Ketones: sinadaran Properties kuma tabbatar da dalilin

Organic sunadarai - da kimiyya ne sosai rikitarwa, amma ban sha'awa. Saboda mahadi daga cikin wannan abubuwa a wani daban-daban jerin lamba da kuma inganta harkokin da samuwar daban-daban abubuwa Properties. Bari mu bincika fili a carbonyl kungiyar da ake kira "ketones" (sinadaran Properties, jiki da halaye, da hanyoyin da su kira). Kuma kwatanta su da sauran abubuwa na wannan irin - aldehydes.

ketones

Wannan kalma ne na kowa sunan ga wani aji na Organic yanayin abubuwa, kwayoyin wadda carbonyl kungiyar (C = Yã) yana da nasaba biyu carbon radicals.

A cewar da tsarin kama aldehydes ketones da carboxylic acid. Duk da haka, su ne ba a lokaci daya biyu C kwayoyin halitta (carbon ko carbon) haɗa zuwa C = O.

dabara

A general dabara domin wannan aji na mahadi ne kamar haka: R ₁ -CO-R _2.

Don yi da shi mafi m, kamar yadda mai mulkin, an rubuta haka.

Yana C = O - shi ne mai carbonyl kungiyar. A _{1 da} R R ₂ - wani carbon radicals. A wurin da suke iya zama daban-daban mahadi, amma abun da ke ciki dole ne carbon.

Aldehydes da ketones

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na wadannan kungiyoyi na abubuwa ne quite kama da juna. Saboda wannan dalili, suna da yawa dauke da juna.

Gaskiyar cewa aldehydes ma dauke da wani carbonyl kungiyar a cikin kwayoyin. Su ma tare da ketones na dabara sosai kama. Duk da haka, idan abubuwa C = Ya haɗe zuwa biyu radicals sa'an nan da aldehyde daya ne kawai, maimakon na biyu - na hydrogen zarra: R-CO-H.

A matsayin misali, da dabara na wannan aji na abubuwa - formaldehyde, mamaki duka kamar yadda formalin.

Bisa ga dabara CH ₂ Ya, shi yana gani cewa ta carbonyl kungiyar ba a hade da daya amma tare da biyu atoms N.

jiki Properties

Kafin mu magance da sinadaran Properties na aldehydes da ketones, kamata la'akari da siffofin jikinta.

• Ketones - a low-da-dab daskararru ko taya tare da volatility. Ƙananan membobin wannan aji daidai narkar da a H ₂ Ya kuma ya mayar da martani da kyau tare da kwayoyin kaushi.
  Mutane daya-daya da wakilan (msl CH ₃ COCH ₃₎ remarkably mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, da kuma cikakken a wani rabbai.
  A bambanci ga alcohols da carboxylic acid, ketones da mafi volatility da wannan kwayoyin nauyi. Wannan na taimaka wa rashin iyawa na wadannan mahadi don ƙirƙirar dangane da H, kamar yadda na iya zama H-CO-R.
• Daban-daban na aldehydes iya zama a cikin daban-daban a jihohin tari. Tun da hakan R-CO-H - shi ne insoluble daskararru. Lower - wani ruwa, ɓangare na abin da ake gauraya ta da lafiya H ₂ Ya, amma kawai da wasu daga cikinsu akwai mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma ba more.
  Mafi sauki daga irin wannan abubuwa - formic aldehyde - a gas wanda shi ne peculiar pungent wari. Wannan abu ne da narkewa a cikin H ₂ O.

A mafi yawan sanannun ketones

Akwai da yawa abubuwa R ₁ -CO-R _2, duk da haka, sanannu daga gare su, ba su sosai. Wannan shi ne da farko dimethyl ketone, wanda mun san yadda acetone. Har ila yau, da takwaransa sauran ƙarfi - butanone ko kamar yadda aka yadda ya kamata cinye - methylethylketone.

Daga cikin sauran ketones, sinadaran Properties wanda ake amfani da ko'ina a cikin masana'antun - acetophenone (metilfenilketon). Ba kamar acetone da butanone, wari ne quite m, wanda ya sa aka yi amfani da perfumery.

Alal misali, cyclohexanone da dangantaka da hankula wakilan R ₁ -CO-R _2, da kuma aka fi amfani da a samar da kaushi.

Ba a ma maganar diketones. Irin wannan suna ne R ₁ -CO-R _2, a cikin abin da ba daya amma biyu carbonyl kungiyoyin a cikin abun da ke ciki. Saboda haka, su dabara ne: R ₁ -CO-CO-R _2. Daya daga cikin mafi sauki, amma amfani a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci ne wakilan diketones, diacetyl (2,3-butanedione).

Wadannan abubuwa - shi ne kawai karamin jerin masana kimiyya hada ketones (da sinadaran Properties aka tattauna a kasa). A gaskiya ma, akwai karin, amma ba duk aikace-aikace samu. A mafi yana da daraja idan akai la'akari da cewa da dama daga cikinsu akwai mai guba.

A sunadarai Properties na ketones

Abubuwa na wannan category ne iya amsa tare da daban-daban abubuwa. Wannan shi ne abin da su musamman sinadaran Properties.

• Ketones ne iya hašawa da su, don H (hydrogenation dauki). Duk da haka, domin samfurin wannan dauki bukatar gaban catalysts a cikin nau'i na karfe sunadaran nickel, cobalt, Cuprum, platinum, palladium, da sauransu. Reaction R ₁ -CO-R ₂ halittu farfadowa zuwa secondary alcohols.
  Har ila yau, ta maida martani a gaban wani hydrogenous Alkali karfe amalgam ko MG glycols aka samu daga ketones.
• Ketones da ciwon akalla daya alpha-hydrogenic zarra ayan fada a ƙarƙashin rinjayar keto-enol tautomerization. An catalyzed ba kawai ta wajen acid, amma kuma kayan yau da kullum. Yawanci, da keto nau'i ne mafi barga kansu sabon abu fiye da enol. Wannan ma'auni ya sa ya yiwu haduwa da ketones da hydrating alkynes. Dangi karfafawa enol-keto siffofin da Tasrifu take kaiwa zuwa wani wajen da karfi acidity R ₁ -CO-R ₂ (idan aka kwatanta da alkanes).
• Wadannan abubuwa za su iya shiga wani dauki da ammonia. Duk da haka, da suka auku sosai a hankali.
• Ketones amsa tare da hydrocyanic acid. Wannan results a α-oksinitrily, saponification wanda inganta aukuwa α-hydroxyacids.
• Entry to amsa tare da alkylmagnesium halides take kaiwa ga samuwar na sakandare alcohols.
• Shiga NaHSO ₃ taimaka wa gidrosulfitnyh (bisulfite) Kalam. Yana da daraja ambaton cewa a dauki a cikin m jerin ne kawai iya shiga methyl ketones.
  Bugu da kari ga ketones, kamar amsa tare da sodium hydrosulphite da yiwu aldehydes.
  Lokacin da ya kona tare da wani bayani da NaHCO ₃ (yin burodi soda) ko wani ma'adinai acid, Kalam na NaHSO ₃ iya decompose tare da a saki free ketone.
• A lokacin da dauki, R ₁ -CO-R ₂ tare da NH ₂ OH (hydroxylamine) da kuma ketoximes kafa a matsayin byproduct - H ₂ O.
• A halayen shafe hydrazine kafa hydrazones (rabo na hada abu - 1: 1), ko azines (1: 2).
  Idan samu saboda da dauki samfurin (hydrazone) a ƙarƙashin rinjayar zazzabi zai amsa tare da potassium hydroxide, kuma N tsaya saturates. Wannan tsari shine ake kira Kishner dauki.
• Kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, aldehydes da ketones da kuma sinadaran Properties kuma yi kama da mai karɓa tsari. Kamar wancan acetals R ₁ -CO-R ₂ form mafi hadaddun fiye da acetals R-CO-H. Sun bayyana a sakamakon ketones zuwa esters da orthoformic orthosilicic acid.
• A muhallin da hakan yawa na alkalis (msl, ta gasa tare da mayar da hankali H₂SO₄) R ₁ -CO-R ₂ an hõre wani intermolecular dehydration ta samar da unsaturated ketones.
• Idan wani dauki da R ₁ -CO-R ₂ ƙunshi Alkali, ketones sha aldol sandaro. Saboda haka, kafa β-keto alcohols cewa iya rasa wani kwayoyin na H ₂ O.
• Quite gagarumin sinadaran Properties bayyana kansu a cikin Example ketones acetone ya mayar da martani tare da mesityl oxide. A irin wannan yanayi, wani sabon abu da ake kira "phorone".
• Har ila yau sinadaran Properties na Organic abu hada Leuckart-Wallach dauki, wanda na taimaka wa rage ketones.

Saboda ba R1-CO-R2

Bayan familiarized tare da kaddarorin da abubuwa a cikin tambaya, shi wajibi ne su san ya fi kowa hanyoyin domin su kira.

• Daya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun halayen da shiri na ketones ne alkylation da acylation na aromatic mahadi a gaban acidic catalysts (AlCl _3, FeCI _3, ma'adinai acid, oxides, cation musayar resins, da kuma kamar). Wannan hanya da aka sani a matsayin Friedel-Crafts dauki.
• Ketones an hada da hydrolysis ketimines da VIC-diol. A cikin hali na karshen na bukatar kasancewar wani ma'adinai acid a matsayin mai kara kuzari.
• Haka kuma an yi amfani da, don samar da ketones homolog na acetylene hydration ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira - da dauki Kucherov.
• Halayen Guben-Gesha.
• Cyclization Ruzicka dace kira tsikloketonov.
• Har ila yau, abu data mined daga manyan peroksoefirov amfani Kriege rearrangement.
• Akwai hanyoyin da dama na kira na ketones a lokacin hadawan abu da iskar shaka halayen da sakandare alcohols. Dangane da aiki mahadi ne 4 halayen: Swern Kornblum, Corey-Kim da kuma Parikh-Doering.

bigiren

Bayan aikatã game da sinadaran Properties da kuma samar da ketones kamata ka sani inda wadannan abubuwa suna kuma amfani.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, mafi yawansu suna amfani da sinadaran masana'antu a matsayin mai kaushi ga lacquers, enamels, kazalika da a samar da polymers.

Bugu da kari, wasu R ₁ -CO-R ₂ da tabbatar da yadda flavorings. Kamar yadda irin wannan, ketones (benzophenone, acetophenone, da dai sauransu) ana amfani da perfumery da kuma dafa abinci.

Har ila yau acetophenone amfani da wani bangaren don samar da kwayoyin maganin barci.

Benzophenone, saboda da ikon sha cutarwa radiation - shi ne mai kowa sashi a cikin kayan shafawa da kuma antizagarnoy lokaci guda hana aifuwa na maza.

Musababin R1-CO-R2 ga jiki

Koyo da cewa ga mahadi kira ketones (sinadaran Properties, aikace-aikace, kira, da kuma sauran data game da su), shi wajibi ne don samun matsahi na saba da nazarin halittu halaye daga cikin wadannan abubuwa. A wasu kalmomin, su san yadda za su yi aiki a kan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Duk da fairly m amfani da R ₁ -CO-R ₂ a masana'antu, shi wajibi ne ko da yaushe a tuna cewa irin wannan mahadi sosai mai guba. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu carcinogenic da mutagenic.

Musamman wakilan suna iya haifar da hangula da mucous membranes, har konewa. Alicyclic R ₁ -CO-R ₂ zai iya shafar jiki kamar kwayoyi.

Duk da haka, ba duk abubuwa na irin wannan ne cutarwa. Gaskiyar cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna rayayye da hannu a cikin metabolism na nazarin halittu kwayoyin.

Ketones - na musamman Alamu cuta carbon metabolism da insulin rashi. A cikin bincike na fitsari da kuma jini gaban R ₁ -CO-R ₂ nuna daban-daban na rayuwa cuta, ciki har da hyperglycemia da ketoacidosis.