Ammonia. Chemical Properties, jiki Properties. Da ake ji da kuma samun

Mahada ãyari hanyoyi kusa Oasis Arewacin Afrika Ammon - tarihi gane gida ammonia. Firistoci bauta wa Allah Amon, a lokacin da suka rituals amfani hydrogen nitride lokacin tsanani da exuded ammonia wari. Suka kira amoniany a fili da sunan ammonia zo daga waɗanda sau.

Modern masana kimiyya sun ba koya cire kawai tsarki ammonia, to same shi da wani yawa na aikace-aikace, amma kuma iya canzawa da zane abu kwayoyin wanda chemists sana'a da'ira ne ake kira "hydrogen nitride." Musamman irin ammonia kwayoyin sanyi shi ne cewa shi ne na yau da kullum da dala, kamar waɗanda suka yi shaida da farko kira wannan abu a zamanin d Misira.

Nitrogen da aka located a kokuwa a karkashin shawara dala sa tare da hydrogen atoms na iyakacin duniya bond. A nitrogen zarra a cikin fili yana da wani unshared biyu daga electrons, shi ne ainihin yanayin domin bayyanar da ikon da ammonia ta samar da mai bayarwa-Mai karɓar hydrogen shaidu kuma, a lokacin da suka kasance a wani daki da manyan polarity ammonia kwayoyin karfe sa wani karfi hulda tsakanin su. A sakamakon haka, ammonia halayyar daban-daban daga cikin dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye na mahadi daga irin wannan.

Tare da wari da ammonia kowane maki, yake da alaka da zuwan ammonia, wanda shi ne wani colorless iskar gas, wuta fiye iska sau biyu. Ga mutumin da shi ne mai guba, yana da high solubility.

Ammonia ne da sinadaran Properties na su nuna ma sun fi mayar saboda da unshared electron biyu. Shi ne iya dauka kan wani proton, game da shi, ya kafa wani ammonium ion. The mai ruwa-ruwa bayani daga ammonia (da aka sani da ruwa ammonia) yana da dan kadan alkaline dauki. Samun ammonium salts da dauki tare da acid din da ya inganta ammonia. A sunadarai Properties na wannan fili ne irin wannan nucleophiles ko complexing.

A daya hannun farfado da kaddarorin ammonia da kuma mai rauni acid na iya maida martani tare da karafa, forming amides. Amides samu daga Alkali karafa kan daukan hotuna zuwa ammonia. Imides, nitrides kuma salts da dama karafa ake samu ta hanyar gudanar da da dauki a cikin ruwa ammonia. Nitrides shirya ta gasa da karfe a wani nitrogen yanayi.

A amides karfe hydroxides Properties bayyananne. A irin wannan Alkali amide-ammonia mafita na salts ne mai kyau conductors na wutar lantarki.

Ammonia sinadaran Properties lokacin da hulda da phenolphthalein farfado, canza launin tare da ja launi, Bugu da kari na acid da sakamakon a neutralization. dumama ammonia damar da shi don bayyana matsayin reductant. Shi ne iya ƙone a oxygen, sakamakon wani ruwa da nitrogen. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia a samu wani mai kara kuzari na platinum nitric oxide, wani samfurin ga masana'antu kira na nitric acid.

Rage ikon nitrogen amfani ga tsaftacewa karfe saman daga oxides a lokacin soldering. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia da sodium hypochlorite (wajibi gaban gelatin) hydrazine aka shirya. Reaction da halogens (chlorine, aidin) tsirarwa nakiyoyi.

Saboda haka, bayar da muhimmanci yana da masana'antu kira na ammonia. Halayen da shirye-shiryen yana da nau'i na hulda da nitrogen da hydrogen. Shi ne ake kira da minjun tsari. A sakamakon dauki exotherm ya auku da kuma rage girma. Sharadi gwargwado ga kira na ammonia ne low zafin jiki da kuma high matsa lamba.

La'akari da yawan amfanin ƙasa ammonia sinadaran Properties na wasu abubuwa yi aiki a matsayin catalysts ga wannan tsari. Su yi amfani da shi ne zai yiwu don hanzarta cimma ma'auni.