Hada ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow: da farko, saukarwa, da kammala

A key da tarihin Rasha ƙungiyar na ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ya fara a farkon shekaru na XIV karni da kuma ƙare a nuna na XV-XVI ƙarni. A wannan lokacin da tsohon mulkin gargajiya domin da akwai wani iko Karkasa jihar kasance halakakku.

Cibiyar na karamin sarauta

Na dogon lokaci Moscow ya ganuwa sansanin soja a kan Vladimir-Suzdal a arewa-maso-gabas na Rasha. Wannan karamin gari ne ba daban-daban arziki da siyasa da muhimmanci. Own Prince bayyana a can a 1263. Suka zama Daniil Aleksandrovich - dan sanannen Aleksandra Nevskogo. Kamar yadda ƙaramin ɗan Prince, ya kasance cikin mafi talauci da kankanin gādo.

Jim kadan kafin a Rasha tsira da Tatar-Mongol mamayewa. Halakar da abokin sojojin kasar biya haraji ga Golden taro. Khan shigar da m sarkin Vladimir birni m. Dukan 'yan'uwansa Rurik, wanda aka gudanar gādo, da yi masa biyayya. A lokaci guda Vladimir kursiyin shige lakabin Khan a kan whim. Gādo ba hadu da manufa na wani hali na da daular mulkinsu, a lokacin da dan samu mahaifinsa sunayen sarauta.

Kamar yadda wani m farkon, ƙasar da bunqasar a kusa da birnin Moscow kawo ƙarshen wannan rikice, amma har da Muscovite sarakuna sun rauni, kuma bai yi gagarumin albarkatun, suka yi daidaita da sauran m shugabanni. Daniel goyon daya ko wasu mazan 'yan'uwansa (Andarawas da Dmitry) suka yi yaƙi domin kursiyin Vladimir.

Da farko Moscow siyasa nasarorin sun faru da farin ciki daidaituwa. A 1302, ya mutu bai bar dan Daniila Ivan Dmitrievich, waɗanda suke ɗauke da lakabi na Prince of Pereslavl-Zaleski. Saboda haka kananan mulkin gargajiya kyauta ya kusa garin da kuma juya a cikin wani matsakaici lyãyengiji. Wannan shi ne farkon da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. Duk da haka, Daniel basu da lokaci don amfani da su sabon matsayi. Moscow ta farko mulkin gargajiya sarkin ya mutu a 1304.

A gwagwarmayar Vladimir

Uban wuri da aka dauka ta hanyar Yuriy Daniilovich, wanda ya yi mulki a 1303-1325 gg. Ya farko ya koma sarauta Mozhaisk, ajiye mai shi daga cikin kankanin makwabta da gādo a kurkuku. Saboda haka Moscow ya sanya wasu muhimman matakai domin fara wani misãli ba tare da most siyasa karfi a Arewa-Eastern Rasha - Tver. A 1305, ta Prince Michael samu daga Khan gajerar hanya a kan Vladimir kursiyin.

Yana da jũna da cewa Moscow da wani damar doke da ya aukaka kuma ya fi girma abokan adawar. Duk da haka, da rudanin shi ne cewa a lokacin wannan lokaci na Rasha tarihi, ba duk warware ta karfi da makamai. Hada ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ya faru godiya ga wayo da fasaha na ta shugabanni kamar Tatars.

Taro ya Prince Vladimir, wanda yake da damar da za su biya more. A kudi halin da ake ciki na Tver ya markedly mafi alhẽri daga wannan Moscow. Duk da haka, shiryar da Khans kuma wani mulki. Yana za a iya bayyana a matsayin "rabawa da nasara". Leveraging daya sarauta, Tatars kokarin ba to ba shi da yawa, kamar yadda idan makoma aka zama ma iko, baskaks rahama za a iya maye gurbinsu da fushi.

Moscow da Tver

Bayan rasa to Michael a 1305 a cikin diplomasiyya katari, Yuri bai kwantar da hankali. Da farko ya arko yakin basasa, sa'an nan, a lokacin da ta je wa kome gubar, ya fara jira don a samu daman dũka a makiya suna. Irin wannan yiwuwar ne jinkirin zuwa 'yan shekaru. A 1313 Khan Tokhta ya rasu, sai wuri da aka dauka ta Uzbek. Michael ya je taro kuma a samu tabbaci daga cikin Grand lakabin. Duk da haka, Yuri gaba da shi.

Da zarar in Uzbek kafin ya abokin gaba, sarkin Moscow yi dukan abin da samun da amana da kuma ni'imar da sabon Khan. Don yin wannan, Yuri aure 'yar'uwar Tatar m Konchak, tuba zuwa ga Orthodoxy kuma samu a baftisma da sunan Agafia. Har ila yau, babban abokin hamayyarsa Michael gudanar ya gama da wani alaqa da Novgorod jamhuriyar. Mutanen kauyen sun ji tsoro na Azĩzu na Tver, wanda ƙasashe suna kan iyakoki.

Auren, Yuri tafi gida. Ya aka tare da wani Tatar bafadan Kavgady. Michael, shan amfani da gaskiyar cewa taro tsaya raba sansanin, sun kai hari da abokin gaba. Prince of Moscow aka ci sake da roƙe duniya. Abokan adawar amince da su je cikin Khan zuwa kotu. A wannan lokaci na Michael fara thicken girgije. A nasara, sai ya kama Konchak. An located a cikin Prince of Tver Yuri sansanin mata da kuma 'yar'uwar Uzbek mutu domin m dalilai.

Tashin hankalin ya zama wani sauyi a rikici. Yuri calmly dauki lamarin. Ya koma ga Uzbeks, sa Michael a idanunsa Konchakov Executioner. Kavgady, ko bribed, ko kuma kawai ba na son Michael, da kuma kushe shi. Ba da da ewa Tver prince isa Khan ta kotu. Ya aka kwace na tag kuma gilla kashe. m Vladimir suna wuce zuwa Yuri. A farkon da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ya ƙare, kuma a yanzu da Moscow shugabanni ya zama dole a ci gaba da samu iko a hannunsu.

cigaba Kalita

A 1325 Yuriy Daniilovich sake zo da taro, inda ya aka hacked zuwa mutuwa ɗan Maikel na Tver, Dmitry Black Eyes, saka da mutuwar mahaifinsa. Ikon a Moscow nasara da kane marigayin Ivan Kalita. Ya aka san shi da ikon aikatãwa kuma ci gaba da kudi. Ba kamar da wanda ya riga, da sabon mulkin da aiki matsa a hankali da kuma ci makiya mafi wayo fiye da wayo.

Bayan rasuwar Yuri Uzbek, ta amfani da mai tabbatar da dabarun, sai ya ciyar castling. Babban Rasha sarauta ya ba da sababbin shugabannin Tveri Aleksandru Mihaylovichu. Yana da jũna cewa Ivan Danilovich aka bar kome, amma irin wannan ra'ayi kan Sahaban juya a kira su m. Fada Tver bai ƙare, shi ne kawai farkon. Hada ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ci gaba bayan wani m bi da bi tarihi.

A 1327 Tver maras wata-wata anti-Tatar tawaye ya barke. Mazauna birnin, gaji na wuce kima levies baki kashe karɓar haraji. Alexander bai shirya wannan wasan kwaikwayon, duk da haka, ba shi goyon baya da kuma ƙarshe haifar da zanga-zanga na talakawansa. Tsananin sauti Uzbek umurci Kalita azabta m. Tverskaya ƙasar da aka lalace. Ivan Danilovich kõma Vladimir, kuma tun sa'an nan, da sarakunan Moscow, fãce sosai short jinkiri ba rasa daga hannun m babban birnin kasar na Arewa maso gabas Rasha.

Ivan Kalita, wanda ya yi mulki har 1340, kuma kara da cewa zuwa ga Power (ko, a maimakon haka, ya sayi) irin wannan muhimmanci makwabta birane kamar yadda Uglich, Galich da Beloozero. Inda ya yi da kudi ga dukan waɗannan ganĩmõmi? Taro sanya Prince of Moscow na aikin da masu karɓar haraji daga ko'ina Rasha. Kalita da iko da sararin kudi gudana. Cikin hikima da kuma prudently manajan cikin taskar, ya ya iya gina wani tsarin a wadda zauna a Moscow, wani gagarumin rabo daga kudi tattara. Ya sarauta tsare fara inganta a kan bango na lagging a cikin kudi alheri daga cikin makwabta yankunan. Wannan shi ne mafi muhimmanci causal connection, bisa ga abin da akwai wani sauka a hankali daidaituwa na ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. Sword bada kugu jaka. A 1325, wani muhimmin taron da ya sa da daidaituwa da ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow, ya fara motsi zuwa wannan birni metropolitans, da dauke gidansa Vladimir.

sabon kalubale

Bayan Ivan Kalita daya bayan da wasu mulki ta hanyar 'ya'yansa biyu: Saminu (1341 - 1353) da kuma Ivan (1353 - 1359). A kan kusan shekaru ashirin da na Grand Duchy aka annexed wani ɓangare na Duchy Novosilsky (Zabereg) da kuma wasu wurare Ryazan (Vereya, kududdufi, Borovsk). Saminu biyar sau tafi zuwa ga taro, kokarin rukũ'i, kuma ya faranta da Tatars, amma shi ne ya zama wajibi su dõra a gida. A wannan Sahaban (da kuma bayan shi da kuma masana tarihi) ya kira shi da nuna alfahari. Lokacin da Saminu Ivanovich sauran kananan sarakuna na arewa maso gabashin Rasha ya fara da "podruchnik". Babban abokin hamayyarsa, Tver, ya mai da hankali da kuma bai kalubalanci. Yayin da Moscow.

Godiya ga mai kyau dangantakar da taro na kabilar Saminu, da makiyaya ba ta da Rus hare-hare. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda duk ba tare da togiya mulkoki ya tafi, ta hanyar wani harin. Shi ya zama m annoba da "Black Mutuwa", wanda aka bugãwa a lokaci guda kuma a cikin Tsohon World. Miki zo zuwa Rasha via Novgorod, wanda ya al'ada da yawa yammacin fatake. Mummunan cuta juya saba rayuwa, tsaya duk m zamantakewa da siyasa tafiyar matakai, ciki har da daidaituwa da ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. A takaice dai idan sani da sikelin da damuwa isa ya fahimci cewa shi ne ya fi muni fiye da wani daga cikin Tatar-Mongol mamayewa. Cities aka mutuwa da rabi, da yawa kauyuka aka yashe har karshe gidan. Ya mutu da annoba, da Saminu, da 'ya'yansa maza. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da kursiyin aka yi nasara da kane.

Ivan, wanda mulkinsa ya quite colorless, ya tuna a Rasha tarihi kawai domin ta kyakkyawa wanda ya sa aka yi wa lakabi Red. The kawai haskaka daga wannan lokaci za a iya daukan wani kyauta na Khan Moscow gwamnan da hakkin ya yi hukunci da sauran sarakuna. Hakika, da sabon hanya ya kawai kara ƙasar bunqasar a kusa da Moscow. Quick kamar yadda sarautar Ivan ya gama rasuwar at 31 shekara.

Biyu Moscow ta goyon bayan

Magājin Ivan Red ya ya matasa dan Dmitri, nan gaba lashe Tatar-Mongol sojojin a kan Kulikovo filin da immortalized sunansa. Duk da haka, na farko shekaru da ya maras sarautar sarkin ya a sosai yara. Yana kokarin dauki amfani da sauran Rurik, wanda ya yi maraba da damar da za su ko dai samun 'yancin kai ko kuma samun wata gajerar hanya a kan Vladimir. Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal nasara a karshen kamfanin. Bayan rasuwar Ivan da Red, ya tafi zuwa ga Khan babban birnin na Saraya, inda ya yi samun gajerar hanya zuwa sarauta a Vladimir.

Moscow a takaice rasa da m babban birnin kasar Rasha. Duk da haka, da situational hali sun ba su iya zuwa baya Trend. Fage daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow sun daban-daban: da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa. Lokacin da sarauta ya girma da kuma zama manyan iko, ta shugabanni sun karbi biyu muhimmanci goyon bayan, ba gwamnati damar ta wargaje. Wadannan dirkoki duka da aristocrats da coci.

Masu arziki da kuma ya zama wani hadari a Kalita Moscow janyo hankalin zuwa sabis na duk sabon boyars. Aiwatar da su sakamako a grand duchy ya sauka a hankali, amma incessant. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin da kursiyin qananan bayyana Dmitry kewaye da shi nan da nan kafa boyar majalisa, wadda za dauki tasiri da amfani mafita, ba ka damar ceton da wuya-samu kwanciyar hankali.

Aristocrat taimaka Orthodox Church. Sanadin ƙasar bunqasar a kusa da birnin Moscow shi ne don tallafa wa birni metropolitans. A 1354-1378 gg. shi ya Alexy (wadanda mutane Elevfery Byakont). A lokacin suna yara Dmitry Donskoy, Lardi da kuma shi ne a zahiri shine shugaban zartarwa da iko a Moscow sarauta. Wannan kuzari mutumin qaddamar da shiri na Kremlin. Alex ma tattare da rikici da taro.

Ayyukan Manzanni Dmitry Donskoy

Duk matakai na ƙasar bunqasar a kusa da birnin Moscow mallaki wasu halaye. A farko, sarakuna da ba sosai a siyasa yi kamar yadda intriganskimi hanyoyin. Wannan ya Yuri, wannan ya kasance, rabi da Ivan Kalita. Amma sũ ne suka iya sa da tushe domin jindadin Moscow. A lokacin da a 1367 ta fara da ainihin mulkin matasa Dmitry Donskoy, wanda godiya ga magabata, da dukan albarkatun gina wani hadade Rasha jihar takobi da kuma diflomasiyya.

Kamar yadda Muscovy girma a wannan lokaci? A 1360 ya aka a haɗe Dmitrov, a 1363 - a kan Klyazma da Starodub (riga tabbatacce), Vladimir, a 1368 - Rzhev. Duk da haka, da key taron na nan Rasha tarihi ya ba riko ga Moscow mulkoki, amma farkon an bude gwagwarmaya da Mongol-Tatar karkiya. Karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon da ta riba ba ta kai ga irin wannan eventuality.

Fage ƙasar bunqasar a kusa da birnin Moscow sun kammala a kalla a cikin al'umma ta na halitta so su zauna a cikin guda jihar. Wadannan bukatun (musamman talakawa mutane) da fuskantar da mulkin gargajiya domin. Duk da haka, suna wani wuri a cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai, kuma ya zo ga ƙarshe. Similar tafiyar matakai na bazuwar daga cikin mulkin gargajiya tsarin da wasu gaba da ya faru a Yammacin Turai, inda a jam'i na duchies da kuma kananan hukumomi don gina su kasa jiha.

Yanzu cewa aiwatar da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ya zama babu ja, wani sabon matsalar tashi: abin da ya yi tare da karkiya daga cikin taro? Haraji ga wani birki a kan ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma taka leda a saukar da mutuncin al'ummarta. Hakika, Dmitry Ivanovich, kamar da yawa daga cikin magabata mafarkin na da cikakken 'yancin kai na mahaifarsa. Bayan samun cikakken iko, ya hau kan wannan shirin.

Bayan yakin Kulikov

The dogon aiwatar da daidaituwa ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ba za a iya kammala ba tare da kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga Tatar-Mongol karkiya. Don gane da wannan kuma yanke shawarar ya lokaci don yin aiki. A rikici ya barke a tsakiyar 1370 ta. Prince of Moscow ki biya haraji Baskakov. Zolotaya Orda dauke da makamai. Gangarawa kafiri sojojin tsaya Temnik Mamay. Na tara shelves da Dmitry Donskoy. Ya aka taimaka da yawa shugabannin naúrar. The yaki tare da Tatars ne duk-Russian al'amarinsu. White hankãka, yanã bayyana kawai Ryazan sarkin, amma dakaru Don sun jimre ba tare da taimako.

21 ga watan Satumba, 1380 akwai wani yaƙi a kan Kulikovo filin, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan Martial events a ko'ina cikin kasar ta tarihi. Tatars suka ci. Bayan shekaru biyu, a taro da baya, har ma da kone Moscow. Duk da haka, an bude gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai fara. Yana ci gaba daidai shekaru 100.

Don mutu a 1389. A karshe mataki na mulkinsa, ya shiga cikin Grand Duchy na Meshchersky Edge Medyn da Ustyuzhna. Dan Dmitry Basil I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1389 - 1425 shekaru. Ya kammala da sha na Nizhny Novgorod sarauta. Har ila yau a lokacin da yake ƙungiya daga Moscow ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow da aka alama ta Bugu da kari na Moore da Tarusa via sayayya Khan ta lakabin. Prince of soja da karfi ya hana Novgorod Jamhuriyar Vologda. Matsayin gado daga Rostov Moscow a 1397 samu Ustyug. Fadada zuwa arewa ci gaba Bugu da kari na Torzhok da Bezhetsk Cuernavaca.

A kan gab da rugujewa

Lokacin da Basil II (1425 - 1462) Muscovy tsira da most yakin basasa a cikin tarihi. The hakkin encroached da istinbadi magajin nasa kawun Yuri Dmitrievich, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta ba a wuce daga uba zuwa ga dansa, da kuma bisa ga dogon-tsaye manufa na "ta hakkin yawan shekaru." Yakin basasa ƙwarai ragae da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. Brief sarautar Yuri ƙare tare da mutuwarsa. Sa'an nan da yaki shiga cikin 'ya'yan marigayin: Dmitri Shemyaka da Basil Diagon.

War sãɓã wa jũna musamman ferocity. Ina aka ta makantar da Basil II, da kuma daga baya a kan da ya yi umurni da guba Shemyaka. Saboda da sakamakon da zubar da jini a matsayin sakamakon baya matakai na daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow, zai nutse a cikin abu wulakantacce. Duk da haka, a 1453 Vasily II Dark ƙarshe ci duk abokan adawarsa. Gyara shi ba ya tsoma baki da ko da nasa makanta. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ikonsa ga Moscow sarauta da aka shiga Vychegodskaya Perm, Vologda da kuma wasu Romanov wuri.

Novgorod da Tver Accession

Mafi yawansu duk domin da sauyin da na Moscow sarakuna yi dan Basil II, Ivan III (1462-1505). Wasu masu tarihi la'akari da shi na farko duk-Russian m. Lokacin Ivan ya zo da iko, da most maƙwabcinsa ya Novgorod Jamhuriyar. Mazaunanta na dogon lokaci goyan bayan da Moscow sarakuna. Duk da haka, a cikin biyu da rabi na XV karni aristocratic da'irori Novgorod canja zuwa Lithuania, wanda aka dauke da babban counterweight zuwa Grand Duke. Kuma wannan ra'ayi ya ba groundless.

Grand Duchy na Lithuania mallaki ƙasa na zamani Belarus da kuma Ukraine. Yana mallakar jiha Kiev, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk da sauran manyan Rasha birane. Lokacin Ivan III lura hatsari a cikin ƙungiyar na Novgorod da kuma Lithuania, ya ayyana yaki kan Jamhuriyar. A 1478, rikicin da aka zaunar. Novgorod ƙasar gaba ɗaya shiga cikin Moscow State.

Sa'an nan ya zo da nuna daga cikin Tver sarauta. The sau a lõkacin da ta iya gasa a kan daidaita tare da Moscow, suna dogon tafi. Last Prince of Tver Mikhail Borisovich, kazalika da mutane na Novgorod, kokarin samar da wani ƙawance da Lithuania, sa'an nan Ivan III kwace iko da shiga Tver ga ikonsa. Wannan ya faru a 1485.

A dalilan da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ta'allaka ne da cewa karshe mataki na wannan tsari, Rasha karshe samu kawar da Mongol-Tatar karkiya. A 1480 Han Ahmat kokarin samun karshe Prince of Moscow ya sallama, kuma biya haraji a gare shi. Cikakken na yaki bai faru ba. Moscow da kuma Tatar sojojin tsaya a kan m bankunan na kogin Ugra, amma ba fuskanci a yaƙi. Achmat ya tafi, kuma nan da nan Zolotaya Orda m up cikin da dama ulus.

Bugu da kari ga Novgorod da Tver, Ivan III annexed zuwa Grand Duchy na Yaroslavl, Vaga, Vyatka da kuma Perm ƙasar, Vyazma da Ugra. Bayan da Rasha-Lithuanian War 1500 - 1503 gg. Moscow koma Bryansk, Toropets, Pochep, Starodub, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky da Putivl.

zama Rasha

Magajin Ivan III a kan kursiyin da na ɗansa, Vasily III (1505-1533 gg.). Lokacin da ta faru na ƙarshe na ƙasar bunqasar a kusa da Moscow. Basil ci gaba mahaifinsa aiki, abu na farko da karshe sanya wani bangare na iko Pskov. Wannan jamhuriyar tun karshen karni na XIV kasance a cikin wani talakansa Jihar Moscow. A 1510, Vasily kwace ta mulkin kai.

Wannan ya biyo ta karshe nuna na musamman Rasha sarauta. Ryazan ya dade mai zaman kanta kudancin makwabcin na Moscow. A 1402, tsakanin mulkokin an alliance cewa shi ne a tsakiyar XV karni ya hanya zuwa vassalage. A 1521, Ryazan zama dũkiyar Grand Duke. Kamar yadda Ivan III, Vasily III bai manta game da Lithuania, wanda mallakar da yawa 'yan qasar Rasha birni. A sakamakon biyu wars da cewa kasar yarima kara wa Power Smolensk, Velizh, Roslavl da Kursk.

By karshen uku na farko na XVI karni Moscow "tattara" duk da Rasha ƙasar, kuma haka kafa al'umma guda-jiha. Wannan hujja a yarda da dan Ivanu Groznomu Vasily III ya dauki sunan Sarkin Byzantine model. A 1547, ya kasance ba kawai wani babban shugaba na Moscow, da kuma Rasha Tsar.