Ilimin - wannan shi ne wasu kimiyya? Medical ilimin

Yana kewaye da mutum mazauninsu, wasu aka gyara na da ba mu da ikon gani. Kuma saboda a Bugu da kari ga mutane da dabbobi, akwai kuma wani takaice, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice rinjayar da dukan yanayi, shi wajibi ne ya yi karatu. Kimiyya, hanyoyin da kuma burin da ake da nufin nazarin halittu, da dokokin da suka ci gaba da kuma rayuwa, kazalika da fasali na hulda da yanayi da kuma kai tsaye zuwa ga mutum, shi ne mai ilimin.

Samuwar ilimin

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na misali jami'a hanya da ake kira "Ilimin halittu kanana" laccoci hada da kayan alaka da tarihi na kimiyya. Haka kuma, a cikin ci gaban kasaftawa siffatawa lokaci wanda ya fara da microscope na da sabuwar dabara da kuma nazari na farko kwayoyin. Sa'an nan sabon kwayoyin hankali bude kimiyya, da kuma su muhimmanci zama mafi m ga mutum. A lokaci guda m aka gano pathogens cewa sa mutum cuta.

Tsakanin 1880 da 1890, wanda aka dauke da "zinariya shekaru" na Ilimin halittu kanana, alama da mafi yawan a lokacin da samu. Kuma da abin yabo daga Roberta Koha (hoton da ke ƙasa), wanda ya ci gaba da hanyoyin for isolating microbes daga gida, ba za a iya watsi da. Daga bisani mun ɓullo da wasu hanyoyin domin ganowa kwayoyin. Dũkiyõyinsu, da rawa a al'amarin, kazalika da mutum aiki an yi karatu a daki-daki.

The taimako na masana kimiyya da ci gaban kimiyya

A farko masanin kimiyya ne da ƙoƙarin systematize da takaice kwayoyin zama Otto Friedrich Müller. Ya gano 379 mutum jinsunan kwayoyin. Ya kai su wani azuzuwan. Ilimin, muhalli da kuma epidemiology ya ba tukuna aka saka a cikin yi, amma germs riga yana da wani ra'ayin yadda mutum kwayoyin da suke zaune a da isar da mutum ido duniya.

Gane wannan duniya da kuma karin bayani game da shi ya taimaka nazarin Lui Pastera da Roberta Koha. A karshen iya ci gaba ka'idojin for isolating kwayoyin daga samfurin kayan dauka daga mutum marasa lafiya, da kuma Pasteur (tare da Koch) ya kammala da cewa germs - wannan ne causative jamiái na dauke da kwayar cutar pathologies. Af, a lokacin da mafi cututtuka sun sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga sauran wajen kisa, da muhimmancin wadannan karatu ya kasance da muhimmanci sosai.

Bayan da cewa da yawa sabon sunayen bayyana a cikin tarihi na kimiyya. Kuma ɓullo da ilimin. Masana kimiyya sun sanya ga wannan babban abu ne mai babbar gudunmawar girmama su sunayen. Kamar yadda wani misali, masu bincike, kamar M. V. Beyerink, S. N. Vinogradsky, Hans Kirista gram, II Mechnikov, DI Ivanovsky, LS Tsenkovsky, E. A. Bering , Z. A. Waxman, A. Calmette, R. F. Peyton da sauransu. Hakika, wannan ba wani cikakken jerin manyan malaman kimiyya, har ma fiye da haka, za mu ba su iya karkashin Mataki na ashirin da bayyana duk su isa yabo. A hanya, mai jigo "Ilimin halittu kanana" (laccoci da kuma nazarinsa) bincikar daki-daki, da yawa daga cikin sakamakon binciken da wadannan masana kimiyyar.

Bunƙasa yankunan ilimin

A halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba da wani kimiyya suna inganta bincike hanyoyin, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai yiwuwa na wani karin cikakken nazari na wasu micro-kwayoyin da su halaye. A sakamakon binciken da ake yi, da barin kai tsaye ko a kaikaice to tambaya ilmi game da germs, a wani masana'antu management. Saboda wannan dalili, ilimin - shi ne ba kawai wani ne msar tambayar filin na ilimi. Yana da wani kimiyya da cewa yana da wasu rassan:

• janar ilimin.
• Medical (Mycology, bacteriology, virology, protozoology).
• dabbobi.
• masana'antu;
• Agriculture.
• Branches Sanitary ilimin.
• ruwa ilimin.

Medical ilimin da aka cika kimiyya kunsha mycology, bacteriology, protozoology, virology, immunology da dubagari. Hanyar kyale su gane pathogens cututtuka da kuma inganci da kwayoyi amfani da su bi su, tafiyar da cutar rigakafin baya kaiwa zuwa cututtukan annoba babban mace-mace rates.

Immunology da wuya daga cikin biochemical matakai na rigakafi kusan diverged daga ilimin dabam kimiyya. Yau, shi ne a hade tare da ciwon daji da kuma alerji. A daidai wannan lokaci da sauran rassan ilimin ba kasa muhimmanci: suka ƙyale mu mu kimanta da al'amurra na yin amfani da genetically Kamfanin microbes bayar da shawarar sauyin yanayi ci gaba da kuma muhalli al'ummomi na cikin teku da ƙasa. Har ila yau muhimmanci ne m aikace-aikace hange kwayoyin noma, don magance parasites, ko don kara amfanin gona da ake samu.

ilimin Manufofi

Kowane raba reshe na ilimin na da kwallaye da kuma hanyoyin da ba su damar cimma. A musamman, likita ilimin da nufin gano matsakaicin yiwu yawan pathogenic da yanaye pathogenic microorganisms, su hulda da jikin mutum, kazalika da hanyoyin} alubalantar lambobi da cututtuka da kuma magani.

Inganta da ake dasu ganewar asali foci kawar da pathogenic microflora a Muciya, da kuma maganin prophylaxis gaba da likita ilimin dabaru. A lokaci guda, saboda wani rashin kudade da kuma saboda yiwu hadarin fashewa daga cikin matakai a kunsa, duk da haka ba hanyar gaba daya ya rabu da cututtuka jamiái. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu mataki na muhalli da kuma kiwon lafiya, ilimin da kuma immunology iya rage yawan irin pathologies da su rikitarwa.

Industrial ilimin da nufin gano da kaddarorin microbes cewa za a iya amfani da a daban-daban matakai na samar. A musamman, mafi alamar yankunan bincike a fannin kimiyya ne da yin amfani da kwayoyin cuta a gare ƙasƙanci daga masana'antu tõzarta. A m ilimin nufi ne m aikace-aikace na minti kwayoyin kara amfanin gona da ake samu da kuma zai yiwu iko da kwari da ciyawa.

Dabbobi Ilimin halittu kanana, kazalika da likita, karatu pathogens a dabbobi. Hanyar tantance cututtuka, su bincike da kuma lura da mu kadan abokai ne kawai kamar yadda ya dace kamar yadda cewa daga cikin mutane. Ruwa ilimin da aka karatu da abun da ke ciki na teku kwayoyin zuwa systematize da ilmi da yuwuwar na aikace-aikace a masana'antu ko kuma aikin noma.

Sanitary ilimin karatu abinci da kuma bayyana germs a gare su. Its haƙiƙa ne kyautata hanyoyin don tabbatar da tsari na edible kayayyakin. Matsala ta biyu - da annoba da cutar da kuma ingantawa na gano mutane a cikin daban-daban cibiyoyin da suke da hadarin gaske cikin sharuddan annoba lamba cututtuka.

Janar ilimin

Janar ilimin - shi ne mai kimiyya, dabaru wanda ƙyale mu mu yi nazarin wani kwayoyin a da dama wuraren. Wannan shi ne asali masana'antu da samar da bayanai na masana'antu, aikin gona, dabbobi da kuma kiwon lafiya ilimin. Ta yin nazarin kwayoyin da kuma iyalansu, da ikon na kwayoyin zuwa girma a kan wani iri-iri na gina jiki kafofin watsa labarai, alamu na shiri na wasu climatic zones.

Gene gantali ne ma daya daga cikin manyan bukatun da bacteriologists, tun da wannan inji damar kwayoyin don saya sabon kwarewarsu don short lokaci na lokaci. Daya daga cikin mafi ke so ne juriyar. Ana zargin sabon resistant zuwa wani anti-infectives damuwa da kwayoyin cuta ƙwarai dagula aiki na likitanci ilimin.

Amma dai ba duka. Janar ilimin - da kimiyya da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, protozoa. Wannan ne ma rukunan rigakafi. A daidai da wasu bukatu ware da kuma raba rassan kimiyya: virology, mycology, protozoology immunology. New data daga nazarin damuwa da kwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, za a iya amfani da wani reshe na ilimin da kuma samun wasu muhimmancin.

bacteriology

Mulkin kwayoyin da aka dauke su mafi yawa daga cikin dukan sauran mutane, wanda aka karatu ilimin. Topics na bincike da kwayoyin cuta, saboda shi ne narrowest. Don rarraba wani musamman kwayoyin da wannan nau'in na bukatar bincike ta ilimin halittar jiki da kuma biochemical tafiyar matakai. Alal misali, mutane da yawa enteric kwayoyin ferment da glucose da kuma dogara ne a kan wannan qa'idar da alaka da wani takamaiman kungiyar.

m kwayan al'ada - daga wasu al'umma kwayoyin kara iri za a alama. Duk da mutane za a yi halin guda kayyade abu, kamar cewa da sauran mambobin wannan nau'in. Kuma mafi muhimmanci, duk wadannan kwayoyin cuta zai nuna hali kamar yadda wani ɓangare na yawan da suke zaune a wannan muhalli. A wasu riƙa, wannan al'ada mutates da adapts da yardar kaina, saboda abin da, wani sabon iri. Yana iya bambanta a daban-daban sa na enzymes kuma virulence dalilai. Kuma saboda haka da ikon sa cuta zai zama daban-daban.

virology

Daga cikin dukan masu rai, ƙwayoyin cuta ne mafi atypical. Su ne m, ba su iya metabolize, da kuma don jan iri zaɓi da dabara na parasitism. Yana da muhimmanci cewa shi ne ma ya fi ban mamaki na duk pathogens cewa karatu Ilimin halittu kanana (Virology). Immunology ne ma tsunduma a cikin binciken da ƙwayoyin cuta, domin da yawa daga cikinsu suna iya depress da rigakafi da kuma tsarin sa ciwon daji.

Ƙwayoyin cuta ne mai sauqi qwarai kwayoyin da tukuna da za a cikakken karatu ginshikai na aiki. Ba za su iya metabolize gina jiki, amma zama da rai. Ba da ciwon Tsarin alhakin m ayyuka, su har yanzu wanzu. Haka kuma, kwayar cutar na iya zama ba kamar yadda kwayoyin abu da sunadaran da ta bullo a cikin Kwayoyin inda haifuwa za a za'ayi.

Babu shakka cewa ginshikai na gabatarwar da kiwo "tsara" a cikin irin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya kauce wa duk tunanin m cell shinge. An misali ne da kwayoyin cutar HIV, wanda, duk da karfi da kariya na rigakafi da tsarin, to sauƙi harba mutane, kuma Yanã immunodeficiency. Saboda haka, ilimin da kuma immunology kamata a hade magance wannan matsala, da neman hanyoyin da za a magance ta. Kuma tun cutar saboda maye gurbi mamaki gudun zama ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka, da hanyoyin magance wadannan pathogens ya kamata a ci gaba da sauri.

mycology

Mycology - wani reshe na janar ilimin, wanda ke karanta kyawon tsayuwa. Wadannan kwayoyin iya haifar da cuta a cikin mutum da dabba, kazalika da cutar amfanin gona. Kyawon tsayuwa ganimar abinci, da kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa suna iya samar da spores, kusan indestructible. Duk da haka, muddin suna da karamin yawan virulence dalilai da kuma ninka quite sannu a hankali, su taimako da sauran abin da ya faru shi ne low.

Fungi ne mafi daidaita kwayoyin zuwa rayuwa a cikin mafi matsananci yanayi a ƙasar. Su wuya zaune karkashin ruwa amma bunƙasa a karkashin yanayi na matsakaici to high zafi. Kuma, musamman, fungi girma a kan hulls na kumbon sama jannati orbiting da Duniya da kuma lugar yadi lalace nuclear nukiliya reactor. Ba da babbar juriya dalilai magance wadannan kwayoyin, abinci ilimin da dubagari, ya kamata a ci gaba da more rayayye. Wannan ya taimaka ga ci gaban mycology da sauran rassan janar ilimin.

protozoology

Ilimin nazarin da protozoa. Wannan unicellular kwayoyin da suke daban-daban daga kwayoyin cuta girma size da kuma gaban cell tsakiya. Saboda da samuwa, su ne mafi alhẽri dace ga tsit muhalli yanayi, maimakon zuwa da kuzari canza. Duk da haka, za su iya haddasa cutar, akalla sauran.

Bisa kididdigar da aka bayar ta WHO, game da kwata na duk lokuta na rashin lafiya lissafta ga zazzabin cizon sauro. Duk da yake ba shi yiwuwa mu jimre gaba daya, saboda akwai da dama jinsunan Plasmodium. Saboda haka, da muhimmancin kara nazarin protists a general da kuma musamman plasmodium manya-manyan.

immunology

A Research Institute of Ilimin halittu kanana da Tarayyar Soviet gudanar da yawa karatu na mutum rigakafi da tsarin. Aukuwa a kan su ne da wuya a yi amfani da magani, duk da haka, domin ganewar asali su ne yanzu ba makawa. Muna magana ne game da wani jerin serological ganewar asali da cututtuka. Yana ilimin asibiti magani saboda gaban a arsenal na mai muhimmanci da bincike kayan aiki.

Yana da muhimmanci cewa duk na sashen Epidemiology da Ilimin halittu kanana, a wata hanya shafi manufar rigakafi. Kuma duka biyu tarbiyya suna yadu amfani alurar. Su ci gaba ne ma da sakamakon kimiyya takardunku immunologists da kwayoyin. Su wakiltar mafi tasiri m wajen rage (da kuma a wasu lokuta ma kashe) da alama na kamuwa da cuta da lamba tare da pathogenic kwayar ko kwayan pathogens. Yanzu shi ne ci gaban da alluran da cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta da cewa sa bayyanar da ciwon daji siffofin maruran.

hanya ilimin

Don karatu wasu kananan kwayoyin - wata hanya domin sanin siffofin ta ilimin halittar jiki, don kimanta da cikawa na biochemical halayen a cikin abin da yake iya qoramu, gane da RNA dangana ga wani musamman daula sunan da iri. Irin wannan adadin aikin da ake bukata don yin a bude wani sabon al'adu. Idan wani microbe da aka riga aka sani (ƙaddara da peculiarities na fermentation substrates, al'ada kafofin watsa labarai ko cell bango), sa'an nan ka na so ka dauka shi zuwa wani iri. Wani daga cikin wadannan ayyuka na bukatar daidaita hanyoyin da takamaiman kayan aiki.

Har ila yau, kiwon lafiya da ilimin yana da nasa aiki: a sami causative wakili na da cuta a cikin nazarin halittu ruwaye da kyallen takarda, wadda ne hari na virulent cututtuka, gane da gaban da pathogen na serological alamomi, ƙayyade wani mutum ta laulayi wasu cututtuka. Wadannan ayyuka ne microbiological, microscopic, nazarin halittu, serological da kuma rashin lafiyan hanyoyin.

A cikin littafin mai suna "Ilimin halittu kanana" Vorobev A. V. bayyanar da cewa bincike da madubin likita ne na asali, amma ba da farko hanya domin nazarin microbe. Yana da wani haske, electron, lokaci bambanci, duhu-filin da kuma haske. Marubucin kuma nuna cewa kamar yadda mafi muhimmanci da hanyoyin da microbiological al'ada aka dauke, kyale su girma a mallaka na microbes samu a nazarin halittu ruwaye da kuma tsakanin marasa lafiya.

A al'ada hanyoyin iya zama virological da bacteriological. Mafi sau da yawa, bincike ne da ake bukata jini, fitsari, yau, sputum, cerebrospinal ruwa. Daga cikinsu akwai jiki da kuma shuka shi a cikin wani gina jiki matsakaici. Wannan wajibi ne ga ganewar asali, saboda taro na kwayoyin cuta a cikin nazarin halittu abu ne kadan, da kuma al'ada Hanyar damar da karuwa da pathogens.

A littafi a kan batun "Ilimin halittu kanana" Vorobev A. V. et al bayyana hanyoyin domin nazarin nazarin halittu microbes. Suna dogara ne a kan kasafi na musamman da gubobi muhimmi a cikin wani rukuni na kwayan jinsin, ko zuwa daya kawai iri. Rashin lafiyan hanyoyin dangantawa da dukiya kwayan gubobi sa wayar (ko wayar) a cikin kananan kwayoyin a lokacin kamuwa da cuta. Kamar yadda wani misali za a iya ambata Mantoux gwajin. Serological hanyoyin, bi da bi, an mayar da martani tare da takamaiman antibodies da antigens na kwayoyin. Wannan ba ka damar da sauri kuma daidai ƙayyade gaban microbes a nama ko ruwa kayan dauka daga mãsu haƙuri.

The m nasarar likita ilimin

Ilimin - yana da muhimmanci ga al'adar magani kimiyya, wanda a lokacin da gajeren zama ya ajiye m rayuwarsu. Firayim misali ne gano kwayoyin alhakin cututtuka. Wannan yarda mana mu samu farko da kwayoyin. Godiya ga shi daga rauni kamuwa ya iya ajiye wata babbar lamba na sojoji.

Daga bisani, da yin amfani da maganin rigakafi an fadada, kuma a yau shi damar zuwa gudanar da hadaddun ayyukan. Ganin cewa da yawa cututtuka ba za a iya warke ba tare da yin amfani da maganin rigakafi, su gaban kawai jũya duk magani da kuma ya sa ya yiwu don ajiye mutane da yawa. Wannan nasara ne a kan wani par tare da maganin da ya ajiye da yawa marasa lafiya daga cutar shan inna cutar, hepatitis B, kuma smallpox. Kuma yanzu ɓullo da immunological hanyoyin da ake rubutu da ciwon daji.