Soviet Air Forces (VVS Tarayyar Soviet): tarihin Soviet soja jirgin sama

A tarihin Soviet soja jirgin sama ya fara a 1918. Soviet Air Force aka kafa a lokaci guda da sabuwar ƙasar sojojin. A 1918-1924 gg. suka kira da Ma'aikata 'da kuma manoma' Red rundunar motoci, a 1924-1946 gg. - Air Force Red Army. Sai da bayan yakin duniya na II akwai saba sunan da Tarayyar Soviet Air Force, wanda ya kasance har sai da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet jihar.

headwaters

A farko damuwa na Bolsheviks bayan zuwan to ikon zama wani jihadi tare da "fari". A yakin basasa da kuma unprecedented zubar da jini ba za a iya tilasta su yi ba tare da gina wani karfi da sojojin ruwa da iska karfi. Duk da yake jirage sun har yanzu curiosities, kuma su taro amfani fara da ɗan baya. Rasha Empire bar wata wasiyya da Soviet ikon guda division, wanda kunshi wani model da ake kira "Ilya Muromets". Wadannan C-22 zama tushen nan gaba cikin Soviet Air Force.

A 1918, akwai 38 squadrons, da kuma a 1920 da Air Force jiragen ruwa - riga 83. A fronts na yakin basasa da aka hannu kamar 350 da jirgin sama. Shugabannin na RSFSR aka har yanzu yin duk abin da ya ajiye da kuma overstate Ballooning sarauta al'adunmu. A farko Soviet jirgin sama kwamandan a manyan kasance Konstantin Akashev, wanda aka gudanar da wannan matsayi a 1919-1921.

symbolism

nan gaba da Tarayyar Soviet Air Force flag da aka soma a 1924 (a farko da aka dauke shi aerodrome tutar jirgin sama tsarin da kuma raka'a). Fage zane ya zama rana. A tsakiyar wani hoto na wani ja star, ciki shi - da guduma da lauje. Sa'an nan akwai sauran recognizable haruffa: azurfa tashin gwauron zabi fuka-fuki da propeller ruwan wukake.

Kamar yadda Tarayyar Soviet Air Force flag banner aka amince a 1967. Hoton ya zama musamman rare. Game da shi ba a manta ko da bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. A wannan batun, a cikin 2004 da muka samu a irin wannan flag na Rasha Federation Air Force. Da bambance-bambance ne qananan: iri na ja star, guduma da lauje, akwai anti-aircraft gun.

Development a 1920-1930-ies.

Kwamandojin na yakin basasa, ya shirya nan gaba sojojin na Tarayyar Soviet a cikin yanayi na hargitsi da rudani. Kawai bayan da shan kashi na "fari" motsi da halittar wani jiwuwa jihar wata damar fara wata al'ada reorganization na jirgin sama. A 1924, da Ma'aikata 'da kuma manoma' Red Air jiragen ruwa da aka sake masa suna cikin Air Force Red Army. Akwai wani sabon iska karfi management.

A wani raba sashen aka sake tsarafa kai harin, a karkashin abin da kafa mafi m a lokacin da legkobombardirovochnye Tã m rundujar soja masu dawaki. A cikin 1930s muhimmanci kara yawan mayakan da rabo da hankali, a maimakon haka, rage. Akwai farko multipurpose jirgin sama (kamar P-6 gina Andrei kirar Tupolev). Wadannan inji iya zama daidai da tasiri a matsayin harin, torpedo kai harin da kuma dogon zangon-rakiya jirgin saman soja.

A 1932, rundunar sojojin tarayyar Soviet samu sabon nau'in Airborne sojojin. A Airborne da nasa kai da kuma bincike kayan aiki. Bayan shekaru uku, duk da hadisin kafa a lokacin yakin basasa, sabon soja darajõji aka gabatar. Yanzu da matukan jirgin Air Force ta atomatik zama sanda. Ganuwar da 'yan qasar makarantu da kuma yawo makarantu, kowane barin tare da daraja na biyu leftana.

By 1933, sabon model jerin "I" (daga I-2 zuwa na-5) an ruwaito da Air Force da Tarayyar Soviet. Sun kasance sũ ne mayakan-biplanes, ɓullo Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Domin na farko shekaru goma sha biyar daga cikin Soviet rundunar soja jirgin sama kara a 2.5. A rabo na shigo da motoci da aka rage wa 'yan bisa dari.

Air Force hutu

A wannan a 1933 (bisa ga shawarar da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars) da aka kafa da Soviet Air Force Day. Kamar yadda festive kwanan wata a Sovnarkome zaba 18 na watan Agusta. Hukumance, ranar da aka ƙare ta zo daidai da ƙarshen shekara-shekara bazara horo. By al'ada, biki ya zama a hade tare da daban-daban gasa da kuma gasa a kan m na pilotage, dabara da kuma wuta da horo, da kuma sauransu. D.

Rãnar da Air Force na Tarayyar Soviet da aka amfani da su inganta yakin da kuma soja jirgin sama tsakanin Soviet proletarian talakawa. A bikin a kan lokaci na cika shekaru ya samu halartar wakilan masana'antu, Osoaviahima da kuma Civil Air jiragen ruwa. The Cibiyar ta shekara-shekara hutu ne Tsakiya Airfield mai suna bayan Mikhail Frunze a Moscow.

The sosai farko taron ja hankalin masu ba kawai kwararru da kuma mazauna babban birnin kasar, amma kuma da yawa baƙi zuwa birni, kazalika da hukuma wakilan kasashen waje jihohi. Holiday ba zai iya yi ba tare da sa hannu na Iosifa Stalina, mambobi na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU (b) da kuma gwamnati.

sake canji

A 1939, da Soviet Air Forces tsira wani reformatting. Tsoffin birged kungiyar da aka maye gurbinsu da wani karin zamani rundunar da regimental. Ta hanyar gyare-gyare, da Soviet soja jagorancin so kara da tasiri na jirgin sama. Bayan canji, wani sabon Force asali dabara naúrar - rajimanti (shi kunshi 5 rundujar soja masu dawaki, wanda a total ne daga 40 zuwa 60 jirgin sama).

A kan Hauwa'u na Great Patriotic War, da rabo daga hari, kuma m jirgin sama ya 51% na jimlar rundunar motoci. Har ila yau, wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet Air Force hada da jirgin saman soja, kuma m sadarwa. A kasar shi sarrafa 18 makarantu a cikin ganuwar cewa shirya sabon ma'aikatan domin Soviet soja jirgin sama. Koyar da hanyoyin da ake hankali sabunta hanyoyin. Ko da yake a farko da daidaito Soviet ma'aikata (matukan jirgin, navigators, fasaha, da sauransu. D.) Behind daidai adadi a jari hujja kasashe, shekara bayan shekara, cewa rata aka zama kasa muhimmanci.

The Spanish kwarewa

A karo na farko bayan wani dogon hutu, da Soviet Air Force jirage da aka gwada a cikin fama a lokacin Spanish yakin basasa, wanda ya fara a 1936. Tarayyar Soviet goyon m "bar" gwamnati, suka yi yaƙi da Nationalists. Daga Tarayyar Soviet ya tafi Spain, ba kawai kayan aikin soji, amma kuma aikin sa kai matuka. Shi ne mafi kyau ga nuna kansu I-16, wanda ya iya nuna kansu fiye da yadda ya kamata fiye da ya yi da Luftwaffe jirage.

An kwarewa cewa samu Soviet matukan jirgi a Spain, ya tabbatar da invaluable. Mutane da yawa darussan da aka koya ba wai kawai kibau, amma m bincike. Dawo daga Spain, masana sun ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin sabis, don farkon mai girma Patriotic War, da yawa daga cikinsu suka zama colonels da generals. By lokacin da wani kasashen waje yaƙi ya zo daidai da girka babbar Stalinist purges a cikin sojojin. Danniya shãfe da kuma jirgin sama. NKVD samu kawar da yawa daga mutanen da suka yi yaƙi da more "fari".

Great Patriotic War

Da rikice-rikice na cikin 1930s nuna cewa Soviet Air Force a wata hanya ba, baya zuwa Turai. Duk da haka, gabatowa duniya yaki da wani mataki makamai tseren fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a Old World. Well-kafa a Spain, na-153 da kuma na-15 a lokacin da Jamus hari a kan Tarayyar Soviet ya riga ya zama wanda aka rabu amfani. A farkon na Great Patriotic War a general wani bala'i ga Soviet Air Force. maƙiyi sojojin mamaye kasar abke, saboda wannan kwatsam yi tsiwirwirinsu wani gagarumin amfani. Soviet hadahada a yammacin kan iyakoki da aka hõre yankunan da bombardment. A farko hours na yaki halakar da wata babbar dama da sabon jirgin sama, da kuma ba su gudanar ya bar su hangars (bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, da adadi shi ne game da 2 dubu).

Kwashe Soviet masana'antu da su warware da dama matsaloli a lokaci daya. Na farko, da Soviet Air Force bukatar sauri da Make Up for hasarori, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa a gabatar da wani daidai yaki. Na biyu, a ko'ina cikin yaki da designers ci gaba da yi cikakken canje-canje ga sabon inji, haka amsawa ga fasaha kalubale na abokan gaba.

Mafi yawan wadanda m shekaru hudu Il-2 da kuma Yak-1 da aka saki. Wadannan biyu model tare lissafta game da rabi daga cikin gida da jirgin sama rundunar motoci. "Yak" Nasarar da aka saboda gaskiyar cewa jirgin ya tabbatar da wani m dandali ga mutane da yawa gyare-gyare da kuma inganta. The asali model, gabatar a 1940, modifies da dama sau. Soviet designers yi da mafi kyau ga "Yaqui" bai wanzuwa a cikin su ci gaba daga Jamus "Messerschmitt" (haka akwai Yak-3 da Yak-9).

By tsakiyar yaki a cikin iska, na kafa da parity, kuma daga baya Tarayyar Soviet jirgin sama da kuma fara Excel a duk makiya inji. Created da sauransu zama sanannen dan kunar bakin waken, ciki har da Tu-2 da kuma Pe-2. Red Star (fentin a kan fuselage da Tarayyar Soviet alamar / Air Force) ya ga German matukan jirgin, wata alama ce da hadari da kuma gabatowa nauyi yãƙi.

Yaki da Luftwaffe

A lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War ya canza ba kawai wurin shakatawa, amma kuma tsarin siga na Air Force. A cikin bazara na shekarar 1942, akwai wani dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama. Wannan fili, to ku yi ɗã'ã ga umurnin koli, taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin da sauran yaki shekaru. Tare da shi ya fara samar da iska sojojin. Wadannan sun hada da samuwar dukan gaban jirgin sama.

A gagarumin yawan albarkatun kashe a cikin ci gaban kayayyakin gyara. New shagunan da aka sauri gyara da kuma koma zuwa yaƙin lalace jirgin sama. Soviet filin gyara cibiyar sadarwa ya zama daya daga cikin mafi tasiri a cikin dukan irin wannan tsarin da suka taso a lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu.

Key iska fadace-fadace don tarayyar soviet suka fara zuwa iska karo a lokacin yakin Moscow, Stalingrad da Kursk. Nuni Figures: a 1941 na game da 400 da jirgin sama halarci a cikin yãƙi, a 1943 wannan adadi ya girma ga dama dubu, da karshen yaki a tsakiya game da 7.500 motoci a Berlin sama. Rundunar girma a wani har abada kara kudi. A lokacin da yaki masana'antu da Tarayyar Soviet sojojin da aka samar game da 17 000 da jirgin sama, da jirgin makarantu horar 44.000 matukan jirgi (ya mutu 27 000). Tatsũniyõyi ne na Great Patriotic War fara Ivan Kozhedub (lashe 62 nasarori) da kuma Alexander Pokryshkin (misãlansa 59 wins).

sabon kalubale

A shekarar 1946, jim kadan bayan da yaki tare da na uku Reich, da Air Force na Red Army da aka sake masa suna cikin Soviet Air Forces. Tsarin kungiya canje-canje sun shafi ba kawai da jirgin sama, amma kuma dukan tsaron kansu. Ko da yake yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare, duniya na ci gaba da zama a karkashin danniya. Yana fara wani sabon adawa - wannan lokaci tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka.

A 1953 an halitta ma'aikatar tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet. MIC kasashen ci gaba da widen. Akwai sabon iri na kayan aikin soji da kuma jirgin sama canza. Tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka suka fara da makamai tseren. All kara ci gaba da na Air Force aka subordinated zuwa guda dabaru - cim da kuma cimma America. Design ofishin Sukhoi (Su), Mikoyan da Gurevich (MiG) zo a cikin ta mafi m lokaci na aiki.

Zuwan jet jirgin sama

A farko post-yaki epoch-yin bidi'a aka gwada a 1946 by jet jirgin sama. Yana maye gurbin tsohon m fistan fasaha. Da farko Soviet jiragen sama karfe MIG-9 da kuma Yak-15. Sun gudanar da cin nasara da gudun alamar 900 kilomita awa, wato, su yi ta kasance daya da rabi sau mafi girma fiye da na baya-tsara model.

Domin shekaru da dama da kowa yana da kwarewa na Soviet iska karfi a lokacin yakin duniya na II. key al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma zafi da maki na cikin gida da jirgin sama da aka gano. Yana fara aiwatar da modernization kayan aiki ga kyautata na da ta'aziyya, ergonomics da aminci. Duk wani canji (jirgin jacket na matukin jirgin, mafi qananan kayan aiki a kan kula da panel) ne a hankali shan siffar yau. Domin mafi alhẽri daidaito da harbe-harben a kan jirgin sama fara shigar m radar tsarin.

Sararin samaniyar tsaro ya zama nauyin da sabon tsaron Forces. Fitowan na tsaro ne suka kai ga rabo daga cikin ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet a yawan sassa, dangane da kusanci zuwa ga jihar iyaka. Domin wannan makirci ya ci gaba da rarraba jirgin sama (nisa da gaban). A wannan shekarar 1946 Airborne dakarun kafin kasance wani ɓangare na Air Force, an ware a raba mahaluži.

sauri fiye da sauti

A nuna na 1940-1950-ies na ci-gaba Soviet jet jirgin sama ya fara ci gaban da mafi m yankuna na kasar: Far Arewa da Chukotka. A flights aka sanya a tsawon nisa saboda wani dalilai. Soja shugabannin shirya Soviet soja-masana'antu hadaddun ga wani yiwu rikici da United States, dake a hayin na duniya. Tare da wannan manufa da aka gina Tu-95 - nesa dabarun m jirgin sama. Wani sauyi a ci gaba da Soviet Air Force ya shigarwa a kan makamansu na makaman nukiliya. Game da gabatarwar sabon fasahar yau ne mafi kyau hukunci da exposures jirgin sama gidajen tarihi, dake a cikin ciki har a "babban birnin na Rasha Airborne" Zhukovsky. Ko abubuwa kamar tufa da Tarayyar Soviet Air Force da sauran kayan aiki na Soviet matukan jirgi nuna juyin halitta daga cikin tsaro masana'antu.

Wani muhimmin abin tunawa a tarihin Soviet soja jirgin sama wanzuwa, idan a 1950, da MiG-17 ya iya wuce gudun sauti. Record tsĩrar da sanannen gwajin matukin Ivan Ivashchenko. Yana da aka zarar wargaza m hari da jirgin sama. A halin yanzu, sabon "iska-da-kasa" da makamai masu linzami da kuma Air Force suka "iska-to-air."

A karshen shekarun 1960s shi da aka tsara uku-tsara model (misali, da MiG-25 jiragen saman yaki). Wadannan inji sun iya su tashi a gudun sau uku da gudun sauti. A serial samar aka kaddamar "migovskie" canji a cikin irin high-tsawo bincike da kuma jirgin saman soja-interceptors. Wadannan jiragen sama sun muhimmanci inganta takeoff da kuma saukowa halaye. Bugu da kari, sabon abubuwa sun daban-daban a cikin Multi-yanayin aiki.

A 1974, na farko Soviet VTOL (Yak-38) da aka tsara. Canza kayan aikin da matukin jirgi kayan aiki. Flight Jacket ya zama mafi dadi da kuma taimako don jin dadi ko a cikin matsananci obalodi a matsananci-high gudu.

tsara ta huɗu,

The latest Soviet jirgin sama sa a kan ƙasa na da Warsaw yarjejeniyar Organization. Aviation na dogon lokaci ba shiga a cikin wani rikici, amma ya nuna da ikon hawansa darussan kamar "Dnepr", "Berezina", "Dvina" da sauransu. D.

A 1980s akwai Soviet huɗu-tsara jirgin sama. Wadannan model (Su-27, Mig-29, Mig-31, TU-160) aka bambanta a kan tsari na inganta maneuverability. Wasu daga cikin su har yanzu suna a cikin sabis da Rasha Air Force.

The m a lokacin da latest dabara bayyana a cikin Afghanistan yaki, lalubo a cikin shekaru 1979-1989. Soviet kai harin da ta yi aiki a yanayi na tsananin sirri da kuma m anti-jirgin sama wuta daga ƙasa. A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Afghanistan da aka sanya game da miliyan sorties (wannan da aka rasa game da 300 jirage masu saukar ungulu da kuma 100 da jirgin sama). A shekarar 1986 ya fara samar da biyar-tsara soja jirgin sama ayyukan. A mafi muhimmanci taimako ga wadannan gudanarda ayyuka sanya Sukhoi Design ofishin. Duk da haka, saboda da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da siyasa halin da ake ciki da aka dakatar, da kuma ayyukan da aka daskarewa.

A karshe tsirkiya

Perestroika aka alama da dama muhimmanci matakai. Da fari dai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin USSR da United States karshe zaunar. Cold War ne a kan, da kuma yanzu da Kremlin ya ba wani dabarun makiya, a tseren to wanda shi ya zama dole to kullum kara da kansa soja-masana'antu hadaddun. Abu na biyu, shugabannin biyu superpowers hannu dama landmark takardun, bisa ga abin da, fara hadin gwiwa kwance damarar yaki.

A cikin marigayi 1980s, farkon karbo daga Soviet dakarunta daga Afghanistan, ba kawai, amma kuma daga cikin kasashen da na gurguzu sansanin riga. Kwarai a sikelin ya karbo daga cikin Soviet Army daga gudun hijirar, inda ta m m kungiyar. Daruruwan jirage sun tafi gida. Mafi yawa daga cikin saura daga cikin RSFSR, wasu da aka hawa zuwa Belarus ko Ukraine.

A shekarar 1991, ya bayyana cewa tarayyar Soviet iya daina zama a cikin monolithic form. Division of kasar cikin da dama daga 'yantattun jihohi suka kai ga sashe kafin janar na soja. Wannan rabo ba a wuce da jirgin sama. Rasha samu game da 2/3 na ma'aikatan da kuma 40% na kayan aiki na Soviet Air Force. Sauran gado samu wani 11 Union jamhuriyoyin (Baltic States bai dauki bangare a sashe).