Yara na Alexander 1. Alexander P. 1: A lokacin zamanin mulkin na sirri rayuwa, biography

Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I jikan Catherine Mai girma da ta kawai dan Paul Petrovich da Jamusanci gimbiya Sophia na Wurttemberg, a cikin Orthodox Church of Maria Feodorovna. An haife shi a St. Petersburg 25 ga Disamba, 1777. Mai suna a cikin girmamawa Aleksandra Nevskogo, jariri kambi yarima aka nan da nan dauka daga iyayensu da kuma kawo up karkashin iko da sarauta kaka, wanda matukar yin tasiri a ra'ayin siyasa na nan gaba monarch.

Ƙananan yara da kuma matasa

All yara Alexander da aka gudanar karkashin kulawa na sarauta kaka, tare da iyayena, ya kusan bai sadarwa, duk da haka, duk da wannan, ya, kamar mahaifinsa, Paul kauna kuma masani a soja al'amura. Da ainihin sabis na kambi yarima a Gatchina, a cikin shekaru 19 da ya ciyar da su kanar.

A Tsarevich yana da basira to da sauri fahimci sabon ilmi da kuma koya tare da yardar. Yana da yake a wurinsa, ba a dansa Paul Ekaterina Velikaya gan nan gaba Rasha Sarkin sarakuna, amma ya sa shi a gadon sarautar, jingine mahaifinsa ta iya ba.

A shekaru 20 ya zama gwamnan-janar na St. Petersburg da kuma manyan na Guards Semenov rajimanti. A shekara daga baya, sai ya fara zama a majalisar dattijai.

Alexander ya m na siyasa, wanda aka gudanar da mahaifinsa, Sarkin sarakuna Paul, don haka ya na da hannu a wani makircin, wanda shine ya biya diyya ga Sarkin sarakuna daga kursiyin da zamanin Alexander. Duk da haka, da Crown Prince wani yanayin da adana rayuwar mahaifinsa, don haka tashin hankali mutuwa na karshe Crown Prince kawo a ji na laifi na rayuwa.

rayuwar aure

Personal rayuwa Alexander Na yi matukar aiki. Aure da Crown Prince fara farkon - yana da shekaru 16, sai aka aurar da su da goma sha huɗu-Baden Princess Louise Mariey Avgustoy, aka yi nasara a cikin sunan orthodoxy, ya zama Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy. Newlyweds sosai dace da juna, ga abin da ya sana'anta da laƙabi a cikin fadawan sarki Cupid da psyche. A cikin farkon shekaru na aure dangantaka tsakanin mata da miji suka sosai m, kuma m, Grand Duchess ne sosai auna kuma suna aukaka duk a cikin kotu, sai a-dokar Maria Feodorovna. Duk da haka, dumi iyali dangantaka da ewa ba hanya zuwa ga sanyi - ma'auratan da wani sosai daban-daban haruffa, kuma Alexander Pavlovich sau da yawa cheated a kan matarsa.

Wife of Alexander na sãɓã wa jũna tufafin, ba kaunace alatu, tsunduma a cikin sadaka, da bukukuwa da kuma zamantakewa events, ta fi son tafiya da kuma karanta littattafai.

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna

Kusan shekaru shida, da aure na Grand Duke bai ba ta da 'ya'yan itace, da kuma kawai a 1799 su ne' ya'ya na Alexander I. The Grand Duchess ta haifi 'ya mace - Maria Alexandrovna. Haihuwar jaririn ya haddasa ciki-kunya a cikin fadar iyali. Alexander ta mahaifiyata ta hinted cewa yaron da aka haifa ba daga Crown Prince, kuma daga Prince Czartoryski, a cikin labari da abin da ta da ake zargi da 'yarta. Bugu da kari, da yarinya da aka haifi wani gasi mai ruwan kasa, da kuma iyaye biyu sun m. Ga cin amanar kasa da 'yar'uwa hinted Sarkin sarakuna Paul. Tsarevich Alexander kansa furuci 'yarsa da kuma taba yi magana da dama su canja matarsa. Farin Ciki na Ubanci ya short-rayu, Grand Duchess Maria rayu kawai a kan wani shekara, ya kuma rasu a 1800. ya Mutuwa taƙaice sulhu da koma kusa da biyu.

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna

Wurare da dama a litattafan suna ƙara rabu lashe maza, Alexander, ba ya boye, cohabited da Maria Naryshkin, da kuma Empress Elizabeth tun 1803 ya fara wani al'amari tare da Aleksiem Ohotnikovym. A 1806, matarsa ta haifi 'ya mace na Alexander I - Grand Duchess Elizabeth, duk da cewa ma'auratan na shekaru da dama ba tare rayuwa, da sarki gane' yarsa, wanda sanya yarinyar ta farko a layi a kan karaga. Yara na Alexander na dogon farin da shi. Na biyu ya mutu yana da shekaru na watanni 18. Bayan mutuwar Princess Elizabeth aure biyu dangantaka zama fi sanyi.

An al'amarinsu tare da Maria Naryshkina

Rayuwar aure da Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy sun fi mayar da bai yi aiki ba saboda wani goma sha biyar-shekara dangane da 'yar Alexander da Polish bafadan M. Naryshkina zuwa Chetvertinskaya aure. Wannan mahada Alexander sanya wani asirin ta san da iyalinsa, kuma duk da majalisarsa, haka ma, mai Maria Naryshkin a kowane damar kokarin soke mijinta Sarkin sarakuna, alluding zuwa wani al'amari da Alexander. A tsawon shekaru al'amarinsu Alexander dangana da ubanci na biyar daga cikin yara shida Naryshkina:

• Elizabeth D., 1803 birthday,
• Elizabeth D., 1804 birthday,
• Sophia D., 1808 birthday,
• Zinaida Dmitrievna, 1810 shekara haihuwa,
• Emmanuel D., 1813 haihuwa.

A 1813, Sarkin sarakuna raba tare da Naryshkina kamar yadda ake zargin ta, dangane da wani mutum. Sarkin sarakuna da ake zargin cewa Emmanuel Naryshkin - ba ɗansa. Bayan rabuwar tsakanin tsohon masoya don kula da dangantakar abokantaka. Daga cikin dukkan yara Maryama, kuma Alexander I ta mafi tsawo-rayu Sofya Naryshkina. Ta mutu yana da shekaru 16, a kan Hauwa'u na da bikin aure.

Shege yara na Alexander I

Bugu da kari ga yara Maryama Naryshkina da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander ya shege yara da kuma sauran fi so.

• Nikolay Lukash, an haife shi a 1796 daga Sofii Mescherskoy.
• Maria aka haife shi a 1819 daga Marii Turkestanovoy.
• Maria A. Paris (1814), shi da uwarsa Margaret Zhozefina Veymer.
• Alexandrov Alexandrina Wilhelmina Paulina, haife shi a 1816, mahaifiyar shi ne ba a sani ba.
• Gustav Ehrenberg (1818), mahaifiyar Elena Rautenstrauch.
• Nikolai Isakov (1821), uwa - Karacharova Mariya.

Ubanci na karshe hudu yara daga Sarkin sarakuna ta biography da masu bincike da ya rage rigima. Wasu masana tarihi ko shakka ko yara sun Alexander I.

Domestic Policy 1801 -1815 shekaru.

Ya koma kursiyin a Maris 1801, Alexander I Pavlovich bayyana cewa zai ci gaba da manufofin da kakarsa Catherine Mai girma. Bugu da kari ga suna na Sarkin sarakuna Alexander ya mai taken Sarkin Poland daga 1815, Grand Duke na Finland tun 1801, kuma Majiɓincin mãsu Order of Malta tun 1801.

Mulkinsa na Alexander I (1801 zuwa 1825) ya fara da ci gaban m sake fasalin. Sarkin sarakuna soke Asirin Fe, dakatar da amfani da azabtarwa da ake yiwa fursunoni a yarda shigo daga kasashen waje, littattafai da kuma bude zaman kansa bugu gidaje a kasar.

Alexander sanya mataki na farko zuwa na kauda tashe serfdom, bayar da umarni "A cikin free cultivators", kuma Ya lazimta a ban a kan sayar da manoma ba tare da ƙasar, amma kadan canji, wadannan ayyukan ba su yi.

a tsarin ilimin garambawul

Alexander ya fi hayayyafa sake fasalin a tsarin ilimin. bayyananne gradation na makarantun da aka gabatar a cewar jihar ilimi shirye-shirye, don haka akwai County da kanta makarantu, nahawu da makarantu da kuma lardin makarantu da kuma jami'o'i. A lokacin 1804-1810 biennium. An gano Kazan, Kharkov University, a St. Petersburg Pedagogical Cibiyar da aka bude, da galihu Tsarskoye Selo lyceum, a cikin babban birnin kasar da aka mayar da Academy of Sciences.

Daga farkon zamanin sarautar sarki ya kewaye kansa da matasa ilimi mutane tare da m ra'ayoyi. Daya daga wadannan shine masana Speransky, shi ne a karkashin shugabancinsa da aka sauya Bitrus College na ma'aikatar. Speransky ma suka fara samar da aikin a kan maimaitawa na daular, wanda ya ba da doka da rabuwa da iko da kuma kafa wani zabe wakilin jiki. Kamar wancan ne da daular mulkinsu zai iya canza kama zuwa wani tsarin mulki, amma gyara ya hadu da juriya ga siyasa da aristocratic tsoma bakin, don haka shi aka ba da za'ayi.

Garambawul 1815-1825 gg.

A zamanin Alexander I, tarihin Rasha ya canja da cika fuska. Sarkin sarakuna ya nuna aiki matakai a gida siyasa a farkon sarautar Ahasurus, amma bayan 1815 suka shiga ƙi. Bugu da kari, kowane daga cikin sake fasalin hadu m juriya na Rasha nobility. Tun wannan lokacin, gagarumin canje-canje a cikin Rasha Empire bai faru ba. A 1821-1822, asirin 'yan sanda, da aka dakatar m kungiyar da kuma Masonic lodges aka kafa a cikin sojojin.

A ware sun yammacin larduna na daular. A 1815, Alexander 1 ya Mulkin Poland kundin tsarin mulki, bisa ga abin da Poland zama hereditary daular mulkinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rasha. A Poland, da bicameral Diet an kiyaye su, wanda tare da Sarki ne da majalisu jiki. A kundin tsarin mulki ya na sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma a cikin da yawa hanyoyi reminiscent na Faransa Yarjejeniya da kuma tsarin mulki na Ingila. Har ila yau, a Finland da shi ya tabbatar da aiwatar da tsarin mulkin Shari'ar 1772, da kuma Baltic manoma aka warware daga serfdom.

soja garambawul

Bayan nasara a kan Napoleonom Aleksandr gan cewa kasar ta na bukatar wani soja gyara, don haka tun 1815 da ministan War Arakche'ev aka kallafa wa ci gaba da aikin. Yana shafi halittar soja ƙauyuka a matsayin sabon soja da kuma aikin gona da kadarori, wanda za a kammala tare da sojoji na dundundun. A farko daga cikin wadannan matsugunai da aka gabatar a Kherson, Novgorod larduna.

kasashen waje da manufofin

A zamanin Alexander I, ya bar ta mark, da kuma a kasashen waje da manufofin. A shekara ta fari ta mulkinsa, ya kammala zaman lafiya yarjejeniyarsu tare da Burtaniya da Faransa, da kuma a 1805-1807 wani ɓangare da Faransa Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon. A kashi a hannun Austerlitz aggravated halin da ake ciki a Rasha, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar da zaman lafiya na Tilsit da Napoleon a watan Yuni 1807, wanda ya shafi halittar tsaron gida alliance tsakanin Faransa da kuma Rasha.

More nasara shi ne Rasha-Turkish rikici na 1806-1812., Wanne ya ƙare tare da sanya hannu kan Brest da zaman lafiya, da wanda Bessarabia aka hakura da wani to Rasha.

War tare da Sweden na 1808-1809 ƙare a nasara ga Rasha, da yarjejeniya Empire samu Finland da Aland Islands.

Har ila yau, a zamanin mulkin Alexander a lokacin da Rasha-Persian yaki da daular suka shiga ta Azerbaijan, Imereti, Guria, Mingrelia da kuma Abkhazia. Empire lashe dama a yi da Caspian jiragen ruwa. Tun da farko, a 1801, Jojiya ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha, da kuma a 1815 - Duchy na Warsaw.

Duk da haka, mafi girma da nasara ne da nasarar Alexander a Patriotic War of 1812, don haka shi ne wanda ya jagoranci zanga-Faransa hadaka na 1813-1814. A watan Maris 1814 Rasha Sarkin sarakuna shiga Paris a kai na kawance sojojin, ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin na Congress of Vienna kafa wani sabon tsari a Turai. A shahararsa na Rasha Sarkin sarakuna yana da nauyi ƙwarai, a cikin 1819, ya zama da godfather na gaba Sarauniya Victoria na Ingila.

sarkin sarakuna mutuwa

Bisa ga hukuma version, da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I Romanov mutu Nuwamba 19, 1825 a Taganrog daga rikitarwa na kwakwalwa kumburi. Haka nan da nan Sarkin sarakuna mutuwa sa mai yawa jita-jita, da kuma Legends.

A 1825, kiwon lafiya ya deteriorated sharply matar Sarkin sarakuna, likitoci rika kudancin sauyin yanayi, mun yanke shawarar zuwa Taganrog, Sarkin sarakuna ya yanke shawarar bi da matarsa, da wanda dangantakar zama sosai dumi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Da yake a cikin kudu, da sarki ziyarci Novocherkassk da Crimea, a kan hanya, ya kama wani mummunan sanyi kuma ya mutu. Alexander sãɓã wa jũna mai kyau kiwon lafiya da kuma ba ta kasance rashin lafiya, saboda haka mutuwar 48-shekara Sarkin sarakuna saboda mutane da yawa ya zama m, da kuma da yawa tunanin kwatsam so su bi Empress ziyarci m ma. Bayan sarki jiki kafin binne ba kasance nuna mutane rabuwar faru rufaffiyar akwatin gawa. More jita-jita haifar da sananne rasuwar sarki matar - Elizabeth mutu watanni shida baya.

Sarkin sarakuna - Dattijon

A 1830-1840 gg. matattu sarki ya gano tare da wasu m Fedorom Kuzmichom, wanda, tare da siffofin kamar sarki, kuma suna da kyau kwarai hali, ba muhimmi a cikin sauki stroller. Daga cikin yawan akwai jita-jita, da cewa sarki aka binne shi biyu, da kuma Sarkin karkashin sunan dattijo ya rayu har 1864, da sosai wannan Empress Elizabeth A. gano a matsayin wani sufi Vera Molchalnitsey.

The tambaya na ko dattijo Fyodor Kuzmich da Alexander mutum daya ya ba tukuna aka daki-daki, sa da rikodin mike "i" iya kawai kayyade jarrabawa.