Kasafin kuɗi na ra'ayi, ta ainihi. Budget Lines. Jihohi da} ananan kasafin kudi

Budget - a wani ajali wanda za a iya fassara al'amarin, da kyau. Amma mafi sau da yawa shi ne amfani da shi, a lokacin da ta je harkokin jihar. Abin da siffofin kasafin kudin aiki a Rasha a yau? Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda su ne kamar irin waɗanda cewa faruwa a duniya?

Mene ne kasafin kudin

A wani m ji, manufar da kasafin kudin yin tunãni wani tushen da cewa yana dauke da hanya a cikin nau'i na tsabar kudi. Amma matsayin mai mulkin, da kalmar da ake amfani da a cikin wancan, kamar yadda muka ce, jama'a kudade. A wannan yanayin, manufar da kasafin kudin yi tunãni ba sosai tushen wani abu a matsayin dukan tsarin, a cikin wanda tsabar kudi kwarara management.

Jama'a kansu ne sau da yawa contrasted tare da kasuwanci. Me ya sa? Wannan rabo ne, dole ne a ce, shi ne wajen zumunta. Da kuma kasuwanci da kuma kasafin kudin Tsarin magance kudi gudana, kudaden shiga, kudi, tallace-tallace. Wasu enterprising jami'an, (sunã cẽwa, ba tare da wani overtones) wani lokacin ba rashin daidaito kasuwa tare da kwarewa. Mene ne bambancin? Babban rarrabẽwa, daki da kasuwanci daga kasafin kudin Tsarin, - manufar kafa tattalin arziki aiki abokai - Enterprises, zamantakewa cibiyoyin, administrative kungiyoyi. A cikin hali na kasuwanci da samun kudin shiga ne a cikin ni'imar da mai shi, wanda zai iya sai rarraba shi a kan kansa. Wants - bari da mafita daga matsalolin zamantakewa, kuma idan ba, saya jirgin ruwa mai filafili ko a gidan a kan wani tsibirin a cikin Bahar Rum.

Idan muka magana game da kasafin kudin tsarin, da manufar su kafa ne exceptionally matsalolin zamantakewa, da waɗanda suke da dangantaka da tabbatarwa kanta na jihar Mulki da aiwatar da zamantakewa kwangila, kammala a tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan ƙasa. Jihar samun abin (sayar da man fetur levying haraji, da sauransu. D.), Shin wannan domin aika da Saide ga biyan albashin ma'aikata da malamai, da likitoci, jami'an tilasta bin dokoki, soja.

Saboda haka, kudi kasafin kudin na jihar - wani hanya a kan tushen da shi ne, a gaskiya, aiki. Yadda ikon Lines up tsabar kudi management system? Yanzu za mu yi nazarin wannan al'amari.

Principles of jihar kasafin kudin da manufofin

A ƙasashe da dama, a duniya, ciki har da a Rasha, akwai wani tarayya kasafin kudin. Yana shafi kudi tsarin kiyaye da hakan hukumomi - gwamnatin, da shugaban kasar, da majalisar dokokin kasar. Dangane da manufofin da tsarin tsarin, tsari kwamitin kasafin kudi na iya zama yankin, birni (a Rasha), ko da sauran sarrafa versions.

A kowane matakin da kasafin kudin da alaka da aiki a kan albashi-sa cibiyoyin ikon ne da za'ayi, kazalika da tsabar kudi management aka yi a cikin bangare na halin kaka. Zai yiwu "interbudget" hulda. Sau da yawa shi ne aka bayyana a cikin juna taimako tsakanin cibiyoyin da bangarori daban-daban. Alal misali, lokacin da directed tallafin da ya baiwa, subventions zuwa yankin, ko na birni ko bayar ayi kasafi tsara rance daga cikin tarayya kasafin kudin.

A tsarin da Rasha kasafin kudin

La'akari da hanyar da shirya wani kudi kasafin kudin (a ji cewa wannan lokaci da muke nufi da kafa jihar tsabar kudi kwarara management system) a Rasha. Babban tushen majalisu gudãnar da wannan Sphere, Budget Code. Bisa ga dokokin da shari'a yi, jihar kudi tsarin tsarin da aka gina a kan hudu na asali matakan: tarayya, yanki, na gida, da kuma gida (Malkisadik biyu, wasu masana suna hade, amma suna nuna dabam dokar).

A farkon matakin na kudi gudana iko, bi da bi, da tarayya hukumomi. Su ma shugaban da kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi a cikin su gogewar. A na biyu tsabar kudi kwarara management ta jikin na RF batutuwa - da jamhuriyoyin, yankuna, yankuna. A cikin uku - a garuruwa (yankuna, a birane, ƙauyuka). A karo na hudu - unguwannin (kauyuka, kauyuka).

Shin manufar "karfafa kasafin kudin". Ana iya amfani da a biyu riƙa. Idan ya zo ga m samun kudin shiga da kuma baka kudi tsarin na gargajiya kashe kudi kunshe a wadannan unguwannin da dukan yankin, sa'an nan a yankin karfafa kasafin kudin. Bi da bi, su sa a kan dukkan batutuwa na Tarayya, kazalika da kudi gudana kore ta mafi girma hukumomi, Forms da karfafa kasafin kudin na Rasha Federation.

Daga cikin cibiyoyin siyasa da cewa tsayar da aiki na da matukar muhimmanci mahada tsakanin kudi gudanar da tsarin a matakai daban-daban - Tarayya baitul. Wannan zartarwa jiki duka biyu a matakin qarshe kuma a cikin tawagar dalĩli zuwa yankuna yi da aiki na kasafin kudin tallafi tsabar kudi canja wurin, tsiraru da tabbatar da daidaitar lissafi hanyoyin alaka cin kudi.

Cibiyar da yankuna

Yadda biyu iko na kasafin kudin hukuma a bangarori daban-daban? Kafin nazarin wannan al'amari a Rasha mahallin, dubi abin a duniya shi ne wani samfurin a cikin abin da akwai irin wannan rarraba. Kuma su biyu. Da kimiyya al'umma kira rarraba da kuma m.

Game da farko - shi ke taka rawar da tarayya kasafin kudin yafi "tsakiyar ƙasa". A yankin hukumomi da fairly manyan mulkin kai a siffata nasu babban birnin kasar management system, tara da girma daga cikin haraji (da kuma a wasu lokuta da dama don kafa nasu). A tarayya cibiyar ba rayayye shiga tsakani a yankin kasafin kudin tafiyar matakai. A ra'ayi na jihar kasafin kudin a kasashen da yi na rarraba tsarin (wannan ne Japan, Amurka), mafi yawa ana hade da tsaro da alaka da shirye-shirye, da kudi da kayan more rayuwa ayyukan na kasa muhimmancin. Domin a tsabar kudi da arziki na gida matsalolin zamantakewa hadu yankin da kuma na birni ikon tsari.

Babban drawback na wannan tsarin shi ne cewa a kasashen da shi ne amfani da, akwai kusan babu ma'aikata da ake kira "kasafin kudi equalization", a cikin abin da yankuna da kuma gida ƙauyuka fuskantar matsaloli tare da samun kudin shiga, taimaka (as mai mulkin, daga gwamnatin tarayya).

The m tsarin, bi da bi, alama karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ne ba. A ra'ayi na kasafin kudin a wadannan kasashe inda shi ne amfani da, mafi yawa ana hade da babban birnin jihar a matakin mafi girma hukumomi. A irin wannan tsarin, bi da bi, da ci gaban da "kasafin kudi equalization". Saboda haka, yankin da kuma gida Tsarin zuwa yawa karami har fiye da a rarraba tsarin, damu game da yadda ya dace da karbar kudaden shiga (a gaskiya, na kullum, wanda ya hada da wani dokan kasa a kan kasafin kudin, za a iya shigar a kan gagarumin gazawar).

Yadda za a raba iko?

A wasu lokuta, a Jihar so a rarraba model, a cikin abin da - a co-tiyata? A farko zaɓi ne yawanci amfani a lokuta inda Resourcing yankuna na kasar ne game da wannan, ko m. Ikon iya tabbata cewa haraji da capita an biya game da wannan, 'yan asalin' albashi - kamar yadda fiye ko žasa daidai. The m model, da bambanci, tambaya idan bambanci a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankuna da yawa bayyana. A halin yanzu mataki na ci gaban tattalin arziki na Rasha shi ne mafi dace wa da aikace-aikace na wannan model.

Amma a lokaci guda, da Rasha, da kasafin kudin dokar hada da kayan abinci zai iya zama nuni da isasshe manyan yankuna na mulkin kai game da babban birnin kasar management siyasa. Bari mu bincika wannan al'amari a daki-daki.

Nasu kasafin kudi a cikin Rasha Federation

Da 'yancin kai na kasafin kudi na daban-daban matakan a Rasha Federation da shawara cewa,} ananan hukumomi, (yankuna ko gargajiya) da tarin wasu hakkin. Kuma wannan duk da cewa manufar da kasafin kudin a Rasha an kusan ko da yaushe hade da mafi girma hukumomi. Abin da aka bayyana a cikin 'yancin kai na yankuna da garuruwa a tambaya?

Da farko, na da hakkin ya motsa jiki kasafin kudin management, kudi reserves da suke a cikin gida hukumomin kansu. Wannan ne, tarayya cibiyar ya iyakance albarkatun shiga tsakani a gida yanke shawara alaka da kudi na daban-daban ayyukan. Har ila yau, yankuna da garuruwa kasafin kudin kudade iya zama a kudi na kansu kafofin. Kuma shi ne kullum gõdadde. Ideal - a lokacin da wani yanki, ko wani gari zai iya yi ba tare da tallafin da kuma tallafin.

Wani muhimmin rarrabẽwa ne 'yancin kai na Rasha kasafin kudin - da cewa suna dauka a kowane daga cikin Game da matakan siyasa ikon dabam. A gwamnatin tarayya tsunduma a cikin Rasha Federation, Jihar Duma, da Federation Council, shi ne shafa da kuma shugaban Rasha. A cikin yankuna - su majalisu da kuma zartarwa jikinsu, kazalika a cikin garuruwa.

Next lokaci, nuna da 'yancin kai na iko da matakan da jama'a tsabar kudi kwarara, a legally enforceable hakkin ya Levy wasu haraji. Har ila yau, yankuna da garuruwa da ikon a cikin tafin kafa hankali ga sanin da kudaden shiga da kuma kudi kasafin kudin abubuwa. Al'amurran da suka shafi cikin wasu, kadan more.

Kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi ba

Bisa kasafin kudi a kowane matakin aikatãwa riba? Wannan shi ne yafi daban-daban na haraji da kuma kudade. Sa'an nan abin da daidai zai tattara Municipality, da yankin ko tarayya ikon tsarin, m da majalisar. Haraji da kuma Budget - yankunan karfi da alaka da juna. Halin kaka, bi da bi, daidai da zamantakewa fuskantarwa da tsarin harkokin kudi na jihar, a watsa shirye-shirye zuwa ga yankuna da garuruwa (kazalika da bukatar kula da key cibiyoyin siyasa). A Rasha, suna hade da tsabar kudi na biyu, yafi bangarori kamar:

• ilimi;
• kiwon lafiya da kuma jin dadin jama'a;
• tsaro.
• aikin hukumomin tsaro.
• aiki na hukumomin gwamnati.

An muhimmanci gargadi: pensions ƙa'ida ake magana a kai a matsayin maras kasafin siyasa. FIU da yawa NPF da nasu kudi reserves.

Cost tsarin, wanda yake shi ne halayyar da Rasha kasafin kudin tsarin, na iya zama guda tare da cewa a cikin sauran kasashe, amma bai yi sarauta daga yiwuwar lokacin da bambance-bambance zai ma yawaita. A duk ya dogara daidai a kan ko tsarin na jihar kudi management ayyuka - a rarraba da kuma m. A cikin farko idan, misali, irin su yankunan kiwon lafiya da kuma ilimi, su ne gaba daya dogara a kan kasafin kudin - su ne masu zaman kansu.

Fair kasafin kudin: Rasha labari

Bari mu bincika mafi muhimmanci, a cewar masana, da dama, da bangare na jama'a kudi management - wannan "kasafin kudi equalization". Ta hanyar abin da sunadaran da shi ne da za'ayi a Rasha? A irin taimako iya sa ran da yankuna, municipalities, idan core kasafin kudin ba da isasshen kudin shiga, da kuma kudi kasance dacewa?

Basic sunadaran dake tambaya, zai kasance.

1. Local kasafin kudi sami wani yawan (akwai aka ƙaddara da dokar dokokin) na haraji da cewa ya kamata a directed zuwa matakai na sama na jihar na kudi inji.
2. Baiwa daga taimakon kudi kudi - yanki, gundumar.
3. Tallafin, subventions da kuma tallafin daga jama'a kudi cibiyoyin a sauran matakan.

kirkirarrun Locality

Saboda haka, ra'ayi na gida kasafin kudin na iya zama quite sabani. Akwai lokuta idan wani musamman yankin, wani gari ko wani karamin gari saboda haƙiƙa dalilai, zamantakewa da eknomicheskoy ko siyasa yanayi ne sun fi mayar da tallafi. Kudi na gida asalin shi ba zai iya zama a duk. Amma a lokaci guda zumunta yancin kai a kasafin kudin tarayya na daga cikin gida mahaluži zai kasance har yanzu - abin da hakkin ya na da a cikin wannan girmamawa ne, mun gaya sama.

A bambance-bambancen a cikin abin da gida kasafin kudi sami Grant ciwon manufa hali. Alal misali, ana iya] a] e zamantakewa ayyukan. A wannan yanayin, da Municipality yana da muhimmanci, na farko, don tabbatar da aiwatar da shirye-shirye dace bisa ga matsayin soma da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma na yankin matakan.

Fair kasafin kudin: duniya yi

Bari yanzu mu bincika yadda sunadaran ta hanyar da "kasafin kudi equalization" a cikin wasu kasashe.

Akwai bambance-bambancen a cikin abin da wasu yankuna suna da 'yancin gudanar da harka cikin takamaiman tattalin arziki yanayi a cikin abin da, misali, ƙila a sami haraji amfanin. Irin wannan goyon bayan da aka aikata a kasar Sin, Australia, wasu kasashen na Pacific yankin. Na biyu inji - An subsidizing bambanci tsakanin sa ran kuma ainihin kudin shiga (normative). A na uku zai yiwu labari - tarayya cibiyar samar da yankunan da tsabar kudi gudana, bisa kiyasin kudaden shiga tarin (a yi - da sa ran muhimmancin haraji da su annabta dabi'u).