Karl Haushofer: biography, photos, ka'idar, manyan ayyuka

Famous kuma m uba na Jamus geopolitics, Karl Haushofer wani tsakiyar adadi na wannan sabon horo, tun bayan da aka kafa ta m, a 1924 har 1945. Dangantakarsa da Hitler gwamnatin kasance wani sakamako na daya-gefe da kuma jera ba daidai ba kima na aikinsa da kuma wasa da rawa. Wannan halin da ake ciki rinjaye duk post-yaki lokaci. Kuma kawai a cikin shekaru goma, da dama mawallafa sun ɓullo da wani mafi daidaita hangen zaman gaba, ba gyaran, duk da haka, ya ko pseudoscience.

Karl Haushofer (photo gabatar a cikin labarin) da aka haife 27 ga Agusta, 1869 a Munich a Bavarian aristocratic iyali da kuma hadawa da kimiyya, m da m talanti. Kakansa, Max Haushofer (1811-1866), wani farfesa a wuri mai faɗi a Prague Academy of Arts. Kawunsa, Carl von Haushofer (1839-1895), bayan wanda aka raɗa masa suna, wani mai zane-zane, marubucin kimiyya takardunku, Farfesa na Mineralogy kuma Darektan Fasaha University of Munich.

Karl Haushofer: biography

Carl shi ne kawai dan Max (1840-1907) da kuma Adelheid (1844-1872) Haushofer. Mahaifinsa farfesa tattalin arziki a wannan jami'a. Irin wannan ya haramta motsa yanayi ba amma zai shafi Charles, wanda da yawa ayukan hutu.

Bayan kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a 1887, ya soja kurum marar a Prince Regent Luitpold na Bavaria rajimanti. Karl ya zama wani jami'in a 1889 da kuma dube yaki a matsayin wani m gwajin na adam a cikin mutuncinsa da kuma al'umma.

Babban rawa da ya aure a watan Agusta 1896 Marta Mayer-Doss (1877-1946). Volitional sosai ilimi mata da babban tasiri a kan masu sana'a da kuma rayuwansu na mijinta. Ta taimake shi, da koyar da wani ilimi da aiki da kuma taimake shi a cikin aikinsa. Gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta wani Bayahude, Haushofer zai haifar da matsaloli a lokacin Nazi mulkinsa.

A 1895-1897 gg. Carl jagoranci jerin darussa a cikin Bavarian makarantar aikin soja, inda ya sanar da zamani soja tarihi a 1894. Duk da haka, jim kadan bayan da farko littafin na wani bincike na soja rawar daji, sukar daya daga cikin kwamandojin, a 1907, Haushofer aka canjawa wuri zuwa uku rabo a Landau.

tafiya

Carl tsalle a farko damar tserewa daga can, yarda da tayin da Bavarian ministan yaki na mukamai a Japan. Zama a cikin East Asia ya zama kayyade factor a cikin aiki labarin kasa da kuma geopolitics. Daga 19 ga watan Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu 18, 1909, ya yi tafiya tare da matarsa ta hanyar Ceylon, Burma, India da kuma Japan. Ga Haushofer aka aiko zuwa Jamus ofishin jakadancin, sa'an nan a cikin 16th Division a Kyoto. Ya hadu sau biyu tare da Mutsushito sarki, wanda, kamar sauran gida aristocrats, ya yi karfi ra'ayi a kan shi. Haushofer daga Japan sanya wani uku-mako tafiya zuwa Korea da kuma China. A cikin watan Yuni 1910, ya koma Munich a Trans-Siberian railway. Wannan guda ziyara zuwa ga mafitar rãnã da taron tare da aristocracy taimaka siffar da idealized kuma ƙarshe aka rabu amfani da ra'ayoyi game da Japan.

A farko littafin

Tsanani da rashin lafiya yayin da tafiya, Haushofer sanar a takaice a Bavarian Soja Academy, kafin shan unpaid iznin a 1912-1913. Maris wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar su na farko littafin "Dai Nihon. Analysis na Great Japan soja da iko a nan gaba "(1913). A kasa da 4 watanni na Maris shibtarsu a 400 shafukan da rubutu. Wannan hayayyafa hadin gwiwa za su kawai inganta a wani yawan m wallafe.

ilimi aiki

A farko kankare mataki wajen wani ilimi aiki Haushofer ya samu daga mai shekaru 44 da haihuwa babbar a watan Afrilu 1913, a Jami'ar Munich a matsayin doctoral dalibi a karkashin Farfesa Erich von Drygalski. Bayan 7 months, ya samu digiri na uku a labarin kasa, a fannin binciken kasa da kuma tarihi, da wani taƙaitaccen labari mai taken "The Jamus hannu a cikin ci gaban da kasar Japan ta kasa da subyaponskogo sarari. Ya haramta motsa rinjayar yaki da kuma soja da manufofin "(1914).

Aikinsa aka katse sabis a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, yafi a Yammacin Front, wanda ya kammala a daraja na rabo kwamandan. Nan da nan bayan ya dawo zuwa Munich a watan Disamba 1918, ya fara aiki a karkashin tsohon jagorancin rubutun "The main kwatance na ci gaba Gwargwadon Empire of Japan" (1919), wanda aka kammala a 4 watanni. kariya daga wata lacca bi a Yuli 1919 game da Japan m tekuna da kuma gabatarwa a malaman (bayan 1921 - wani lakabi na girmamawa) a cikin labarin kasa. A watan Oktoba 1919 Karl Haushofer yana da shekaru 50 da shekaru ritaya a cikin sahu na manyan janar da kuma ya fara farko Hakika na laccoci a kan "anthropogeography East Asia."

Saba da Hess

A shekara ta 1919 Haushofer hadu Rudolf Hess da kuma Oscar Ritter von Niedermeyer. A 1920, Hess ya zama dalibi da kuma digiri na biyu dalibi, da kuma shiga cikin National Socialist Jamus Ma'aikata 'Party. Rudolph yana kurkuku da Hitler a Landsberg bayan wani gaza yunkurin juyin mulki a 1924. Haushofer ya ziyarci 'dalibi akwai 8 sau da a kan lokaci ya gana da nan gaba Führer. Bayan zuwa ga iko a 1933, Hess, Hitler mataimakin, ya zama majiɓinci, na geopolitics, ya kāre shawara da kuma sadarwa tare da Nazi tsarin mulki.

A shekara ta 1919, von Niedermayer - doctoral Dryganski, shugaban Jamus sojojin da daga baya wani farfesa soja kimiyya a Jami'ar Berlin - Haushofer janyo hankalin ga ci gaban Jamus ta siyasa ga Japan. A 1921, ya rinjayi shi shirya wani sirri rahoton a kan gabashin Asiya harkokin ga Jamus ma'aikatar tsaro. Wannan ya sa a cikin sa hannu na Carla a asirce tripartite tattaunawar tsakanin Jamus da Japan da kuma Tarayyar Soviet a cikin watan Disamba 1923, da kuma girma fitarwa a 'yan siyasa a matsayin mafi kyau Jamus gwani a Japan.

Karl Haushofer Geopolitics

Fara wallafa ya Concepts alama ta saki a 1924 na littafin "The Geopolitics na tekun Pacific." A cikin wannan shekara, an fara samar da mujallar "Geopolitics", wanda edita ne Karl Haushofer. Babban ayyukan da suka shafi rawar da masanin kimiyyar Borders (1927), wani kwanon rufi-ideas (1931), da kuma yunkurin kafa harsashin ginin da tsaro na geopolitics (1932). Amma mujallar ya kullum zauna da babban kayan aiki.

Shi ne mai irin iyali kasuwanci, watau. A. biyu hazaka synovitis, Albrecht da Heinz, musamman karshen, sun kasance aiki mahalarta wannan. Dukansu samu digiri na uku a 1028, ya zama malamai a 1930, kuma a karkashin Hitler sun shagaltar da high gwamnatin posts: Albrecht - da ma'aikatar harkokin waje, da kuma Heinz - Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

Har 1931 Karl Haushofer buga "geopolitics" tare da haɗin gwiwar matasa geographers Germanom Lautenzahom Otto Maullem da Erich Obst. A lokacin flowering jarida ga marigayi 1920s, sun buga wani janar gabatarwar zuwa kimiyya na "Aka gyara geopolitical" (1928). A cikin wannan littafin, da mawallafa dauke da geopolitics na amfani da kimiyya dacewa da zamani da siyasa, da nufin gano alamu na siyasa matakai a su dangane da sarari ga jawo siyasa kintace. Bayan shekaru uku, duk da haka, sabanin ra'ayi kan yadda za su "kimiyya" journal ya kimanta halin yanzu siyasa, ya kai ga na tashi da ƙaramin gyara. Haushofer shi ne kawai edita daga 1932 har ƙarshe na bazawa a shekarar 1944

Career girma

Bayan Hitler ya zo ikon a Janairu 1933 Career Geopolitics kuma da rawar ya fara girma saboda da dangantaka ta kusa da Rudolfom Gessom. A wani gajeren lokaci ya dauka a yawan matakan inganta ta ilimi matsayi. Da farko, ya habilitation an canza zuwa "Germanism kasashen waje, iyakar tsaro da labarin kasa." A watan Yuli na 1933 a request na wakilin Hitler a Bavaria Franz Xavier Ritter von Epp, wani Haushofer a makaranta da kuma sojojin, ya aka bai wa take da gata, amma ba da wuri, kuma da albashi na wata farfesa. A a layi daya, daban-daban da wakilan jami'ar Munich da Bavarian ma'aikatar al'adu zabi shi ga post na rector na jami'a - wani mataki dauka domin manufar yin amfani saboda da hannun dama na Hitler kare ma'aikata na Nazi jan. Carl Hess bukaci dakatar da wadannan yunkurin. A daya hannun, Hess bayar da shawarwari da kafa Ma'aikatar tsaron for Haushofer labarin kasa, ko geopolitics, amma Bavarian Ministan Al'adu ƙaryata shi a cikin wannan. Haushofer zauna a gefe daya daga cikin Munich yanayin iko, ko ta halin ya girma samun a cikin jama'a ido.

Jamus duniya

A lokacin zamanin mulkin na Nazis, ya gudanar da babban jami'in mukamai a uku kungiyoyi da hannu a cikin gabatarwa na Jamus al'adu da kuma Jamus kasashen waje. A Nazi Party, ya ba su shiga, saboda akwai mutane da yawa da shirye-shirye da ayyuka unacceptable. A akasin wannan, da ya yi kokarin wasa da muhimmancin matsakanci tsakanin jam'iyyar da kuma wadanda ba jam'iyyar members, ko ba tare da nasara, saboda da girma matsa lamba nazification da kuma hadawa da siyasa da kuma infighting cewa rinjaye a cikin jam'iyyar da kuma gwamnatin a farkon shekaru na Nazi tsarin mulki.

A shekara ta 1933 Hess yake lura da kabilanci harkokin Jamus, ya halicci wani Board of kabilanci Jamus, wanda shugaban ya zama Haushofer. Majalisar yana da ikon da za su gudanar da manufofin wajen kabilanci Jamus a kasashen waje. Haushofer shi ne babban aiki na liaising da Hess da sauran Nazi kungiyoyi. A rikici ban sha'awa tare da jam'iyyar hukumomi suka kai ga rushe Board a shekarar 1936

Har ila yau, a shekara ta 1933, da Academy for tsoro nazification, Haushofer miƙa wa kai a mafi muhimmanci matsayi. Member na Academy a shekara ta 1925, ya kuma an zabe da mataimakin shugaban kasar a shekara ta 1933 da kuma shugaban kasar a 1934. Ko da yake Karl bar post saboda rikici da jagoranci, ya zauna a wani memba na ciki majalisa a matsayin wakilin din din din na Hess har 1941

The uku muhimmanci kungiyar, wadda don wani lokaci da aka karkashin jagorancin wani masanin kimiyyar, shi ne jama'ar kasar Union for Jamus da kuma Jamus al'adun kasashen waje. A shirin na Hess, Haushofer ya zama shugaban ta, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1938 da kuma gudanar da wannan matsayi har Satumba 1942, wasa da muhimmancin muhimmin mutum, kamar yadda aka sau daya mai zaman kanta jam'iyya ya zama farfaganda kayan aiki da manyan ra'ayoyin da Jamusanci Reich.

Ideas da theories

Nazi Yunƙurin zuwa ikon bar wata alama a kan aiki na masana kimiyya, ko mafi in form fiye da a ciki. Wannan shi ne bayyana musamman a takaice monograph "National Socialist ra'ayin a duniya hangen zaman" (1933), wanda shi ne wani jerin "New Reich 'Academy aka kaddamar. A ta National gurguzanci aka wanda aka nuna a matsayin duk duniya motsi na kasa sabuntawa, tare da da wani sarari aiwatar da matalauta al'ummu, to wanda marubucin kidaya Jamus, Italiya da kuma Japan. A 1934 ya bi da yadu karbe "Littafi Duniya Siyasa" (1934) - a rare narke a baya aka buga ideas cewa goyi bayan ka'idodinta Nazi kasashen waje da manufofin, cewa har 1938 kamar ya zo daidai da bukatun na Haushofer. Daga cikin littattafai masu yawa a kan Japan, Central Turai da kuma harkokin waje, buga bayan shekara ta 1933, "tekuna da kuma manyan kasashen duniya" (1937) taka musamman rawa. Yana da aka sõyayya geopolitical ka'idar Karl Haushofer, bisa ga abin da ikon teku ikon yana da muhimmancin gaske.

Rapid asarar tasiri da kuma girma takaici yanayin faye hali ya daga baya shekaru, geopolitics bayan ya tashi daga jami'a. A wannan shekara ya aka ƙasƙanta, kuma nuna wani rashin siyasa tasiri, hani na biyu edition na littafin "shata kan iyakoki" (1927) bayan da Italian gwamnati zanga-zanga game da fassarar Jamus kabilanci a Kudancin Tyrol. Bugu da ƙari kuma, bayan yin aikinsu na ba da shawara a Munich taron a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1938, wanda ya haifar da annexation na Sudetenland, Carl yarda cewa da shawara ga Hitler ya dena kara fadada bar unattended a fir'auna da nema a duniya yaki.

A ka'idar nahiyar block Karla Hauskhofera ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Concepts. Yana da aka bisa ga yarjejeniya tsakanin Berlin, Moscow da kuma Tokyo. Aikin da aka aiwatar daga Agusta 1939 zuwa Disamba 1940, har sai da aka binne shi a Jamus da yaki da Tarayyar Soviet. A ka'idar game da nan gaba na adawa tsakanin marine da kuma nahiyar superpowers.

Karl Haushofer - marubucin ka'idar nahiyar block - kafofin da sosai maƙiya a Poland, wanda a cikin sa ya m goyon bayan da Molotov-Ribbentrop yarjejeniya, don kawar da kasa.

hadarin

Tun karshen 1940, da kuma Karl Albrecht, tare da Hess bincika yiwuwar zaman lafiya tare da kasar Birtaniya. Yana ƙare tare da jirgin na Hess a Scotland May 10, 1941, inda ya yi jawabi da barazanar, Bears kadan kama da shirin zaman lafiya a kõma sama da Albrecht. A sakamakon haka, Haushofer suka rasa ba kawai Mataimakinsa, da cewa ya muhimmanci, idan akai la'akari da Yahudawa asalin Marta, amma kuma tashe zato da kulawa ta musamman. Carl aka tambayoyi da asirin 'yan sanda, da kuma Albrecht kammala for 8 makonni. Bi Haushofer kula daga duk sun shagaltar da siyasa tare da kai sanya kadaici daga Satumba 1942 a wani gidan gona Bavarian. Halin da ake ciki ya tsananta bayan da yunkurin on Hitler Yuli 20, 1944, kamar yadda Albrecht halarci motsi, wanda shi ya shirya. Charles sanya 4 makonni a Dachau da 'ya'yansa maza aka kama a Berlin. Akwai Albrecht da aka kashe SS Afrilu 23, 1945 Heinz tsira da yaki, kuma ya kasance wani mashahuri agronomist da kuma mai kula da iyali archives.

Bayan da yaki, gwamnatin Amurka Haushofer tambaye game da aikinsa da kuma siyasa, amma ba su jawo hankalin da shi su shiga a cikin Nuremberg gwaji, kamar yadda rawar da ya taka ya wuya a tabbatar da yaki. Ya aka tilasta kirkiro wani daftarin aiki da cewa ya kamata ya ajiye gaba zamaninsu daga Jamus geopolitics. Bayan da aikin da aka rubuta taƙaitaccen "Kariya na Jamus geopolitics" (1946), a cikin abin da ba ya bayyana, kuma kuɓutar da ya harkokinmu fiye da neman gafara a gare su, 10 a kan Maris 1946, Karl Haushofer da matarsa kashe kansa.