Leshek Baltserovich, Polish tattalin arziki: biography, aiki

Kusan shekaru talatin da suka wuce, Poland ya iya cika fuska canza su tattalin arziki. Ba tare da su ba, kasar ya taɓa iya zama a kan wani par tare da kasashen Turai. Kuma wadannan sake fasalin biyu uba. Na farkon su - Leshek Baltserovich. Wannan m tattalin arziki kawai wani mãkirci, mãkirci ga canje-canje a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Na biyu - Leh Valensa. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye a cikin rayuwar a lokacin mulkinsa. Ba tare da wadannan biyu fice Figures na Poland, wanda a yanzu mun san kawai ba zai wanzu. Kuma sun samu nasara a wani abu da ba ya faru a duk post-Soviet yan siyasa, suna da marmarin kasuwar da sake fasalin da kuma Turai dabi'u. Yanzu Balcerowicz filin na aiki ne Ukraine. Poland ta zama EU memba, amma za ta taimaka "buga far" a cikin wannan lokaci?

biography

A nan gaba Polish tattalin arziki da aka haife shi a karamin gari na Lipno, wanda aka ayi tsakanin Wroclaw da Poznan a 1947. Daga yara ya nuna mai kyau ikon koyi. A shekarar 1970, Leshek Baltserovich sauke karatu daga sashen harkokin ciniki a Warsaw Main School of tsare da kididdiga da ta yiwa. Daga baya ya ci gaba da ilimi a kasashen waje. A 1974, Balcerowicz samu babban digiri daga St. Johns University, wanda aka located in New York. Bayan haka, sai ya koma zuwa Warsaw. Akwai a shekarar 1975 ya kare doctoral dissertation. A farkon shekarun 1980s, Balcerowicz shiga cikin "Solidarity". A cikin 'yan adawa na jam'iyyar kwaminis hada yawa pro-Western ilimi, kwarraru da na zamaninsa. Balcerowicz ba wasa shahararren rawa a cikin "Solidarity", amma ya na son yin aiki tare da "Network." A karshen ne wani ƙawance na kamfanonin da cewa suna da ha karkashin laimar jam'iyyar. Saboda haka da ra'ayin "buga far" for Poland. Yana da ya wajaba su sake fasalin da na yau da kullum a wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin.

Early aiki

Kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin memoirs, daya daga cikin "Solidarity" shugabannin kawai Balcerowicz iya zo da ra'ayin na da kansa shirin na tattalin arziki a lokacin da kasar ta nama da aka ba a kan cards. A shekarar 1989, Jam'iyyar jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma 'yan adawa zauna a kan teburin shawarwari. A wannan tattaunawa, nan gaba kawo canji shi ne kawai daya daga cikin mahalarta taron. Duk da haka, 'yan watanni baya, Rakovsky da gurguzun murabus. Don iko da "Solidarity". Kuma a cikin shekaru 42 da Leshek Baltserovich ya zama mataimakin firayim ministan kasar domin Tattalin Arziki.

a rahamar

A farko muhimmanci post Economist shi ne na farko ba kwaminisanci hukuma, wanda shugaban ya Tadeush Mazovetsky. The shugaban na "Solidarity" Leh Valensa tafi, ta hanyar da dama, 'yan takara na post na mataimakin firaministan kasar a fannin tattalin arziki. Mutane da yawa shahararren tattalin arziki sun yi watsi da wannan matsayi. Amma Balcerowicz amince kuma ba su rasa.

Poland a 1980-1990

Wannan sigar musamman wuya lokaci a cikin rayuwarku ta kasar. A kudi tsarin da aka hallaka, akwai wani janar karancin, farashin sun steadily ƙãra, har ma da samar da key kayayyakin da aka keta a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Ba tare da samuwar kasuwar sunadaran ba za a iya wadãtu. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya na iya samar da kudi da kuma monetary karfafawa. Balcerowicz samu wuya sau. Babu inji na mika mulki daga masana'antu gurguzanci bai wanzu ba a wani kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Duk abin da ya fara daga karce. Bayan Balcerowicz bar gwamnati, sai ya koma zuwa kimiyya. Ya koyar a Warsaw, kuma ya lectured a Turai da kuma Amirka, jami'o'i da ya rubuta littattafai da dama game da Polish da kwarewa na sake fasalin. Duk da haka, ka'idarsa ya taba isa, ya wajaba a gwada duk shiriritar a yi.

Sa'an nan, gwamnatin

A shekara 1994, Economist ta hada karfi tare da tsoffin shugabannin "Solidarity" da kuma halitta Freedom Union, wanda aka gangarawa. A tsawon lokaci, sabuwar jam'iyyar ta zama mafi girma a cikin Poland. A zaben zuwa ga majalisar dokokin kasar a shekarar 1997, ta lashe matsayi na uku. Saboda haka Leshek Baltserovich koma iko. Ya sake dauki matsayi na tattalin arziki mataimakin firaminista kuma ministan kudi. A shekarar 2000, Balcerowicz, kãfin da sananne Lalacewar hadaka, ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin, ya ziyarci Shevardnadze majalisar ba da shawara, da kuma a shekara ta 2001 ya zama shugaban kasa na National Bank. Ya bar wancan post a shekara ta 2007. A wannan shekara ya aka bayar da Brussels zaton-tanki da take da "babbar kawo canji a cikin Tarayyar Turai." A shekara ta 2008, tattalin arziki ya zama daya daga cikin takwas mambobi na kungiyar gwani cewa ɓullo da kawar da sakamakon rikicin kudi na duniya. A shekara ta 2016 Balcerowicz aka nada wakilin shugaban kasar Ukraine, majalisar ministocin.

Jigon da garambawul

A farkon shekarun 1990s, Poland ya a Jihar zurfi na tsari rikicin. A kasar lura mamaki kamar wata raguwa a general matakin na rayuwa, hyperinflation da sauran dakushe samar. A mafita dabarun daga rikicin ya shafi tafi zuwa kasuwar sunadaran, canje-canje a cikin ikon mallakar tsarin, dokar ta-monopolization na tattalin arziki, da sake fasalin, a duk duniyoyin. Balcerowicz shirin hada da:

• A m hana monetary siyasa. Ya unshi rage da watsi da kudi da kuma wani karuwa a amfani rates.
• Da kawar da kasafin kudin gaira. Mai haraji amfanin da aka soke, kazalika da tallafin abinci, makamashi, albarkatun kasa da sauransu. D.
• Price walwalar. Karkashin jihar iko ne kawai da makamashi, magunguna, haya da sufuri tariffs.
• Tabbatar m convertibility zloty.
• Tsauraran hana albashi siyasa. Yana hada da yarjejeniyoyin da cikakken indexation na albashi da kuma kafa high m haraji rates.

sakamakon

A shekarar 1990, gwamnatin ta fara aiwatar da "buga far". Tallafin ga aikin noma da aka soke. The gwamnatin gudanar ya karfafa zloty. Duk da haka, kamfanonin tashi tsabar kudi gaira, bashin bankuna sun zama unaffordable. Saboda haka, masana'antu koma bayan tattalin arziki ya fara. The yawan sauri fara Bitrus fita. Kuma rashin aikin yi ya karu da yawa. Saboda haka, "buga far", ko a daidaita kasafin kudin da ya taimaka, wajen shawo kan hyperinflation, amma ya zama factor a cikin zurfafa rikicin. Yana da aka haka ya yanke shawarar zuwa yi laushi shi. A farko sake fasalin kudin da tattalin arziki, a tsakiya a kan sayar da kamfanonin da aka kafa. Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1992 da ta kawo ta farko da 'ya'yan itatuwa.

Balcerowicz da kuma Ukraine

Poland ya iya shawo kan gado na shiryawa da kuma gwamnati na tattalin arziki da kuma ko ya shiga cikin kungiyar tarayyar Turai. Duk da haka, wannan kwarewa zai taimaka idan Ukraine? Tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a Poland sun kasance nasara, su yanzu kokarin daidaita da sabon hakikar. "Shock far" a Ukraine ya fara ko da gwamnati Yatsenyuk. A cewar Balcerowicz, yana taimaka kauce wa wani ko da mafi wuya sau. Ya yi imanin cewa abu na farko da za ka bukatar ka kula da ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wannan yana nufin da bukatar wani babban-sikelin deregulation. Muhimmanci da kuma yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Relevant hukuma dole ne tsirfa a cike iya aiki. A mataki na gaba Balcerowicz kawo shawara rike hryvnia karfafawa da kuma rage daga cikin kasafin kudin gaira. Ukraine ya hana a kusa da dangantaka da ikon da oligarchs. Kuma wannan da muke bukata siyasance. Wata ƙungiya garambawul ne da kamfanonin. Don jawo hankalin kasashen waje zuba jari da ake bukata ya gyara aikinsa, kuma ba su ganuwa. Haka nan ya kasance iya jawo hankalin kudi Poland. Saboda haka, Ukraine iya aiki ne kawai a kan su kasa tattalin arzikin da kuma nuna real sakamakon. Ba za ka iya gaskata ta maye yaki da wuya sau. Masu zuba jari bukatar sakamakon, ba tabbaci na abin da ya faru a nan gaba. Da zarar sun kasance, Ukraine zai karɓi bukata sosai-ta inflow na waje zuba jari.