A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin Gaydara Egora Timurovicha

Yegor Gaidar zama memba na Gwamnatin 6 Nuwamba 1991. Wannan rana za a iya daukarsa a matsayin masomin na tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a Rasha. Ikon kafa da kanta da aiki kamar yadda sauri kamar yadda zai yiwu lokaci zuwa kawar da kasar daga cikin kwaminisanci baya. Don yin haka ba tare da m canje-canje a cikin tattalin arzikin, shekaru masu yawa wanzu a cikin nau'i na shirya da tattalin arziki, ba shi yiwuwa.

Gaidar ta sake fasalin aiki a matsayin wani liba don ƙirƙirar a Rasha a free kasuwa. Gwamnatin cewa lokaci liberalized kiri farashin, sake tsarafa da haraji tsarin, halitta sabon ciniki tsarin. Duk wadannan munanan canje-canje da aka zarar da za a kira "buga far".

price walwalar

Oktoba 28, 1991, 'yan kwanaki kafin nada Egora Gaydara da mataimakin shugaban kasar a fannin tattalin arziki Policy na gwamnatin, da shugaban kasar Rasha Boris Yeltsin tsĩrar da wani Jigon magana a Congress of Mutane ta wakilai. The shugaban kasa ya sanar da bukatar liberalize farashin. Ta kasance mafi muhimmanci alama na gargajiya kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Shugaban {asa, da aka soma da wakilai na majalisar wakilan kusan baki daya.

A farkon da tsarin tattalin arziki Gaidar ya za a gane a cikin guntu yiwu lokaci. Yana da aka shirya cewa walwalar za a sanar a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba. Yana tsayayya da ƙungiyar jamhuriyoyin, wanda har yanzu yana da guda Rasha ruble zone. Gaidar ta sake fasalin da aka tuna da 'yan'uwanmu tattalin arziki na sunan shi ne ba kawai. Ko da yake sabon dokokin da majalisar dokokin kasar ta kare Boris Yeltsin, wanda jin dadin shugaban kasa iko, ci gaban duk ayyukan sa a kan kafadu na Egora Timurovicha da tawagar.

Da ainihin farkon na tsarin tattalin arziki Gaidar isa Janairu 2, 1992, lokacin da ya soma da shugaban umurnin "A matakan ga walwalar na farashin." Canje-canje yi wa kansu ji nan da nan. A jihar daina gwada wholesale farashin 80% da kuma 90% na kiri. Gwamnatin tarayya dan lokaci riƙe iko kawai na harkar muhimmanci mabukaci kaya: madara, gurasa, da dai sauransu Wannan ajiyar aka karɓa ga wani dalili ... Tsarin tattalin arziki Gaidar aka za'ayi a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa haukan kogi, a lokacin da yawan mutane, an bar komai-mika bayan rikicin na shiryawa da tsarin da kuma rushewar Tarayyar Soviet tsarin.

Gaidar ta shirin

A shirya shirin, gwamnatin tafi daga abin da ra'ayi, da cewa Rasha ba ta da wata "musamman hanya", kuma shi wajibi ne don koyi duk asali siffofin na Yammacin kasuwanni. Har zuwa karshen shekarar 1991, an har yanzu ba share abin da ajanda ana sa ran zaben da Rasha hukumomi. Su ayyukan miƙa daban-daban 'yan siyasa da kuma tattalin arziki: Yavlinsky, SHatalin, Saburov Abalkin da dai sauransu ...

A sakamakon haka, da "nasara" har yanzu Gaidar shirin. Yana ba kawai tattalin arziki. Sake fasalin ya zama ta hanyar gina kasuwar dangantakar a kasar don samar da wata sabuwar kasa a jihar, wanda wuri ya komai bayan rushewar kwaminisanci. Yegor Gaidar ra'ayoyi kayyade a cikin takardu "kusantar tattalin arziki yiwuwa na Rasha" da "Rasha Strategy a Rikidar". A cewar wadannan kayayyaki, yin gyare-gyare da aka dogara ne a kan ka'idojin sayar da kamfanonin, kudi walwalar da kuma karfafawa.

Gaidar ta tawagar gano uku main matsaloli cewa matasa al'umma gada daga Tarayyar Soviet. A da hauhawar farashin kaya, da kuma biyan wani tsari rikicin. A karshen su shi ne cewa hukumomi sun rasa nasu ikon tsara kwarara daga albarkatun.

Shirya da farko ya canza da kuma muhimmanci inganta] aukacin matakin, kamar yadda a Poland a lokacin ya yi da gwamnatin Rakovski. Gaidar yi imani da cewa a cikin irin wannan hali a kasar a farkon watanni shida, da hauhawar farashin kaya zai yi zurfi. Duk da haka, wannan aikin da za a yi watsi. Lissafi sun nuna hukumomi da cewa watanni shida na rikicin kasar ne kawai ba tsira. Saboda haka, aka yanke shawarar fara wani m walwalar nan da nan. Lokaci ya nuna cewa ba wanda kuma da sauran hanyar da bai alkawari wani abu mai kyau tattalin arziki.

Rushewar tattalin arziki

Price walwalar da ya jagoranci wani iri-iri illa cewa sun gunawa a wannan kara taki na canji a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. A sabon tsari a cikin kasuwar da aka at rashin daidaito da manufofin kudi - a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1992, da m Enterprises sun rasa aiki babban birnin kasar. A cikin bazara na babban bankin ya fara fitowa a manyan yawan masana'antu da rance, da manoma, da tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin, da sauransu. D. Wannan ya yi domin rufe da kasafin kudin gaira. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda akwai wata babbar Jump a kumbura. A shekarar 1992 da ta kai matakin 2500%.

Rushewar faru ga dalilai da dama. A farko bala'i ya barke saboda gaskiyar cewa kafin farashin walwalar ba a madadin kudi da aka gudanar, wanda zai ceto kasar daga cikin tsofaffin Soviet rubles. A sabon kudin ya bayyana ne kawai a 1993, lokacin da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin harkokin Gaidar aka riga ya gama, kuma ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin.

Hyperinflation bar yanke wa gagarumin rabo daga Rasha ta yawan. A cikin tsakiyar 90s rabo daga matalauta mutane ya 45%. Depreciated Soviet yawan ta adibas a Sberbank rasa su sayen ikon. The gwamnatin zargi da ya faru a rikicin, Majalisar Koli ta, wanda ta tilasta masa ya ciyar da wani ƙarin batun na kudin.

Batun da ƙarin kudi wadata fara da za a yi ko da a karshe Soviet shekaru, a lokacin da jihar tare da taimakon kudi m bayar wa. Lokacin da ya yi Gaidar ta sake fasalin, da tsarin karshe rushe. Tsohon jamhuriyoyin da Tarayyar Soviet biya tare da Rasha kamfanoni guda rubles, wanda zai kawai kara ƙara da rikicin. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1992 a matsayin countermeasure to kafa musamman ba tsabar kudi Wakilin asusun da taimakon wanda aka gudanar ƙauyuka da wasu CIS kasashe.

Majalisar adawa da gwamnati

Gaidar m tattalin arziki da sake fasalin daga farkon an hõre mutuncin zargi na jama'ar kasar wakilai. Kamar yadda aka sani, a kan Afrilu 6, da suka bũɗe VI Congress. By wannan lokaci da hukumomin yana da isasshen jituwa tsakanin 'yan adawa, wanda dogara ne a kan aikin gona da kuma masana'antu lobbyists m tare da rage jihar kudade.

A daya daga taronsu majalisa soma wani ƙuduri, wanda ya fita da babban gunaguni a kan manufofin gwamnati. E. T. Gaydara sake fasalin da aka mai suna a cikin hanyar lamba na tattalin arziki da matsaloli .. rayuwar fada yawan jama'a, da halakar da tsohon tattalin arziki, masana'antu ƙi, rashin kudi, da dai sauransu A general, akwai wani rashin iyawa na gwamnatin ya ci gaba da halin da ake ciki a kasar a karkashin iko. A MP yi imanin cewa Gaidar ta sake fasalin da aka za'ayi ba tare da game da jama'a ra'ayi da kuma kasuwanci masu. A hukuncin da wakilai da shawarar da shugaban kasar don canja tattalin arziki siyasa, shan la'akari duk da shawarwari da kuma reservations.

A mayar da martani ga harin da wakilai, The gwamnatin, tare da Gaidar Borisu Eltsinu mika ya yi murabus. A ministocin a haɗe rahoton soki Congress tsari, abin lura cewa idan da ikon da ke wannan hanya, gwamnatin kasar za ta kara da halin kaka ga matakin fi a tiriliyan rubles, yayin da hauhawar farashin kaya zai isa bakin ƙofar 400% na wata-wata.

Murabus ba a yarda, amma Yeltsin har yanzu tafi a kan wakilai, jayayya. Ya gabatar da gwamnatin sabon mutane - da ake kira "ja gudanarwa", lobbied cikin bukatun da masu manyan kamfanonin, wanda ya karbi su posts a cikin Soviet shekaru. A wannan Gungu sun Vladimir Shumeyko, George Hizhu Vladimir Chernomyrdin.

Wannan ya biyo ta} o} arin daidaita kudi halin da ake ciki. Don wannan karshen, da gwamnatin ta rage yawan gwamnatin bayar wa, kazalika da gabatar da sabon haraji. A May 1992, hauhawar farashin kaya ya fadi dan kadan. Yana da aka za'ayi wani umurni na Majalisar Koli - muhimmanci sauƙaƙar monetary siyasa. Gwamnatin ta kuma kasaftawa 600 biliyan rubles domin biyan bashi ga hakar gwal da kuma sauran daukan hankali ma'aikata na manyan kamfanonin

A watan Yuli, a can sun kasance canje-canje a cikin shugabanci na Central Bank. A sabon shugaban Viktor Gerashchenko, wanda ya gudanar da wannan matsayi a cikin tarayyar Soviet, sun yi tsayayya da sake fasalin na Yegor Gaidar, da ake zargin bayar wa cuts. A cikin rabi na biyu na shekarar 1992, babban bankin na rance girma ya karu da sau 3 riga. By Oktoba, kasafin kudin gaira aka rage zuwa 4% na GDP, idan aka kwatanta da Agusta adadi.

fara sayar da kamfanonin

A cikin watan Yuni 1992, Yegor Gaidar ya zama shugaban gwamnatin. Wannan guda bazara, kamfanonin fara a Rasha. Gyãrãwa son aiwatar da shi da sauri. Gwamnatin yi imanin cewa, Rasha na bukatar fitowan da wani aji na masu, wanda zai zama zaunanniyar da kuma tallafawa tattalin arziki siyasa da ke jihar. Sayar da kamfanonin na Enterprises ya faru a cikin wani yanayi inda shuke-shuke da kuma masana'antu a gaskiya fatara. Enterprises da aka sayar a song. Shopping dauki ambaliyar ruwa. Saboda yawa ramuka a cikin dokokin da fatauci da aka aikata take hakki da cin zarafin.

Lokacin da E. T. Gaydara sake fasalin da aka kammala a cikin tsakiyar 90s a Rasha an ga hannu auctions, inda mafi girma mafi muhimmanci Enterprises a kasar shige a hannun sabon masu for akai-akai rage farashin. A sakamakon wadannan ma'amaloli, wani sabon aji na oligarchs, wanda ya kai ga ma fi girma na zamantakewa raba tsakanin masu arziki da talakawa.

Magoya bayan yin gyare-gyare da kuma sayar da kamfanonin gwamnati Gaidar imani da cewa shi ne dole maza maza ba har da tsohon Soviet tsarin na kasa tattalin arzikin da ya wuce kima monopolization kuma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya. Tilasta tallace-tallace rates, sun ɓatar to yawa ta'addi da kurakurai. Kamar yadda ra'ayoyin jama'a, game da 80% na Rasha ta yawan ganin sakamakon sayar da kamfanonin kamar yadda shege.

baucoci

Domin taro sayar da kamfanonin da aka gabatar baucan - kamfanonin baucan, wanda aka yi nufi ga musayar dukiya a jihar-mallakar Enterprises. Yana shige cikin zaman kansa hannuwanku. Yana da aka shirya cewa ta yin amfani da wannan kayan aiki, birni Enterprises za a canjawa wuri zuwa masu zaman kansu dukiya.

A cikin duka, game da 146 miliyan baucoci da aka buga. Jama'a da suka karbi wani rajistan shiga, iya amfani da takarda ga biyan daga hannun jari na wani kamfanin ko su shiga a cikin gwanjo. Har ila yau, takardar da za a iya sayar. Mazauna kasar ba zai iya shiga kai tsaye a cikin kamfanonin. Suka corporatized su kasuwanci ko canja wurin baucoci a baucan zuba jari kudi (ChIF). Akwai aka halitta fiye da 600, irin kungiyoyin.

Yi ya nuna cewa baucoci zahiri zama abubuwa na hasashe. Mutane da yawa masu wadannan Securities sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da m suna ko kashe a mashãwarta, suna begen samun gwaji dividends. A sakamakon wannan aiki na ainihi darajar Securities fadi cikin sauri. A irin wannan yanayi, da yawan fara neman zuwa rabu da baucoci. Su ne mafi yawa zauna a hannun Inuwa dillalai, speculators, jami'an da kuma gudanar da harkokin kasuwancin da kansu.

Saboda da gaggãwa da kamfanonin (sunan tsarin tattalin arziki Gaidar) da aka gudanar a walwalar na farashin, a lokacin da kudin na baucan asusun ya zama goma sau kasa da na ainihi darajar kamfanoni. An kiyasta cewa speculators sun iya saya 500 daga cikin mafi girma masana'antu da kuma shuke-shuke for $ 7 biliyan. Amma a gaskiya, suka kiyasta a $ 200 biliyan. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira "daji jari", wanda a yarda 10% na yawan samun iko a kan kasa taska. Babban samun kudin shiga da kawo fitarwa na gas, da man fetur da kuma wadanda ba ferrous karafa. Kamfanoni da sabon masu ba kawai bai kõma ba wani riba da Rasha tattalin arzikin. Ba su ma je sãka da hanzari kara waje bashin da ke jihar.

agrarian siyasa

A shekarar 1992, a farkon Gaidar ta sake fasalin alama ma da canje-canje a cikin kauyen. An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin gona da tattalin arzikin ya fara wasa da sabon siffofin tattalin arzikin. Bayyana rufe da bude hadin gwiwa stock kamfanonin, hadin kuma iyakance tarayya. A cikin duka, suka lissafta game da 2/3 na noma. A rikicin da ya buga wuya a kan dukkan wadannan sabon gonaki. Bai isa ba m kayan aiki, motoci, takin zamani da sauransu. D.

Gwamnati ta soma wani shirin kawar da saurã daga cikin Soviet tsarin - jihar da kuma na gama gonaki. A watan Maris shekarar 1992, Rasha na da game da 60 dubu mutum gonaki gona da irin. By fall na lamba ya karu sau biyar. Duk da haka, saboda rashin fasahar, suka har yanzu ba su iya samar da kasar da a isa adadin da girbi. Komawa da baya ya kai ga cewa ta hanyar da tsakiyar 90 ta samar da fadi da kashi 70% idan aka kwatanta da na karshe Soviet kakar. A manomi bai iya ciyar da Rasha, da kuma duk saboda wani gagarumin karuwa a farashin reagents, kayan aiki, da kuma sauransu. D.

Soja-masana'antu hadaddun

A shekarar 1992, gwamnatin sharply rage armaments samuwa. A Soviet zamanin soja-masana'antu hadaddun ya zama ma m. Yana da aka kashe zaki ya share na kasafin kudin. Tare da tattalin arziki da rikicin, Jihar kawai ba zai iya samar da ayyukan yi ga mafi yawan kamfanonin, wanda ya kai ga su fatarar da sayarwa ga wani ɓangare na uku.

Musamman m ne matsalar da bincike da ci gaban (R & D). The domin na] a] e na wannan hadadden aka halaka, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa sosai m teams m da kuma fita daga aikin. A sa'an nan ya fara da ake kira "kwakwalwa magudana" - .. The ƙaura daga masana kimiyya, da injiniyoyi, designers, da dai sauransu Suna massively migrating zuwa kasashen turai a search na fi rayukansu, yayin da su kasuwanci sun rago ba tare da aiki.

Gwamnati, Gyara da tsaro masana'antu, sanya da dama tsanani kurakurai: ya ba su ci gaba da sake fasalin kudin ko canja wurin da masana'antu a ajiye. Wasu masana sun nuna cewa, gwamnati ba daidai ba a lokacin da cire hani a kan shigo da mabukaci kaya, wanda ya bar kamfanin tare da wani alkuki a cikin kasuwar.

Gaidar ya yi murabus

A Disamba 1992, Yegor Gaidar yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban gwamnatin. Ya tashi ya mai jayayya a tsakanin Majalisar Koli da Shugaban Rasha. Yana da aka zaci cewa, yarjejeniyar da za ta bada izinin a amince rike wani raba gardama a kan sabon tsarin mulki. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1993, da wakilai, ki cika da wajibai, abu don wani rikici na gwamnatin da kuma shugaban kasar. Ya ƙare Oktoba events, a lokacin da Moscow sha wahala kwanaki da dama na titi yãƙi.

A cikin kaka rikicin Gaidar koma sau daya more ga gwamnatin, kuma akwai na farko mataimakin shugaban, kazalika da ministan tattalin arziki. A karshe, babban jami'in gudanarwa, ya bar Janairu 20, 1994. A wannan lokaci duk manyan tattalin arziki da sake fasalin Gaidar riga an gudanar, da kuma kasar rayu a cikin sabon tattalin arziki gaskiya.

A tabbatacce sakamakon sake fasalin

Back a watan Disamba 1992, a kan Hauwa'u na ja da baya, ya taƙaice sakamakon aikinsu. Da firaministan kasar a VII Congress of Mutane ta wakilai, ya jaddada babbar nasarorin da iko. Sake tsarafa da haraji tsarin, da sayar da kamfanonin da agrarian garambawul (reorganization na gama da kuma jihar gonaki), restructured Energy, kafa kamfanonin mai rage halin kaka domin sayan makamai da kuma kayan aikin soji.

Ministan tattalin arziki da kuma abokin aiki Gaidar Andrey Nechayev kira da gwamnatin da kuma sauran manyan matakai a cikin wani rikicin lokaci. Baya daga cikin riga sama farashin da walwalar, gwamnati ta yarda free cinikayya, waje basusuka zaunar da bude Lines na bashi a kasashen yamma. Gaidar garambawul a 1992 sanya shi yiwuwa a rage kasafin kudin gaira. Muhimmanci haraji sababbin abubuwa ne zargin da haraji a kan man fetur. Abu da suka gabata shirya tattalin arzikin tsarin. A jihar shi ƙarasa da kwangilolin gwamnati. A filin na zuba jari karfe key dangantaka hukumomi da kuma masu zaman kansu, 'yan kasuwa. Sãbuwa aka gina shi cinikayya tare da tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin - ta tafi duniyar farashin da kuma kasuwar shikan.

E. T. Gaydar, da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin wanda ya kai ga sake fasalin kudin kudi dangantakar, ya kira domin kafa kasuwanci ka'idojin a cikin fitarwa na makamai ga sojojin. An muhimmanci bidi'a shi ne tallafi na doka a kan fatarar. Da zuwan da kasuwar tattalin arzikin da aka kafa da farko da zuba jari da kamfanoni da stock mu'amala, wanda ba zai iya zama a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

"Shock far"

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet Rasha ne a tsaka-tsaki, wanda bai kasance ba tukuna a tarihin 'yan adam. Babbar jiha da wata 70-shekara rayuwa karkashin Kwaminisanci da kuma shirya tattalin arzikin baya ya zama dole su matsa zuwa wani m kasuwar model. A 1991-1992. babu wata} asar, a cikin duniya da aka kashe a irin wannan involuntary gwaji. Shekaru biyu kafin Rasha kama canji ya fara a Poland da kuma Czechoslovakia, amma ba su bada bayyane sakamakon, kuma ya wanzu ne kawai a shaci form.

Jigon Gaidar ta sake fasalin ya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati na da zahiri makafi, a kan nasu hadarin, aiki da jinya tattalin arzikin kasarsa. Duk da haka, wani abu har yanzu aka dauka kan daga tsohon yan'uwansu a cikin gurguzu sansanin. Alal misali, a Rasha an halitta wucin gadi jobs, da misalin da umurnin a free cinikayya a Poland. Wadannan matakan taimaka wajen cika titi stalls. Duk da haka, wadannan canje-canje sun yi su da halin kaka. Irin sana'ar da ya samu m siffofi - sabon bukkoki bayyana m, kuma ba tare da wani iko.

A gwamnati ta sake fasalin tattalin arziki Gaidar (miƙa mulki daga gurguzu zuwa kasuwar tattalin arzikin) fara yi latti. A gaskiya ma, lokacin da aka rasa a cikin marigayi '80s, a lokacin da na farko tsanani alamun da rikicin. Soviet raw kayan tattalin arzikin ya samu azabar fadowa man farashin, wanda ya kai ga queues a shaguna da kuma katin tsarin kafin gyara Gaidar fara. Sunan "buga far" da aka bai canji wajaba - da tsarin da za a maye gurbin a cikin gaggawa yanayi.