Iri microscopes: description, babban halaye, aiki. The na'urar hange ne daban-daban daga haske?

Kalmar "microscope" yana Greek asalinsu. Ya kunshi biyu kalmomi da cewa yana nufin "kananan" da "look." Babban muhimmancin da microscope ne a cikin aikace-aikace a lokacin da la'akari sosai kananan abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan na'urar ba ka damar sanin da size da kuma siffar, tsarin da sauran halaye ganuwa zuwa ido tsirara, tel.

Tarihi na halitta

M bayani game da wanda yake cikin kirkiro na microscope, ba tarihi. A cewar wasu bayanai, shi aka gina a 1590, mahaifi da dansa Janssen, Masters domin samar da maki. Wani contender domin suna da kirkiro na microscope - Galileo Galilei. A 1609, wadannan masana kimiyyar da aka gabatar da kayan aiki tare da concave, kuma convex ruwan tabarau a kan jama'a nuni a cikin Accademia dei Lincei.

A tsawon shekaru da tsarin for shawara na microscopic abubuwa ci gaba da inganta. A babbar mataki a cikin tarihi da aka sabuwar dabara na wani sauki achromatic doublet daidaita da na'urar. Na gabatar da wannan tsarin Dutchman Kristian Gyuygens a cikin marigayi 1600s. Eyepieces na kirkiro ne a samar a yau. Su ne kawai drawback ne rashin fadin fagen view. Bugu da kari, idan aka kwatanta da na'ura na zamani kida Huygens eyepieces da wani m wuri ga idanu.

Musamman taimako ga tarihi na microscope sanya masana'anta na irin wannan na'urorin, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 gg.). Shi ya kusantar da hankalin masana kimiyyar ga wannan naúrar. Leeuwenhoek aka samar da kananan-size kayayyakin, sanye take da guda, amma karfi da ruwan tabarau. Amfani da irin wannan na'urorin ya kasance m, amma su ba su ninki biyu image lahani da suka hallara a fili hange. Magance wannan rashi, da? Ir sun iya kawai 150 shekaru daga baya. Tare da ci gaban inganta Tantancewar image quality na kumshin na'urorin.

Inganta microscopes ci gaba da wannan rana. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2006 da Jamusawa masana kimiyya aiki a Cibiyar Biophysical Chemistry, Mariano Bossi kuma Stefan Hella latest Tantancewar microscope aka ɓullo. Saboda ikon kiyaye abubuwa da girma na 10 nm da wani high quality-uku-girma 3D-image na'urar kira nanoscopy.

rarrabuwa microscopes

A halin yanzu, akwai da dama da na'urorin tsara don magance kananan-most abubuwa. Su ra'ayoyi aka yi dangane da daban-daban sigogi. Wannan na iya zama da nada wani microscope ko yarda da hanyar da lighting, tsarin amfani ga Tantancewar kewaye da sauransu. D.

Amma matsayin mai mulkin, babban iri microscopes suna classified da girman da microparticles yarda, wanda za a iya gani da taimakon wannan tsarin. A cewar wannan division, microscopes ne:
- Tantancewar (haske).
- lantarki.
- X-ray.
- Ana dubawa bincike.

A mafi yadu used irin haske microscopes. Su arziki selection samuwa a Tantancewar Stores. Da taimakon wadannan na'urori solves babban aiki na nazarin wani abu. All sauran iri microscopes hada musamman. Su yi amfani da ake yi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan iri na'urorin yana da nasa subspecies, wanda ake amfani da su a wannan yanki. Bugu da kari, a yau akwai damar saya a makaranta microscope (ko horo), wanda shi ne wani shigarwa-matakin tsarin. Shi yayi amfani da kuma masu sana'a kayan.

aikace-aikace

Don me kuke bukatar wani microscope? A adam ido, kasancewa na musamman Tantancewar tsarin na nazarin halittu irin yana da wani matakin na ƙuduri. A wasu kalmomin, akwai wani m nisa tsakanin lura abubuwa a lokacin da suka iya har yanzu za a gane. Don al'ada ido da irin wannan yarda da yake a cikin 0,176 mm. Amma girman mafi shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin, kwayoyin, crystal microstructure gami, karfe da kuma m. P. Mafi yawan kasa da wannan ƙimar. To, ta yaya zuwa koyi da kuma tsayar da irin wannan abubuwa? Nan don taimakawa mutane zo da daban-daban na microscopes. Alal misali, Tantancewar irin na'urorin da damar rarrabe tsarin, inda da nisa tsakanin abubuwa ne m na 0,20 microns.

Ta yaya ne microscope?

Na'ura ta hanyar abin da idon mutum ya zama akwai jarrabawa na microscopic abubuwa, yana da biyu main abubuwa. Su ne ruwan tabarau da kuma eyepiece. Data gyarawa a cikin m wani ɓangare na wani microscope tube, wanda aka located a kan karfe tushe. Shi ne samuwa da kuma mataki.

Modern iri microscopes yawanci sanye take da wani lighting tsarin. Wannan, musamman, da condenser da ciwon da Iris. Wajibi cikakken sa na girmamãwa na'urorin ne micro kuma makrovinty, wanda bauta don daidaita sharpness. The zane na microscope aka bayar da kuma kasancewa daga cikin tsarin don sarrafa matsayi na condenser.

A musamman, mafi nagartaccen microscopes sukan yi amfani da wasu ƙarin tsarin da na'urorin.

ruwan tabarau

Fara bayanin irin microscope son da wani labari game da daya daga cikin babban sassa, watau ruwan tabarau. Su ne wani hadadden Tantancewar tsarin, qara girman da batun a cikin hoton jirgin sama. ruwan tabarau zane kunshi wani dukan tsarin, ba kawai guda, amma kuma bonded ta biyu ko uku guda na ruwan tabarau.

Haduwar irin wannan opto-inji zane dogara a kan iyaka na ayyuka da cewa akwai bukatar a magance a wasu na'urar. Ga misali, an envisaged zuwa goma sha huɗu ruwan tabarau a fili hange.

Da ruwan tabarau wani bangare ne na frontal bangare kuma, m to ta tsarin. Mene ne dalilin gina ake so image quality, kazalika da aiki matsayi? Wannan gaban ruwan tabarau ko tsarin. Bi da ruwan tabarau da ake bukata don samar da wani so magnification, hankali tsawon da image quality. Duk da haka, da aiwatar da wadannan ayyuka suna samuwa ne kawai a tare da tare da gaban ruwan tabarau. Ya kamata a ce cewa zane na m sakamako a kan tsawon na bututu da kuma tsawo da ruwan tabarau naúrar.

eyepieces

Wadannan wakiltar wani ɓangare na microscope Tantancewar tsarin tsara don gina ake so microscopic images a kan ido duka da Kiyayewa ido surface. biyu ruwan tabarau kungiyoyi ne wani ɓangare na eyepiece. Fi kusa da ido da ake kira da ido binciken, da kuma nisa - filin (da taimakon da ruwan tabarau gina surar abu karatu).

lighting tsarin

A microscope samar da hadaddun yi na diaphragms, madubai da ruwan tabarau. Tare da shi bayar da uniform haske daga cikin abu a karkashin binciken. A sosai farko microscopes, wannan aiki da aka za'ayi halitta haske kafofin. Kamar yadda ci gaba a Tantancewar na'urorin sun zama amfani da farko lebur, sa'an nan concave madubi.

Da taimakon wannan sauki bayani haskoki daga rana ko wata fitilar nufi ga abu na binciken. A zamani microscopes lighting tsarin mafi m. Ya ƙunshi wani condenser da kuma haraji.

mataki

Microscopic shirye-shirye da cewa bukatar binciken, an sanya a kan wani lebur surface. Wannan shi ne mataki. Daban-daban iri microscopes iya ba surface gina haka da cewa abu na nazari za a juya su a cikin filin na view na observer horizontally, tsaye, ko a wani kwana.

manufa na aiki

A farko Tantancewar na'urar ruwan tabarau tsarin ba baya image na microscopic abubuwa. Wannan yarda mana mu ga tsarin da al'amarin, kuma mafi karami cikakken bayani, wanda suka danganta da binciken. Ka'idar aiki na haske microscope yau shi ne kama aikin da daukawa tsaurin kawo nesa kusa. A wannan na'urar, hasken da aka refracted lokacin da wucewa ta cikin gilashin rabo.

Ta yaya za a iya kara da m haske microscopes? Bayan shigar da katako haske haskoki nema shi ne su canji a cikin wani layi daya rafi. Kawai sai ne refraction haske a cikin eyepiece, kuma, da ita qara image na microscopic abubuwa. Bugu da ari, wannan bayanai da ke zuwa dama domin wani mai tsaro a cikin nau'i na ta na gani analyzer.

Subspecies haske microscopes

Modern Tantancewar kida suna classified:

1. Kamar yadda haduwar aji bincike, aiki da kuma makaranta hange.
2. A cikin aikace-aikace ga m, nazarin halittu da kuma fasaha.
3. By irin bincike da madubin likita yi tunãni, kuma daukar kwayar cutar-haske kayan, cikin lokaci lamba, kuma mai kyalli rabuwa.
4. A cikin shugabanci na haske juyi a kan inverted da kuma kai tsaye.

electron microscopes

A tsawon lokaci, da na'urar ga jarrabawa na microscopic abubuwa ne mafi zama nagartaccen. Akwai irin wannan nau'i na microscopes, wanda aka yi amfani da gaba ɗaya daban-daban, masu zaman kansu na cikin aiki manufa haske refraction. A amfani da latest iri da hannu na'urorin lantarki. Irin wannan tsarin sa shi yiwuwa a ga irin wannan kananan sassa na abubuwa da suka kawai daga ƙarƙashinsu a kusa da haske haskoki.

Don me kuke bukatar wani microscope lantarki irin? Tare da shi, nazarin kwayoyin tsarin da Kwayoyin kuma subcellular matakan. Har ila yau, irin na'urorin da ake amfani da shi don nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta.

The na'urar electron microscopes

Abin da ya ta'allaka ne a kan tushen da latest na'urorin ga jarrabawa na microscopic abubuwa? The na'urar hange ne daban-daban daga haske? Ashe, akwai wani daga cikinsu da wani kamance?

The aiki manufa da na'urar hange dogara ne a kan kaddarorin da cewa suna da wutar lantarki da kuma Magnetic filayen. Su rotational fasali ne iya samar da wani mayar da hankali sakamako a kan electron bim. A wannan hasashe, yana yiwuwa ya amsa tambaya: "The na'urar hange ne daban-daban daga haske?" A da shi, sabanin da na gani na'urar, akwai wani ruwan tabarau. Rawar da suka taka da kyau tsara Magnetic da lantarki filayen. Aka halitta su windings na coils ta hanyar abin da na yanzu gudana. Bugu da kari, wadannan filayen aiki kamar dunbin ruwan tabarau. By kara ko ragewa halin yanzu ikon naúrar musanya mai da hankali nesa.

Amma ga ra'ayi, sa'an nan da na'urar hange ne kama da makirci da hasken naúrar. Bambanci ta'allaka ne kawai a cewa Tantancewar abubuwa suna maye gurbinsu da kamar lantarki.

A karuwa a electron microscopes abu ya auku saboda refraction na haske katako tsari, wucewa ta cikin abu a karkashin binciken. A kusurwoyi mabambanta haskoki shiga haƙiƙa ruwan tabarau jirgin sama, kuma a cikinta akwai wata farko magnification da samfurin. Bugu da ari, electrons wuce hanya zuwa ga matsakaiciyar ruwan tabarau. Ya canza smoothly kara girman da abu. A karshe hoto na kaya ba da tsinkaya ruwan tabarau. Daga ta image dama a kan wani mai kyalli allo.

Iri electron microscopes

Modern iri girmamãwa na'urorin sun hada da:

1. Tem ko watsa na'urar hange. A wannan na'ura gunki na wata bakin ciki sosai, saukar zuwa 0.1 microns m, aka kafa daga cikin abu a cikin hulda da electron katako zuwa ga manufa abu da kuma m karuwa a ta Magnetic ruwan tabarau located a cikin ruwan tabarau.
2. SEM, ko scanning na'urar hange. Wannan na'urar damar samu wani image daga cikin abu surface tare da high ƙuduri a kan tsari na dama nanometers. Lokacin amfani da irin wannan ƙarin hanyoyi microscope jimloli bayanai don taimaka ƙayyade da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na surface yadudduka.
3. A rami scanning na'urar hange, ko STM. Tare da wannan kayan aiki auna taimako na conductive saman da high sarari ƙuduri. A aiki, da STM tare da kaifi karfe allura aka kawota ga abu a karkashin binciken. A lokaci guda kula da nesa na kawai 'yan angstroms. Next, da allura da aka yi aiki a kananan iya aiki, don haka akwai wani murhu na yanzu. A wannan yanayin, da Kiyayewa sami wani uku-girma image daga cikin abu a karkashin binciken.

Microscopes "Leeuwenhoek"

A shekara ta 2002, a {asar Amirka, wani sabon kamfanin sadaukar domin samar da Tantancewar na'urorin. A tsari jerin da kayayyakin da suke microscopes, nesa da binopkulari. Duk wadannan na'urori ne na high quality images.

Shugaban ofishin da kuma ci gaban sashen na kamfanin suna located a Amurka, a Frimonde (California). Amma kamar yadda na samar iya aiki, su ne a kasar Sin. Duk wannan yana nufin cewa kamfanin SUPPLiES da kasuwar tare da ci-gaba da kuma high quality kayayyakin a wani araha farashin.

Kana bukatar wani microscope? Levenhuk bayar da bukata zaɓi. Cikin kewayon Tantancewar kayan aiki da kamfanonin ne dijital kuma nazarin halittu da na'urorin ƙara da abu ana karatu. Bugu da kari, abokin ciniki miƙa da kuma zane model, hukuncin kisa a wasu launuka.

Madubin Levenhuk yana da m aiki. Alal misali, shigarwa matakin horo na'urar iya haɗa ta kwamfuta, da kuma yana da ikon yin karatu videotaping. A wannan model shi sanye take da wani aikin Levenhuk D2L.

A kamfanin yayi nazarin halittu microscopes a daban-daban matakan. Wannan shi ne mai sauki model, da kuma sababbin abubuwa da za su dace kwararru.