Hanyar domin samar da karafa. Iri gami. Shiri na Alkali karafa

Mutumin zamani a rayuwar yau da kullum da aka kewaye da wani iri-iri na karafa. Mai abubuwa da cewa mu yi amfani da, wadannan sunadarai su ba. Yana duk ya faru, saboda mutane sun samu hanyoyi daban-daban, don samar da karfe.

Mene ne wani karfe

Wadannan m abubuwa ga mutane tsunduma a inorganic sunadarai. Samun karafa damar da mutum zuwa ga haifar da wani karin cikakken dabara, inganta rayuwar mu. Me suka wakilta? Kafin mu yi la'akari da na kowa hanyoyin samar da karafa, shi wajibi ne su fahimci abin da suke su ne. Metals ne a rukuni na sinadaran abubuwa a cikin nau'i na sauki abubuwa da ciwon halayyar Properties:

• thermal da lantarki watsin.

• high ductility.

• shine.

Wani mutum ya iya bambance su daga sauran abubuwa. A halayyar alama na duk karafa ne kasancewar wani musamman haske. Ya zo daga tunani na haske haskoki fadowa a kan surface kada ku miss su. Sheki - shi ne na kowa dukiya dukkan karafa, amma shi ne mafi fili bayyana a azurfa.

Yau, masana kimiyya ya gano na 96 na wadannan sinadaran abubuwa, ko da yake ba dukkan su suna gane ta hukuma kimiyya. Sun kasu kashi kungiyoyin dangane da muhimmi halayyar Properties. Kamar wancan karafa ne da wadannan:

• alkaline - 6;

• alkaline - 6;

• mika mulki - 38;

• Hur - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

da samun karafa

Domin ƙirƙira gami dole ne farko sami karfe daga halitta tama. Native abubuwa - Waɗannan su ne abubuwa da ake samu a cikin yanayi a free jihar. Wadannan sun hada da platinum, da zinariya, da kuza, da Mercury. Sun rabu da impurities mechanically ko da sinadaran reagents.

Sauran karafa ake cirewa da magani tare da mahadi. An same su a cikin daban-daban ma'adanai. Ore - wannan ma'adanai ne da duwatsu, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mahadi a matsayin oxides, carbonates, ko sulfides. Domin su samar da amfani da sinadaran magani.

Hanyar domin samun karafa:

• dawo da carbon oxides.

• tin daga tin karɓa a dutse.

• samar da Cast baƙin ƙarfe daga tama .

• kona sulfur mahadi a musamman Tanderu.

Don sauƙaƙe samun karafa daga tama kankara suna kara da cewa su daban-daban abubuwa kira fluxes. Suna taimaka cire maras so impurities kamar yumɓu ne, farar ƙasa, yashi. A sakamakon wannan tsari samar fusible mahadi kira slag.

A gaban gagarumin yawa na impurities kafin karfe tama smelting wadãtar da kau da wani babban rabo daga ba dole ba gyara. A mafi yadu amfani da hanyoyin da wannan magani - flotation, Magnetic da gravitational Hanyar.

Alkali karafa

Mass samun Alkali karfe - wani hadadden tsari. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa an same su a cikin yanayi ne kawai a cikin nau'i na sinadaran mahadi. Tun da aka rage jamiái, su shiri tare da high makamashi ta halin kaka. Akwai hanyoyi da dama na samun Alkali karafa:

• Li za a iya shirya daga ta oxide a vacuo ko ta narke electrolysis ta chloride kafa a lokacin sarrafa spodumene.

• sodium cirewa da ƙõnuwa da kwal ash a hatimce crucibles ko chloride electrolysis na narke tare da Bugu da kari na alli. Na farko hanya ne mafi lokaci-cinyewa.

• Potassium samu narke electrolysis ko ta salts, sodium tururi wucewa ta hanyar da chloride. Har ila yau shi ne kafa ta maida martani ta zubi, potassium hydroxide da ruwa sodium a zazzabi na 440 ° C.

• Cesium da rubidium cirewa ta tanadi da alli chloride a 700-800 ° C ko zirconium a 650 ° C. Shiri na Alkali karfe a cikin wannan hanya ne sosai makamashi m, kuma m.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin karafa da kuma gami

A ka'ida, bayyananne iyaka tsakanin karafa da su gami kusan wadanda ba babu, tun ma mafi tsarki, sauki abubuwa ne mai sulusi da murabba'i na impurities. Saboda haka abin da ke bambanci tsakanin su? Kusan duk karafa amfani da masana'antu da kuma a sauran rassan da tattalin arziki, da ake amfani a cikin nau'i na gami samu ta hanyar kara purposefully zuwa babban sinadari sauran gyara.

gami

Technology bukatar wani iri-iri daga karfe kayan. A wannan yanayin, m sinadaran abubuwa ba su kusan amfani saboda ba su da zama dole Properties ga mutane. Domin su bukatun mun ƙirƙira hanyoyi daban-daban domin samar da gami. Wannan kalma tana nufin wani macroscopically da rarrabuwa abu, wanda kunshi biyu ko fiye da sinadaran abubuwa. Cikinsa da ƙarfe aka gyara su ne marinjãya a cikin gami. Wannan abu na da tsarin. A gami bambanta da wadannan aka gyara:

• kafuwar, kunsha daya ko fiye da karafa.

• kananan tarawa na gyaggyarawa da alloying abubuwa.

• undeleted impurities (tsari, halitta, bazuwar).

Wannan ƙarfe gami ne babban tsarin kasa. A fasahar, akwai fiye da 5,000.

irin gami

Duk da wannan dama gami, mafi yawan mutane wasa darajar ga waɗanda wadda ake bisa baƙin ƙarfe da aluminum. Sũ ne waɗanda suka suna mafi sau da yawa samu a rayuwar yau da kullum. Iri gami ne daban-daban. Haka kuma, sun kasu bisa ga dama sharudda. Tun da akwai hanyoyi daban-daban domin samar da gami. A cewar wannan rarrabẽwa, sun kasu kashi:

• gami, wanda ake samu ta hanyar crystallization na narke blended aka gyara.

• Foda, ta hanyar amfani da matsawa daga cikin cakuda powders da kuma m sintering a high zazzabi. Kuma sau da yawa aka gyara na wannan gami ba kawai sauki sinadaran abubuwa, amma su daban-daban mahadi kamar carbides na titanium ko tungsten gami a cikin m. Ƙara su a cikin daban-daban yawa canza Properties na ƙarfe kayan.

Hanyar da shiri na gami a cikin wani nau'i na ƙãre labarin ko workpiece an rabu zuwa cikin:

• Fitar (silumin, jefa baƙin ƙarfe).

• deformable (karfe).

• foda (titanium tungsten).

iri gami

Hanyar domin samar da karafa ne daban-daban, kuma ta haka ne kerarre anta musu kayan da daban-daban Properties. A m jihar gami su ne:

• rarrabuwa (uniform), kunsha na lu'ulu'u da irin. Suna sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin single-lokaci.

• iri-irin (iri-irin), kira a matsayin Multi-lokaci. Idan an samu a cikin sansanin na gami da aka dauka a matsayin wani m bayani (matrix lokaci). Abun da ke ciki iri-irin abubuwa na irin wannan ya dogara da abun da ke ciki na ta sinadaran abubuwa. Irin wannan gami iya hada wadannan aka gyara: interstitial da substitutional m mafita, sinadaran mahadi (carbides, intermetallic mahadi, nitrides), crystallites na sauki abubuwa.

gami Properties

Ko da kuwa abin da hanyoyin samar da karafa da kuma gami da ake amfani da shi, dũkiyõyinsu suna gaba daya ƙaddara da crystal tsarin da manzilõli, kuma microstructure na wadannan kayan. Kowace daga cikinsu ne daban-daban. A macroscopic kaddarorin gami dogara a kan su microstructure. Waɗancan sunã a cikin wani hali bambanta da su lokaci halaye dogara kawai a kan crystal tsarin da kayan. Macroscopic homogeneity na iri-irin (multiphase) gami samu ta hanyar uniform rarraba manzilõli, a da karfe matrix.

A mafi muhimmanci Properties daga cikin gami da aka dauke su weldability. In ba haka ba, su ne m karafa. Saboda haka, gami da thermal da lantarki watsin, ductility da reflectivity (mai sheki).

iri gami

Hanyoyi daban-daban domin samar da gami sun yarda da wani mutum ya ƙirƙiri manyan yawan ƙarfe kayan da ciwon daban-daban dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye. Bisa ga manufar da suka kasu kashi da wadannan kungiyoyin:

• Tsarin (karfe, duralumin, da baƙin ƙarfe). Wannan kungiyar hada da, gami da musamman Properties. Saboda haka suka zama sunã sãɓãwa faruwa hadari ko anti-gogayya Properties. Wadannan sun hada da tagulla, da na tagulla.

• Don cika bearings (babbitt).

• Domin lantarki da kuma dumama aunawa kayan aiki (nichrome, manganin).

• Domin samar da yankan kayayyakin aiki, (lashe).

A samar da mutanen da amfani da sauran iri ƙarfe kayan kamar low-narkewa, zafi-resistant, lalata-resistant da amorphous gami. Har ila yau, an yadu amfani da maganadiso da thermoelectrics (teluridy selenide da bismuth, gubar, antimony da sauransu).

ferroalloy

Kusan dukkan smelleded baƙin ƙarfe a duniya ne zuwa ga samar da sauki da kuma gami steels. Haka kuma an yi amfani da a samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe. baƙin ƙarfe gami tsiwirwirinsu da shahararsa saboda gaskiyar cewa mallaka m Properties ga mutane. Su da aka samu ta ƙara zuwa sauki sinadari na daban-daban aka gyara. Saboda haka, duk da cewa daban-daban na baƙin ƙarfe gami kerarre a kan tushen da guda abu, steels da simintin mari da daban-daban Properties. Saboda wannan su ne daban-daban duniyoyin na aikace-aikace. Mai steels wuya fiye da baƙin ƙarfe. Hanyoyi daban-daban domin shirya wadannan karafa da damar zuwa samu daban-daban maki (sa) na wadannan baƙin ƙarfe gami.

Inganta Properties daga cikin gami

Ta hanyar alloying karafa da kuma wasu sauran abubuwa zai iya samun kayan tare da ingantattun halaye. Alal misali, yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi daga m aluminum ne 35 MPa. A cikin shirye-shiryen na karfe gami da jan karfe (1.6%), Zn (5.6%), magnesium (2.5%) cikin index ya wuce 500 MPa.

Saboda fili daban-daban rabo daga daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa za a iya samu ƙarfe kayan da ingantattun Magnetic, thermal ko lantarki Properties. Babban rawa a wannan tsari ne gami tsarin wakiltar wani rarraba ta lu'ulu'u da irin shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.

Karfe da na baƙin ƙarfe

Wadannan gami ake samar da mahadi baƙin ƙarfe da carbon (2%). A samar da alloyed kayan kara musu wata nickel, chromium, vanadium. All daga cikin saba iri karfe ne zuwa kashi:

• low carbon (0.25% carbon) amfani ga yi na daban-daban constructions.

• high carbon (fiye da 0,55%) ne aka yi nufi ga samar da yankan kayan aikin.

Daban-daban brands na gami steels ana amfani da inji aikin injiniya, da kuma sauran kayayyakin.

wani gami da na baƙin ƙarfe tare da carbon, wanda shine kashi na 2-4% da aka kira alade baƙin ƙarfe. A abun da ke ciki na wannan abu ya hada da silicon. Na daban-daban Cast baƙin ƙarfe kayayyakin da ciwon kyau inji Properties.

Non-ferrous karafa

Bugu da kari ga baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma sauran abubuwa amfani dasu don yin wani iri-iri daga karfe kayan. A sakamakon su mahadi ba ferrous gami. A rayuwa, mutane sun samu mafi girma aikace-aikace kayan a kan tushen da:

• Copper, tagulla kira. Sun ƙunshi 5-45% tutiya. Idan abun ciki shi ne 5-20%, da tagulla kira ja, kuma idan 20-36% - rawaya. Akwai jan gami da silicon, tin, beryllium, aluminum. Su kira bronzes. Akwai da dama iri na wadannan gami.

• shiryadda wakiltar wani al'ada solder (tretnik). A wannan gami, to 1 part da sinadaran pripadaet 2 sassa tin. A samar da bearings amfani babbitt wanda shi ne wani gami da gubar, da kuza, da kuma arsenic antimony.

• aluminum, titanium, magnesium da beryllium, waxanda suke da hur ba ferrous gami da ciwon high ƙarfi da kyau kwarai inji Properties.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Babban hanyoyin da samun karafa da kuma gami:

• foundry a da solidification na kama cakuda na daban-daban na zubi aka gyara. Domin gami amfani pyrometallurgical hanyoyin samun da electrometallurgical karafa. A farko embodiment da ake amfani da su zafi raw thermal makamashi sakamakon a lokacin konewa tsari. Samu ta hanyar pyrometallurgical karfe a bude-hearth Tanderu, da baƙin ƙarfe, a fashewar Tanderu. Lokacin da electrometallurgical aiwatar feedstock ne mai tsanani a cikin wutar lantarki baka ko shigar da Tanderu. A wannan yanayin, da albarkatun kasa rasslavlyaetsya sosai da sauri.

• Foda, cikinsa da powders na da aka gyara amfani ga samar da wani gami. Saboda latsa su ba wani siffar, sa'an nan sintered a musamman Tanderu.