe Kobe, Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama da kuma sauran manyan birane. Na zamani da al'adun da aron da nasarorin da Turai da aka kira da nan rare taken na "wayewa da kuma fadakarwa".

falsafa

A wannan yankin, a matsayin rinjaye akidar fara yin Yammacin individualism da liberalism. Traditional halin kirki da kuma da'a mizanan, bisa Confucianism an dauke rabu amfani. A cikin wallafe-wallafe, fassarorin da ya fara bayyana rubuce-rubucen na Darwin, Spencer, Rousseau, Hegel. Bisa ga wadannan karatu Japan gabascin suka fara samar da manufar halitta hakkokin da farin ciki, da 'yanci, daidaito da. Wadannan ra'ayoyi yada Nakamura Masanao da Fukuzawa Yukichi. Works halitta da wadannan marubuta, sun zama bestsellers. Su aiki da gudummawar da lalata gargajiya duniya da kuma samuwar wani sabon kasa sani.

addini

Da zarar a 1868. aka zayyana a shakka a kan maido da tsoho statehood, gwamnatin yanke shawarar sa gida arna addinin Shinto jihar. A wannan shekara an amince da umurnin delimiting addinin Buddha da kuma Shinto. Pagan huruminsa da aka rabu da gidajen lama. A daidai wannan lokaci da yawa Buddha da aka dismantled. The hukuma da'irori, tsakiyar aji da masana kafa anti-Buddhist motsi. A 1870 aka sanar da furucin, bisa ga abin da, Shinto zama hukuma addinin jihar. Duk da arna huruminsa da aka garwaya a cikin wani aure kungiyar. Ta kai ya zama sarki a matsayin Shinto firist. A matsayin ranar hutu da aka ayyana monarch ranar haihuwa da kuma ranar kafuwar sabuwar kasar.

rayuwa

Universal modernization ƙwarai canza gargajiya hanyar rayuwa, na yawan jama'ar. A birane fara sa short hairstyles da kuma Yammacin tufafi. Da farko, wannan fashion yada a cikin soja da kuma ma'aikata. Amma a kan lokaci, ta shiga da kuma m talakawa na yawan jama'a. A hankali ya farke farashin a Japan don daban-daban kaya. A Yokohama da Tokyo ya fara gina farko gidaje bulo, gina gas-fitilu. Akwai wani sabon sufuri - rickshaw. Yana fara ci gaban masana'antu. A samar da an gabatar da yammacin fasaha. Yana da aka yarda su sa farashin samuwa a Japan ba kawai ga galihu azuzuwan, amma kuma ga talakawa jama'a. Rayayye inganta sufuri da kuma wallafe-wallafe. Tare da su ci gaba da fashion for Western kaya shiga cikin lardin.

Duk da haka, duk da irin gagarumin ci gaban, da inganci ya sa tsanani lalacewar gargajiya na ruhaniya dabi'u na yawan jama'a. A yawa na al'adu Monuments aka kwashe kamar shara waje a jihar. Suka zauna a gidajen tarihi da kuma masu zaman kansu tarin a Birtaniya, Faransa, Amurka.

darajar

Japan ta ci gaban tattalin arziki ne m. A jihar ne kunshe a cikin zamani zamanin. M canje-canje sun shafi ba kawai sojojin da jami'an tsaro. A kasar suka fara samar da wani cikakken rundunar motoci. Canje-canje a cikin kula da tsarin, a cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki rai, da kin amincewa da kai-kadaici kafa wani m asa ga halittar wani m jihar. Duk wannan, a daya hannun, zai yiwu ya kawar da hadarin samun a cikin siyasa dogara a kan Amurka da Turai iko. Na karshen, mafi kusa da Japan ne Rasha. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta amfani da mulkin mallaka da hanyoyin da kasashen waje da manufofin. A daya hannun, Japan, ciki har da a tseren tare da Turai, zai tafi da nisa gaba a kwatanta da sauran Eastern kasashen Turai.

ƙarshe

Meiji Restoration fara miƙa mulki daga samurai management tsarin mulki a fuskar shogunate don kaitsaye monarchical tsarin a fuskar Mutsuhito da gwamnatin. Wannan siyasa ya yi tasiri a kan dokokin, jihar tsari, tsarin da kotu. A canje-canje shafi gundumar mulki, kudi tsarin, diplomasiyya, tattalin arziki, addini, malamai, da kuma sauran yankunan. A hadaddun na matakan dauka da gwamnatin halakar da dogon-tsaye gargajiya Outlook, samu daga ikon kadaici. A sakamakon wannan aiki da ya haifar halin sabuwar al'umma jihar. Kara bidi'a daga West taimaka wajen daidaita harkokin kudi da tattalin arziki Sphere, za a fara da fadada da kuma kyautata. garambawul lokaci ya kasance wani musamman lokacin da jiha. Ya yarda ba kawai don daidaita ciki Jihar kusan dukan duniyoyin rayuwa, amma kuma ya samu nasarar shiga cikin duniya fagen fama da yaki domin gasar tare da wasu m kasashen.