Mene ne wani GPU (GPU): deciphering aiki. A Cheka ne daban-daban daga GPU

Fabrairu 6, 1922 da Jamhuriyar kwamitin zartarwa na CPSU (b) soma a yanke shawara a kan kafa jihar Siyasa Directorate. Mene ne wani GPU? A Bolsheviks bai dace baya karayusche-juya jiki - da Cheka? Za mu yi kokarin amsa a wannan labarin.

reorganization na Cheka

Kafin ka amsa tambaya, abin da yake da GPU, shi wajibi ne su fahimci dalilin da ya sa suka daina gamsar da Cheka (All-Russian m Hukumar) a 1922, wakilan jam'iyyar.

Cheka aka kafa jim kadan bayan da Bolshevik kãmun iko. Gurguzun kansu sun kira wannan taron juyin juya hali, da kuma Soviet historiography shi aka kira "The Great Oktoba Socialist juyin juya halin." Mu tuna cewa a watan Fabrairu 1917, ya riga ya wuce da babban bourgeois juyin juya halin. The sarki aka kifar, da ikon ya kamata ka je da gwamnatin demokra] - da majalisar da aka kafa. Duk da haka, a kan Oktoba 25, Lenin da abokansa suka za'ayi da makamai kãmun iko.

Babu shakka, mai neman sauyi sojojin bai goyi bayan irin wannan yawon buxe ido escapades. 'Yan Hamayya aka kira "counter", Ina nufin, magoya bayan na counter-juyin juya halin. Daga bisani, lokaci ya fara karfafawa dukan waɗanda suke ko ta yaya ba su yarda da ayyuka na Bolsheviks. Yana da su magance "counter" da kuma aka halitta da All-Russian m Hukumar a watan Disamba 1917. Yana da aka karkashin jagorancin F. Dzerzhinsky, lakabi da "Iron Felix" na karfi da hali da kuma m fushi.

Me Cheka daina gamsar da Bolsheviks?

Cheka - a punitive jiki, wanda aikin da aka directed a kan magoya bayan na counter-juyin juya halin. "Contra" iya bayyana wani dan kasa wanda ko ta yaya bayyana rashin biyan bukata da gwamnati halin yanzu. Su fahimci abin da GPU da kuma yadda shi ya bambanta daga Cheka, lissafa abubuwan da dalĩli punitive kungiyar. filin da jami'an tsaro da Unlimited iko. Su nauyi hada da:

• A search a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare, ba tare da wani bayani ba.
• The kama da tambayoyin da wani da ake zargin, bisa ga KGB, da jama'a.
• Expropriation dukiya daga "kulaks" da "counter" ba tare da cajin ko fitina. Wanne a yi ya kai ga a total fashi.
• A lokacin da ake tsare da kuma aiwatar ba tare da fitina.

babu daya ne yake iko da jami'an tsaro. Sun dauke kansu "na musamman" kowa na da hakkin ya dauki wani mataki a cikin "bukatu na juyin juya halin" kuma a kan "yaki a kan counter". A da harbe-harben tawagar ba tare da fitina a lokacin "Red Firgitar" samu dubban talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Chekists kansu wani lokacin ba ma gani da zargi. Da yanke hukuncin kisa da aka za'ayi bayan da shiri na wasu lists. Sau da yawa cikin hanyar tashin hankali aiki a matsayin sunan, bayyanar, sana'a da sauransu. A Bolsheviks lashe yakin basasa, don haka suka dauki haramta shi matakan ne wajaba a kansa. Sa'an nan wani abu ya faru da cewa gaba daya ya canza zukatan Bolsheviks: yaki zo da manoma da kuma sojoji. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - da Tambov tawaye. Da 'yan tawayen amfani da makamai masu guba, da yara, da mata guerrillas aka aika zuwa sansanonin, tilasta ubanninku da mazajensu don mika wuya. Amma da gaskiya mamaki shi ne tawaye a Kronstadt. A gaskiya ma, cikin Bolsheviks amsa kamar yadda da karfi da cewa, ya kawo su iko. Bayan da cewa shi ya bayyana: don haka ba zai iya ci gaba ba.

GPU: kwafi

GPU tsaye ga Main Siyasa Directorate. Reorganization na Cheka ya faru Fabrairu 6, 1922. Bayan halittar da Tarayyar Soviet da aka kafa a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1923, da OGPU - United Jihar Siyasa Administration. A Hadakar tsari ya shiga GPU na NKVD na RSFSR (da Main Siyasa Directorate of National Commissariat na harkokin na Rasha Soviet Federative Socialist Jamhuriyar), kazalika da dukan tsohon kungiyar na Cheka da GPU da sauran jamhuriyoyin. A gaskiya, duk da disparate punitive gabobin da aka hada a wani hadade da hujjõji kula da tsarin. Saboda haka, abin da yake da GPU (full name), za mu haskaka. Mun jera m canje-canje da suka biyo halittar wannan kungiyar.

Iyakance sabani KGB

A gyara ya rage muhimmanci da arbitrariness na mayakan da "counter." Don total zaluncin zo ga ƙarshe. Hakika, da GPU filin ma'aikatan ma overdid abubuwa, amma cewa ya yi gāba da dokar, ga abin da na sa ran yanke hukunci. Ko saman shugabannin KGB - Yagoda da Yezhov - sun harbe ga arbitrariness da yawa bends.

Bayan da garambawul na Main Siyasa Directorate ba ya juya zuwa ga Kara, da kuma tilasta doka da kungiyoyi. Its iyawa aka kuma yaki da abokan gaba da kuma 'yan leƙen asirin, da tsaron kan iyaka, da iko a kan aikin' yan sanda, da sauransu. Yanzu, duk da haka, duk wanda aka kama da kuma yanke hukuncin kisa nada kotuna, ba mahaukaci KGB. Bugu da kari, akwai wani gagarumin raguwa na ma'aikatan a cikin filin da aikin kanta ne sarrafawa da ma'aikata na m ofishin.

A gaskiya ma, akwai wani karu da jami'an tsaro: kafin ba su da iko a kan yin gyare-gyare, su iya kafa wani arbitrariness "a cikin bukatun da juyin juya halin", da kuma jiki kai tsaye biyaya ga SNK (Council of jama'ar kasar Commissars). Cheka yana sama da NKVD. Bayan da sake fasalin da aka ba KGB "na musamman" naúrar, da kuma jami'an 'yan sanda, a matsayin GPU ya zama daya daga cikin NKVD raka'a. M ta Office an halitta su kula da aikin na sabon hukumar.

kawar

Saboda haka, abin da yake da GP, mun sami fita. Ka ce kadan game da m reorganization.

A 1934, da OGPU gaba daya shafe a matsayin kungiyar. An cikakken garwaya da NKVD. Daga 1934 zuwa 1936 ya jagoranci kungiyar gg Berry, daga 1936 zuwa 1938 - NI Yezhov. Kuma daga shekara ta 1938 - LP Beriya. Dukansu sun kasance daga baya kisa.

A 1941, da NKVD ya kasu kashi da NKVD da NKGB (Mutane ta Commissariat ga jami'an tsaro). NKGB zama magaji na Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

A shekarar 1946, da NKGB aka sake tsarafa cikin MGB (Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsaro). Bayan zuwa ga ikon, NS Khrushchev MGB jũya a cikin KBG (tsaron kasa ofishin) a 1954. Yana wanzu har da auka. Yau GPU ayyuka yi kawai 4 sassan: da GRU (Main Leken Asiri Directorate), da FSB (Federal Tsaro Service), da binciken kwamitin majalisar wakilan Guard.

Duk da haka, da "KGB" mayẽwa dauke kawai FSB.