Mene ne Tarayya Reserve? Wannan ne US babban bankin, ko "m al'umma"

Tarayya Reserve (Fed) - ne US babban bankin. Yana da aka kafa a watan Disamba 1913 kamar yadda wani sashin jiki don rigakafin tsari crises. A hankali, ta ayyuka da kuma iko da aka ƙwarai kumbura. Amma abin da yake da Fed? Wannan ne "sirrin jama'a" ko kawai wani babban bankin, ko da arziki kasa a duniya?

asali ayyuka

Babban manufar Tarayya Reserve - shi ne hali na monetary siyasa. Kamar wancan cikakken aminci ga wadannan amsar wannan tambaya na abin da Fed: a jiki a Amurka, wanda shirya adadin kudi a wurare dabam dabam da saitin ajiye bukatun, da kuma refinancing ayyukan kudi a kan bude kasuwar. Tarayya Reserve kulawa da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma rike farashin kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, Fed ya yi aiki ga cimma matsakaicin matakin aiki. Babban aiki na wannan jiki ne tattalin arziki na kasar. Mene ne wannan? Fed samar da GDP girma da 2-3% a kowace shekara. Duk da haka, wannan ganawa na Tarayya Reserve System ba a iyakance. Fed taron na iya shafar jigo na tsari na bankunan domin kariya daga masu amfani da 'yancin. Har ila yau, tattaunawa iya alaka da tabbatarwa daga kwanciyar hankali a kudi kasuwanni da kuma hana m crises. Bugu da ƙari, Fed samar da ayyuka ga gwamnatin {asar Amirka, gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kasashen waje bankuna.

tsarin

La'akari da abin da shi ne - da Fed ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da binciko aka gyara na jiki. All uku daga gare su. Hukumar Majalisar - shi ne babban jiki. Ya kulawa monetary siyasa. Tarayya Reserve Board kunshi bakwai members. Su suke da alhakin saitin amfani rates da kuma ajiye bukatun ga memba bankuna. Duk wani mataki da gwamnatin tarayya Reserve dangane da wani bincike, wanda daukan ta ma'aikata. Kowane wata duk da binciken da ake buga a cikin abin da ake kira "M Littafi", da aka buga wasan kusa da na shekara-shekara da lamuni Congress rahoton. Wani bangaren - Tarayya Open Market kwamitin (FOMC). Its aiki shi ne kafa wata manufa domin kudi kudi. Tarayya kwamitin kunshi mambobi ne na Hukumar Majalisar da 4 daga cikin 12 shugabannin na kungiyar bankuna. Wannan jiki ya gana sau takwas a shekara. Wani bangaren na Fed - ne da kanta memba bankuna. Su kula da kasuwanci kudi cibiyoyin da kuma kula da aiwatar da manufofin kudi zaba. Kowace daga cikin 12 memba bankuna - a cikin gundumar.

Tarihi na asalin

A farko yunkurin haifar da mafi m monetary tsarin a Amurka da aka yi a cikin 18th karni. Farko da na biyu Bank da aka kafa a 1791-m da kuma 1816 m bi da bi. Kowace daga cikinsu ta wanzu for game da shekaru 20. Dukansu na farko da na biyu banki da rassan a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma hidima ga gwamnatin, monetary hukumomi da kuma masu zaman kansu shafaffun da mai. A general, aikinsu shi ne mai gamsarwa. Duk da haka, wani babban bangare na al'ummar bai ciyar da su da wani tabbaci. Ragewan su iko an hade da exacerbation na siyasa rikice-rikice, don haka suka rufe. A 1907 tsoro ya tura Congress don ƙirƙirar Tarayya Reserve System. Yana da aka kafa ta National lamuni Hukumar kimanta hanyoyin hana m kudi panics, bankruptcies. A 1913, taro ya zartar da Tarayya Reserve dokar. Yana da aka asali shirya cewa Fed zai yi yawa ƙasa ikon fiye da muka gani a yanzu. Ta aka kamata da za a shiga a cikin goyon bayan halittar memba bankuna, da kara elasticity na kudin da kuma tasiri na dukan tsarin. A hankali, duk da haka, da bakan da dauke sashin jiki da iko ya karu da yawa, saboda da lokaci-lokaci da ya faru na crises cewa bukatar jihar baki.

Wanda ya mallaki Tarayya Reserve?

Tarayya Reserve ne mai zaman kanta banki. FOMC yanke shawara, da kuma Board of Gwamnonin dangane da Fed ma'aikatan bincike. Su ba su ƙulla da shugaban kasar, ma'aikatar kudi da kuma Congress. Wannan shi ne, su ne m. Duk da haka, da Hukumar Majalisar mambobi ana zabe da shugaban kasa da kuma yarda da Congress. Saboda haka, jihar iko da wani dogon lokacin da manufofin na Tarayya Reserve System. Wasu jami'an alaka da latest haka m cewa sun ga bukatar cikakken lõkacin fatara daga ayyukan. Sanata Rend Pol yi imanin cewa, duba kamata a da za'ayi na tsarin more sosai.

rawar da Shugaban

A Fed buga shugabanci na monetary siyasa. A lokacin daga 2014 zuwa 2018 yana karkashin shugabancin Janet Yellen. Ta mayar da hankali ne a kan shawo kan matsalar yawan marasa aikin yi, wanda ya ta ilimi sana'a. Saboda haka, yana rage sha'awa rates. Kwararru da yawa sun gaskata cewa ta ayyuka ne kawai tsananta rikicin da tattalin arzikin dattako bukatar adawa da matakan. Daga 2006 zuwa 2014 ya shugaban Ben Bernanke. Shi kwararre ne a kan rawar da Fed a lokacin da girma mawuyacin. Shi ne da godiya ga Bernanke gudanar magance tasiri na kwanan nan koma bayan tattalin arziki.