A tattalin arziki aiki. Object da kuma aiki da tsarin tattalin arziki

A tsarin tattalin arziki - a ra'ayi cewa za a iya fassara da masu bincike a lokacin da kyan gani, a da dama riƙa. Abin da kimiyya ta kusance za a iya kiran a cikin bincike na ta asali ayyuka? Mene ne muhimmancin jihar a matsayin abin hawa daga cibiyoyin zama dole ga aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki?

Menene tsarin tattalin arziki?

Bari mu yi nazarin nuances na terminology, don fara a kan topic. A ra'ayi na "tattalin arziki aiki" za a iya gani, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, a daban-daban riƙa. A musamman - kamar yadda ya dace faye hali na jihar na tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. Menene wannan yake nufi?

Da farko, zai zama wani aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki, da bayyanar wanda shi ne na halitta ga dalilin cewa yana da wani m zamantakewa ma'aikata. Mene ne tsarin tattalin arziki aiki allocates zamani masana? Daga cikin wadanda:

- Sake bugun.

- gudãnar.

- fasaha;

- zuba jari;

- protectionist.

La'akari da su takamaiman bayani.

Sake bugun aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki

A farko tattalin arziki aiki a matakin management system na jihar - haihuwa. Its ainihi - don samar na yau da kullum updates na daban-daban tattalin arziki da albarkatun, da gaban wanda wajibi ne ga bunƙasa tattalin arziki da ke jihar, kazalika da aikin na waɗanda sunadaran da abin da bayar, rarraba, musayar kuma amfani da daban-daban da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka ga jama'a.

Sake bugun tattalin arziki aiki na jihar rinjayar abin da iri ayyukan tsunduma a daya ko wani category na 'yan kasa da sassa na tattalin arzikin zai zama mafi cigaban a kasar da kuma wadda, daidai da, fasahohin jinsin su ne mafi m. Formation na aiki ya dogara da matakin na bunƙasa tattalin arziki da ke jihar, da bayani dalla-dalla na hulda da sauran kasashe a matakin waje tattalin arziki da siyasa sadarwa, daga dabi'u da kuma halaye na al'adun 'yan ƙasa.

Kullum aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki

Babban tattalin arziki ayyuka kuma sun hada da gudãnar. Its ainihi shi ne a ci gaba da matsayin cewa ayyana hanyar da jama'a ya kamata a yi, rarraba, musayar, kuma cinye wadanda ko wasu kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka. Relevant dokoki ma suna kafa shan la'akari da zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki na jama'a, ta hadisai, al'adu, external tattalin arziki da siyasa abubuwan. Duk da haka, wannan tsari daukan la'akari da haƙiƙa dokokin cewa faye hali aiki na kasa da tattalin arziki. Yana da quite yiwu cewa, a cikin abin da na kullum da tabbatar dauke da tattalin arziki aiki, na iya zo a cikin rikici tare da kafa hadisai da kuma manyan al'amurra na al'umma.

Jihar iya, idan abin da za ta taimaka wajen wuya halin da ake ciki a matakin bayan tattalin arziki, ko kuma kasashen waje da manufofin, to fara gabatarwar doka danganci tattalin arziki jamiái da aiki a wasu hanya, har ma idan ya rikitar da su gargajiya saituna - tun da gazawar da dacewa dokoki na iya haifar da tsanani matsalolin zamantakewa. A jihar ta aiki - da su aiwatar da wadannan kayan abinci don haka kamar yadda ya buge wani ma'auni na moriyar daban-daban na zamantakewa kungiyoyin da kuma kungiyoyi.

Fasaha aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki

Key siffofin hada da tattalin arziki da tsari - wanda ya shafi halittar farko ayyukan yanayi na tattalin arziki da ayyukan mutane da kuma kungiyoyi. A wannan yanayin da muke magana game da rarraba wannan aiki a cikin bangarori da alhakin daga jihar da kuma daban-daban masu zaman kansu abokai. Idan muka yi la'akari da ayyuka a aiwatar da wani fasaha aiki da cewa solves jihar, sa'an nan zuwa ga waɗanda halatta hada da:

- gudanarwa jeri na kai kayayyakin - musamman a cikin irin hanyoyi, bututun, waxanda suke da kullum ba iya gina kamfanoni.

- samar da albarkatun ga aiwatar da sadarwa - musamman da tauraron dan adam, wanda da su ne bisa fasahar generated, yawanci a karkashin gwamnatin sarari shirye-shirye;

- gabatarwa na fasahar canja wurin daga kasashen waje, kazalika da shigo da na zama dole albarkatu.

Saboda haka, aikin in tambaya - ciki har da wadanda ga abin da rawar da haddasa nasa ne da jihar. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin yana yiwuwa ya tsayar da tattalin arziki ayyuka na al'umma - a fuskar kasuwanci, wasu na musamman kungiyoyi da mutane. Daga cikin wadanda:

- cin gaban sabuwar fasahar, management, yanke shawara da kuma tattalin arziki model.

- samuwar feedback tashoshi tsakanin sha'awar mutane da kuma jama'a hukumomi.

- dillancin aiki alaka da aiwatar da daban-daban tunanin gwamnati a tsarin na mu ayyuka na siyasa Tsarin cikin kasar.

zuba jari aiki

Wani muhimmin aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki - zuba jari. Mene ne ta ainihi?

A wannan yanayin akwai, na farko, da tattalin arziki da aikin kudi, bayar da jihar, janyo hankalin daga kasashen waje, ko generated daga ciki albarkatu. National tattalin arzikin domin ta haifuwa da kuma ci gaba na bukatar babban birnin kasar. A jihar - yiwuwa a key player, wanda ya yi musababin samuwar babban birnin kasar albarkatun samun wadanda ko wasu kasuwanci abokai. Babban kayan aikin da hukumomi cikin sharuddan aiwatar da aikin:

- aiwatar da daban-daban kasafin kudin asusun tarayya.

- halittar wani doka tsarin bashi dangantakar;

- kai tsaye rance.

A farko kayan aiki za a iya amfani da a matakai daban-daban.

Saboda haka, aikin ci gaban tattalin arziki, saboda haka, da dalĩli cikin sharuddan babban birnin kasar kasafi iya samun cibiyoyin kai tsaye da lissafi ga hukumomin kasar. A wannan yanayin da babban birnin kasar da aka canjawa wuri zuwa gare su ne mafi yawa kyauta amma batun m shirin zuba jari a cikin wadanda ko wasu halin kaka. A kasafin kudin zai iya aiki daban-daban kudi, gudanar da bincike da kungiyoyi, don warware wasu matsaloli a cikin tsarin na ci gaban tattalin arziki da dabarun tsare ta jihar.

Samar da wata doka tsarin bashi dangantakar ne daya daga cikin yankunan da 'yan majalisu hukumomin kasar. Yarda da kuma sanya a cikin wurare dabam dabam daban-daban da dokokinta, bisa ga abin da babban birnin kasar tallafi - misali, wannan jiha ko mai zaman kansa jari, na iya samar da sha'awar kasuwanci abokai tsabar kudi rance. Alal misali - rance ga kasuwanci.

Jamhuriyar State Bank - kamar yadda manyan kudi kayyadewa, ya kafa key sha'awa kudi ga tattalin arzikin kasar. A daidai da shi yaba zaman kansa kudi cibiyoyin, wanda, bi da bi, ba fitar da rance ga mutane. Manajan key kudi, jihar rinjayar da tsanani da bashi dangantaka da kuma inganta harkokin da aiwatar da aiki da tsarin tattalin arziki.

Protectionist aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki

A gaba aiki na tsarin tattalin arziki - protectionist. Its ainihi - don samar da m jihar, da kuma a wasu lokuta - da kuma masu zaman kansu abokai, don kare moriyar tattalin arziki da abokai a cikin aiwatar da waje tattalin arziki aiki. Kamfanonin da 'yan kasuwa da aiki a kasuwanni waje iya fuskantar zuba daban-daban jadawalin kuɗin fito hane-hane. A jihar, a dauke da fitar da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ayyuka, ya zama sha'awar da cewa Enterprises da ake gabatar a kasuwanni waje, zai iya yin kasuwanci a sharuddan na daidaita cinikayya. Idan dole, hukumomi na iya kawo fitar da wadanda ko wasu protectionist matakan dauka don kare kasa kamfanoni.

The ban sha'awa na jihar a warware irin wannan matsaloli za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar daban-daban dalilai. Baya daga m fifiko alaka da kariya na tattalin arziki moriyar batun, bisa manufa, bangare na kasar, taka rawa irin wannan yanayi a matsayin:

- da bukatar a kula da kwanciyar hankali a kamfanin, ga abin da waje kasuwar - makarantun firamare da wanda shi ne mafi girma m a Rasha.

- bukatar kula da tattalin arzikin ta gasa a kasuwannin duniya, idan gaban kasa da kamfanoni a wani musamman kashi na kasuwanci ne mai muhimmanci.

A wasu lokuta, jihar na taimaka wa aiwatar da protectionist matakan domin kare tattalin arziki da jamiái na sada kasashen da suke da abokan a cikin wannan, ko da tattalin arziki da siyasa jam'iyya.

Tattalin arziki da aiki a matsayin hanya ga ci gaban kasa da tattalin arziki

Akwai wani fassarar da manufar "tattalin arziki aiki", wanda kwakwalwa ta shawara a cikin mahallin da aiwatar da jihar siyasa na ci gaba da tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan - a matsayin hanya ga ci gaban kasar. Wadannan ayyuka mai yiwuwa zama na bambancin hali. A wannan yanayin, shi ya lura da tattalin arziki abu daga cikin ayyukan a tambaya, ta aiwatar a matakin data kasance jiha cibiyoyin.

Dace fahimtar ajalin karkashin shawara kuma nuna a cikin da ra'ayoyi da masu bincike daban-daban wakiltar tattalin arziki makarantu. Zai zama da amfani, don su bincika yadda da kima za a iya za'ayi daidai aiki a gudanar da bincike, fiye.

Da aiwatar da tattalin arziki ayyuka na jihar: da nuances

Daga cikin masu bincike sun bazuwar biyu kyawawan disparate wuraren view game da aiwatar da jihar da tattalin arziki aiki. Saboda haka, a cewar daya version, da hukumomi da ya kamata a yi kadan sakamako a kan tattalin arziki da matakai: shi ne a zaci cewa su sa hannu zai zama iyakance zuwa littafin na da muhimman hakkokin kafofin doka, a cikin abin da asali macroeconomic Manuniya za a shigar. Kamar, misali, da key kudi a da rance da ya kamata a bayar. Wannan matsayi ne kusa da masana, wakiltar m makaranta, da ke jãyayya a wannan ra'ayi cewa a wata kasuwa da tattalin arziki, da dangantakar dake tsakanin tattalin arziki da abokai da zuwa layi up mafi yardar kaina a matsayin yiwu. Muhimmanci baki iya haka sa rashin daidaito therebetween, Hakika kange kasuwanni.

Wani ra'ayi ne cewa key tattalin arziki fasali na tattalin arzikin - kuma bari kasuwa, a sama da dukan, ya kamata a haifa ta jiha. Similar ra'ayoyi suna gudanar da wakilan da Keynesian makaranta. Babban shaida a nan - da rashin ingancinsu a kasafi na babban birnin kasar a cikin daban-daban sassa na tattalin arzikin a free kasuwa. Bugu da kari, idan dangantaka tsakanin kasuwanci abokai an gina ba tare da ta dace dubawa ta jihar, shi kuma iya kai ga monopolization na kasuwa - tare da sa hannu na cartels, a matsayin wani ɓangare na mergers da Acquisitions cewa haifar da wasu abokai iya samun wani m matsayi a kasuwa.

A aikace, mun dauke da ra'ayi za a iya complemented wasu ra'ayoyi na tattalin arziki - misali, kafa a kan tushen da tattalin arziki iko da gwamnatocin} asashensu da sakamakon a wani ba lokaci. Subject da ayyuka na tattalin arziki da kimiyya a kasashe daban-daban za su iya haka bambanta ma bisa kwarewa a aiwatar da daban-daban Jihar wasu kasa tattalin arziki management sunadaran.

A wannan yanayin, daban-daban ba zasu iya ba kawai Concepts, amma kuma cibiyoyin a cikin abin da aukuwa an gane masu bincike. A daya kasar a cikin sharuddan na kasa key management ayyuka suna yi da bunkasa tattalin arziki dake cikin gwamnatin, a wasu - da rawar da haddasa nasa ne da majalisar Tsarin. Saboda haka, da canja wurin da kwarewa a aiwatar da daban-daban sunadaran don na kasa da tattalin arziki management daga wata qasa zuwa wata ya kamata a yi la'akari da peculiarities na cibiyoyin siyasa na jihar.

La'akari sa'an nan, abin da suke da amfani ko rashin amfani iya zama duka na sama hanyoyin gudanar da tattalin arziki da matakai.

The m model na jihar ta sa hannu cikin gudanar da tattalin arzikin: da nuances

Saboda haka, wannan model yakan haifar da kadan baki na hukumomi a cikin tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai. Babban amfanin irin wannan dabarar:

- 'yanci na sha'anin, gina kasuwar tattalin arzikin.

- zumunta sauƙi na samun babban birnin kasar.

- zuba jari kyawawa na tattalin arziki.

Fursunoni m model na jihar hannu a gudanar da tattalin arzikin:

- ji na ƙwarai daga kasa tattalin arzikin to crises.

- yuwuwar monopolization na kasuwanni ta hanyar mergers da Acquisitions.

- rage matakin kariya na jihar moriyar kamfanoni a cikin tsarin na waje cinikayya.

Saboda haka, dauke m, a cikin abin da tattalin arziki aiki na jihar ayyuka suna rage girmanta, aiki, yafi a cikin manufa yanayi na ci gaban tattalin arziki - a lokacin da babu wani musamman dalili magana game da rikicin, kasuwar jikewa ba high isa ga m mergers da Acquisitions, da kuma sharuddan da cinikayya - dadi haka cewa, harkokin kasuwanci da babu bukatar neman taimako daga jihar, dogaro a kan kariya. Wanne, duk da haka, zai iya har yanzu a iya gane ta nagarta na bukatar kula da gasa na kasa da tattalin arziki.

Keynesian tattalin arziki management model

A daura da wani m tsarin kula da tattalin arziki management - bisa ka'idojin Keynesianism nuna juya, wani gagarumin Jihar kutse a cikin matakai na hulda a matakin tattalin arziki abokai a cikin kasa kasuwar. Babban amfanin irin wannan dabarar:

- bada garantin dace aiwatar da protectionist matakan a cikin kasuwanci, abu waje cinikayya.

- iko da monopolization na kasuwar cikin sharuddan mergers da Acquisitions.

- da kariya daga Enterprises a cikin wani rikicin.

Duk da haka, wannan model na tattalin arziki management yana da disadvantages:

- ba high isa a lokuta da dama, da zuba jari da kyawawa da tattalin arziki - saboda gaban yiwu ba komai haqqinsa shingen domin zuba jari a harkar kasuwanci, Tsayawa akan matsayin isa.

- jinkirin cin gaban masana'antu da yawa, wanda zai ba tare da shiga tsakani na jihar su ci gaba da sauri - misali, saboda da m gabatarwar sabuwar fasahar.

- yiwu matsaloli na samun babban birnin kasar sha'awar kasuwanci abokai - misali, saboda da watsi da iyaka da Central Bank.

Bugu da kari, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ƙila a sami administrative monopolies - a sakamakon saye da wasu kasuwanci abokai wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi a kasuwar tare da sa hannu na sha'awar jihar Tsarin. Babu shakka, da tattalin arziki management ayyuka da za a kashe da jihar a cikin ra'ayi na yanzu kasuwar halin da ake ciki. Walwalar ko, conversely, wuce kima baki iya da ake bukata a kan tushen da haƙiƙa yanayi a cikin ãyõyin matsakaici tsakanin abokai. Saboda haka, mu yi magana ba sosai da hukumomin 'sadaukar da wani musamman model, amma game da ikon da gwamnati su yi amfani da ayyuka bayar ga kowane daga cikinsu, dangane da takamaiman abubuwan da tasiri ga cigaban tattalin arzikin kasar.