Haploid cell: halayyar, rarraba, haifuwa

Kwayar salloid din daya ce wanda tsakiya yake ƙunshe da guda ɗaya na chromosomes. Wannan ƙwararru ne mai mahimmanci - wato, ƙwayoyin da aka tsara domin haifuwa. Yawancin kwayoyin prokaryotic sun mallaki kwararrun chromosomes. Somatic Kwayoyin na eukaryotes (kõme ba fãce jima'i) - diploid shuke-shuke iya zama polyploid.

Tsarin kwayar prokaryotic

Prokaryotes ne kwayoyin, kunsha na sel guda, a cikin abin da ba core. Wadannan sun haɗa da kwayoyin kawai. Yawancin su suna da guda ɗaya na chromosomes.

Tsarin kwayoyin jikinsu ya bambanta daga eukaryotic domin ba shi da wasu kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, ba su da mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi na'ura, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum. Duk da haka, kamar yadda wani eukaryotic, prokaryotic haploid cell yana da jini membrane kunshi sunadaran da phospholipids. Ribosomes, wanda ke shiga cikin samar da sunadarai; cell bango, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta aka gina na murein. Har ila yau, a cikin tsarin tantanin tantanin halitta zai iya zama capsule, wanda ya hada da abubuwa kamar sunadaran da glucose. Kullimarsu suna yaduwa a cikin cytoplasm, basu da kariya ta tsakiya ko wani tsari. Yawancin lokaci, kayan kwayoyin cutar kwayoyin halitta ne kawai suke wakiltar su guda ɗaya ne, wanda aka rubuta bayanan game da sunadarin sunadarai wanda dole ne a samar da su. Hanyar haifuwa daga irin wadannan kwayoyin halitta mai sauƙi ne na sassan salloid. Wannan yana ba su damar ƙara yawan lambobi a cikin gajeren lokaci.

Sel na eukaryotes wanda ke da guda ɗaya na chromosomes

A cikin irin wadannan kwayoyin halitta, nau'in halayyar haɓaka yana dauke da sel da ake kira jigilar. Za su iya zama daban-daban daga damuwa. Sake haifar da kwayoyin halittu suna yin jima'i, kuma sabon kwayoyin zai iya farawa ne kawai idan aka ba da jigilar abu guda biyu, wanda aka hada da mutane daban-daban na jinsi guda.

An kafa shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da kwayoyin Halloid guda biyu da ake kira zygote, yana da tayi guda biyu na chromosomes. Duk da cewa kwayoyin jima'i sun bambanta da wadanda suka shafi diplomasiyya, har yanzu suna iya samun wasu abubuwan da ke ciki a cikin eukaryotes.

Gametes na dabbobi

Kwayoyin jima'i na kwayoyin da ke cikin wannan mulkin ana kiran su spermatozoa da ovules. Na farko ana haifar da jikin mutum, na biyu - mata. Ana samar da kwayoyin nama a cikin ovaries, kuma ana samar da spermatozoa a cikin kwayoyin. Dukansu su ne ƙwayoyin salloid na musamman waɗanda suke da ayyuka daban-daban.

Tsarin qwai

Kwayoyin jima'i sun fi girma fiye da jima'i jima'i. Su ne marasa motsi. Babban aikin su shine samar da zygote a karo na farko tare da abubuwan gina jiki wajibi ne don rarraba. Yaro ya ƙunshi cytoplasm, membrane, gelatinous harsashi, wani jiki polar da kuma tsakiya da wanda chromosomes dauke da asarar bayanai an located. Har ila yau, a cikin tsarin akwai matakan cortical, wanda ke dauke da enzymes wanda ya hana sauran spermatozoa daga shiga cikin tantanin halitta bayan hadi, in ba haka ba za'a iya samar da zygote polyploid (tare da sau uku ko fiye da chromosome), wanda zai haifar da wasu canje-canje.

Yawan tsuntsaye kuma ana iya la'akari da kwai, amma ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu yawa, don haka sun isa ga cikakken ci gaba na amfrayo. Kwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar dabbobi ta dabbobi ba ta ƙunshe da mahadiyar kwayoyin halittu ba, domin a baya daga cikin matakai na tayi ciki a cikin mahaifa, ya karbi duk abin da yake bukata daga jikin mahaifiyarsa.

A game da tsuntsaye, wannan ba zai faru ba, don haka dukkanin kayan abinci dole ne a fara a cikin kwai. Yawan kuma yana da tsari mai mahimmanci. A saman jikin jakar kwai da kuma gashin gashin haya, an rufe shi da harsashi wanda ke aiki da kariya, kuma ɗakin iska yana cikin tsarin, wanda ya zama dole don samar da oxygen ga amfrayo.

Tsarin spermatozoa

Har ila yau, dangin salloid ne, wanda ake nufi don haifuwa. Babban aikinsa shi ne adanawa da kuma sauya kayan kayan kare iyaye. Wannan salon salula ne mai tafiye-tafiye, yana da ƙananan ƙananan girma fiye da ovum, saboda gaskiyar cewa ba ya ƙunshi abubuwan gina jiki.

Spermatozoon ya ƙunshi sassa masu yawa: wutsiya, kai da matsakaici tsakanin su. Wutsiya (flagella) ta ƙunshi microtubules - sassan gina daga sunadaran. Godiya gareshi, sperm zai iya motsawa zuwa burinsa - kwai, wanda dole ne ya haifar.

Tsakanin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin kai da wutsiya sun haɗa da mitochondria, wanda ke kewaye da tsakiyar sashin flagellum, da kuma biyu daga tsakiya wanda ke kwance kwance ɗaya da juna.

Na farko shine kwayoyin, wanda ke samar da makamashi wanda ake buƙatar don motsawa. A saman spermatozoon shine tsakiya, wanda yana da jerin ƙarancin chromosomes (23 a cikin mutane). A waje na wannan ɓangaren na kwayar cutar namiji yana da amfani. A gaskiya ma, an canza shi sauƙi, ƙara lysosome. Yana dauke da enzymes da suka wajaba don maniyyi ta soke wasu daga cikin bakunan da ke cikin ƙwai da takin. Bayan jima'i namiji ya hadu da mace, an kafa wani zygote, wanda yana da tsarin diploid na chromosomes (46 cikin mutum). Ya riga ya iya raba, daga ciki an kafa wani ƙwayar cuta.

Haploid kwayoyin tsire-tsire

Kwayoyin wannan "mulkin" suna samar da jinsin jima'i irin wannan. Ana kiran mata mata ovules, da kuma kwayoyin jini na mutum. Na farko suna cikin pestle, kuma na biyu - a cikin stamens, a cikin pollen. Lokacin da ya fadi a jikin kututture, hadi ya faru, sannan kuma 'ya'yan itace tare da tsaba an kafa a ciki.

A cikin ƙananan tsire-tsire (spore) - mosses, ferns - sauyewar tsararraki ana kiyaye. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya sake yin nazarin shekaru (spores) da sauran jima'i. An kira tsohon sunan sporophyte, kuma na biyu ana kiranta gametophyte. A ferns, sporophyte itace tsire-tsire tare da manyan ganye, kuma gametophyte wani tsari ne mai sauki a cikin zuciya, kuma an kafa kwayoyin jima'i akan shi.