Salula numfasawa da photosynthesis. Aerobic salula numfasawa

Photosynthesis da kuma numfasawa - biyu matakai cewa underlie rayuwa. Su duka biyu da faruwa a cikin cell. A farko - a shuka da kuma wasu kwayan, na biyu - da kuma a cikin dabba, kuma a shuka da kuma fungal, kuma kwayan.

Za mu iya cewa salula numfasawa da photosynthesis - tafiyar matakai an yi tsayayya wa juna. A bangare, wannan shi ne daidai, tun a farkon oxygen tunawa da saki carbon dioxide, da kuma a karo na biyu - a kan m. Duk da haka, wadannan biyu matakai suna da kyau ba za a iya kwatanta matsayin da suka faru a cikin daban-daban da wasu gabbansa yin amfani da daban-daban abubuwa. A dalilai da abin da suka da ake bukata, ma, suna daban-daban: photosynthesis bukatar gina jiki, da kuma salon salula numfasawa - domin samar da makamashi.

Photosynthesis: inda kuma yaya wannan ya faru?

Wannan sunadarai dauki da nufin samun kwayoyin abubuwa daga inorganic. A wannan alamomin ne gaban kwarara photosynthesis hasken rana, tun da makamashi abubuwa a matsayin mai kara kuzari.

Photosynthesis halayyar da shuka, za a iya bayyana a cikin wadannan lissafi:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ Ya = C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Wannan shi ne, shida carbon dioxide kwayoyin da wannan yawan ruwa kwayoyin a gaban hasken rana shuka iya samun daya kwayoyin na glucose da shida oxygen.

Wannan shi ne mafi sauki misali na photosynthesis. Har ila yau glucose da kuma sauran za a iya hada a shuke-shuke, mafi hadaddun carbohydrates, kazalika da kwayoyin abubuwa daga sauran azuzuwan.

Ga wani misali na samar da amino acid inorganic mahadi:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ Ya + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ Yã ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Kamar yadda za a iya gani, shida kwayoyin na carbon dioxide, da hudu ruwa kwayoyin, biyu daga sulfate ions, nitrate ions, biyu da kuma shida hydrogen ions amfani da hasken rana makamashi za a iya samu biyu kwayoyin na cysteine da kuma goma sha uku - oxygen.

Photosynthesis aiwatar faruwa a musamman da wasu gabbansa - chloroplast. Sun ƙunshi pigment chlorophyll, da abubuwa a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga sinadaran halayen. Wadannan wasu gabbansa samu ne kawai a shuka Kwayoyin.

A tsarin da chloroplast

Wannan organelle, wanda yana da siffar elongated ball. chloroplast size yawanci 4-6 microns, amma a wasu algae Kwayoyin za a iya gano giant plastids - chromatophores, wanda size ne 50 microns.

Wannan yana nufin organelle dvuhmembrannym. An kewaye da matsanancin da ciki bawo. Sun rabu da juna intermembrane sarari.

A ciki yanayi na chloroplast da aka sani da "stroma". Ya ƙunshi thylakoids da lamellae.

Thylakoids - wani lebur Disc-dimbin yawa sacs na membrane, wanda shi ne chlorophyll. Wannan shi ne inda photosynthesis faruwa. Faruwa a cikin stacks, thylakoids samar grana. Number thylakoids a gãɓar rãmi na iya bambanta daga 3 zuwa 50.

Lamellae - a tsarin ko membranes. Suna wakiltar wani branched tashoshi cibiyar sadarwa wanda primary aiki - don samar da wani alaka tsakanin fuskoki.

A chloroplast kuma dauke da su ribosomes zama dole domin gina jiki kira, kuma da kansa DNA da RNA. Bugu da kari, akwai iya zama inclusions, kunsha na sauyawa gina jiki, yafi sitaci.

salula numfasawa

Akwai da dama iri na wannan tsari. Shin anaerobic da aerobic salula numfasawa. A farko halayyar da kwayoyin. Anaerobic numfasawa ne na dama iri: a nitrate, sulphate, sulfur, da baƙin ƙarfe, carbonate, fumarate. Wadannan matakai da damar da kwayoyin samun makamashi ba tare da yin amfani da oxygen.

Aerobic salula numfasawa ne halayyar ga duk sauran kwayoyin, ciki har da dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke. Ya zo tare da sa hannu na oxygen.

A wakilan fauna salula numfasawa na faruwa a musamman da wasu gabbansa. Su kira mitochondria. A shuke-shuke kamar yadda salon salula numfasawa ya auku a cikin mitochondria.

saukarwa

Salula numfasawa faruwa a uku matakai:

1. A shiri lokaci.
2. Glycolysis (anaerobic tsari, ba ya bukatar oxygen).
3. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka (aerobic mataki).

A shiri lokaci

A mataki na farko shi ne cewa hadaddun abubuwa a cikin narkewa kamar tsarin suna karye cikin sauki. Saboda haka, sunadaran samu daga amino acid daga lipids - m acid da glycerol, daga hadaddun carbohydrates - glucose. Wadannan mahadi hawa cikin cell, sa'an nan - kai tsaye a cikin mitochondria.

glycolysis

Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa glucose da aka enzymatically cleaved zuwa pyruvate da hydrogen atoms. Wannan suranta ATP (adenosine triphosphate). wannan lissafi za a iya bayyana a cikin wannan tsari:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ Ya ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Saboda haka, a tsari na glycolysis daya glucose kwayoyin jiki iya samun biyu kwayoyin na ATP.

hadawan abu da iskar shaka

A wannan mataki, kafa a lokacin glycolysis pyruvic acid enzymatically reacts tare da oxygen ta samar da carbon dioxide da hydrogen atoms. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta sa'an nan hawa zuwa crista inda oxidized ta samar da ruwa da kuma 36 ATP kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, a tsari na salon salula numfasawa da aka samar a total 38 ATP kwayoyin 2 a cikin mataki na biyu da kuma 36 - a kan na uku. Adenosine triphosphate kuma shine babban makamashi Madogararsa, wanda aka bayar da mitochondria na cell.

A tsarin da mitochondria

Wasu gabbansa a wanda numfasawa faruwa, a can a dabba kuma a shuka da kuma fungal Kwayoyin. Sun mallaki wani mai siffar zobe siffar da girman game da 1 micron.

Mitochondria kamar yadda chloroplast da biyu membranes rabu da intermembrane sarari. Mene ne a ciki da membranes na organelle, ya kira wani matrix. Ya ƙunshi ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) da kuma mtRNK. A matrix ke glycolysis da farko hadawan abu da iskar shaka mataki.

Daga ciki membrane folds an kafa, kama da ridges. Suna da ake kira cristae. A nan ne mataki na biyu na uku mataki na salon salula numfasawa. A lokacin da ta kafa mafi ATP kwayoyin.

Origin dvuhmembrannyh wasu gabbansa

Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa, Tsarin wadda samar photosynthesis da kuma numfasawa aka caged da symbiogenesis. Wannan shi ne, da zarar ya wasu kwayoyin. Wannan ya bayyana cewa, a cikin mitochondria, kuma chloroplast suna da nasu ribosomes DNA da RNA.