Sofya Kovalevskaya: biography, photos da kuma aikata. Duniya mace ta farko farfesa lissafi

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna aka haife Janairu 3, 1850 a Moscow. Mahaifiyarta ya Elizabeth Schubert. Uba Janar Korvin-Krukovskiy manyan bindigogi, a lokacin da haihuwar ta 'yar aiki a matsayin shugaban arsenal. A lokacin da ta shida, ya yi ritaya da kuma zaunar da su a cikin iyali estate. Ka yi la'akari da kara, yin a san Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Biography: Yara

Da zarar dukan iyalin (iyaye da 'ya'ya mata biyu) zaunar da su a iyali Estate mahaifinsa, da yarinya hayar malamai. The kawai abu to wanda nan gaba farfesa lissafi bai nuna wani musamman sha'awa, kuma wani iko, ya ilmin lissafi. Duk da haka, halin da ake ciki ya canja da cika fuska a kan lokaci. A nazarin ilmin lissafi dade 10 da rabi shekaru. Daga bisani, Sofia Kovalevskaya dauke da cewa wannan lokaci da kuma ya ba ta kafuwar duk ilmi. A yarinya da aka sosai karatu abu da kuma sauri warware duk matsaloli. Ta malamin Malevich kafin aljabara yarda ta yi nazarin ilmin lissafi Bourdon (biyu-girma Hakika, wanda aka sanar da cewa a lokacin da a Jami'ar Paris). Daya daga cikin makwabta, abin lura nasarorin yarinya, mahaifinta ya shawarci ta yi hayan Strannolyubski sojan ruwa leftana domin ci gaba da ilimi. New malami a darasi na farko na bambanci ilimin lissafi ya yi mamakin da gudu tare da wanda Sonia ya koya manufar wanda aka samu da kuma iyaka.

ƙagagge aure

A 1863, a Mariinsky Gymnasium bude malamin horo cewa hada baki da na halitta-ilmin lissafi sashen. Sisters Anna da Sofia so don samun can. Amma matsalar shi ne cewa babu aure 'yan mata a makaranta ba sa suna. Saboda haka su aka tilasta shiga cikin wani aure. Saurayina Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky aka zaba. Duk da haka, da bikin aure a tsakanin su ba faru. A daya daga cikin ziyarar da ya gaya Anna cewa ya kasance a shirye don samun aure, amma ta 'yar'uwarsa, Sonia. Wani lokaci daga baya, ya aka inducted cikin gidan da ya fara tare da yarda da uba, da ango na biyu da 'yar'uwarta. A wannan lokacin ya kasance 26, da kuma Sophia - 18 years.

Wani sabon rai mataki

Babu daya zaton sa'an nan abin da kalubale bayan da bikin aure jimre Sofia Kovalevskaya. Biography of mijinta buga ta jarrabawa da duk wanda ya san shi. Ya fara tsirfa a shekaru 16, yin waje litattafan fassara zuwa Gostiny Dvor fatake. Kovalevsky mallaki wani prodigious memory, m aiki da agaji da ikon tunani. Ya tantama ki komai haqqinsa sabis, akan maimakon mata bugu ayyuka a St. Petersburg. Shi ya typed da fassara adabi, wanda ya kasance a cikin babban bukatar m mutane na kasar. Bayan motsi tare da mijinta da kuma 'yar'uwa a St. Petersburg, Sofia Kovalevskaya fara halartar laccoci a fake. Ta yanke shawarar ba da dukan ikon kawai kimiyya. Abinda ya son tafiyar da Sofia Kovalevskaya, - lissafi. Bayan zartar da jarrabawa da kuma samu takardar shaidar balaga, ta sake koma wa Strannolyubski. Tare da shi shi ne a cikin zurfin bincike kimiyya, shirin daga baya ci gaba da yin aiki a kasashen waje.

samuwar

A farkon Afrilu 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya da 'yar'uwarsa kuma mijinta ya tafi zuwa Vienna. Akwai geologists da ake bukata sa'an nan Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Duk da haka, a Vienna akwai karfi masana kimiyya. Saboda haka Kovalevskaya yanke shawarar da ya tafi zuwa ga Heidelberg. A ta biyayya, shi ne ƙasar alkawari ga dalibai. Bayan kawar da yawan matsaloli da Hukumar sanya wani har yanzu Sophia sauraron laccoci a kan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi. Domin uku semesters, ta halarci wani shakka Koenigsberger, sanar da ka'idar elliptic ayyuka. Bugu da kari, ta halarci laccoci a kan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin lissafi Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, itacen oak Raymond yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje karkashin shugabanci na sunadarai Bunsen. Duk wadannan mutane sun sa'an nan sanannun masana kimiyya a kasar Jamus. The malamai suka yi mamaki damar iya yin komai mallaki Kovalevskaya. Sofya yi aiki wuya. Ta sauri ƙware duk farawa da maki, wanda a yarda da shi don fara naka bincike. Ta samu Rave sake dubawa na da kanta ta Koenigsberger malaminsa - wata babbar masanin cewa lokaci Karl Weierstrass. Last Sahaban kira "babban Analyst."

Aiki tare da Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya a cikin sunan wata babbar manufar zaba shawo kan tsõro da jin kunya da kuma farkon Oktoba 1870 ya tafi birnin Berlin. Farfesa Weierstrass ya ba ka karkata zuwa magana kuma su rabu da mu da baƙo ta, ya ba shi dama ayyuka daga yankin na hyperbolic ayyuka, sunã kira ta a mako. Da ciwon da lokaci zuwa manta game da ziyarar, da masanin kimiyyar bai sa ran ganin Kovalevskaya a ƙayyadadden lokaci. Ta bayyana a cikin ƙofar kuma ya sanar da cewa duk da matsalolin da aka warware. Wani lokaci daga baya Weierstrass amfani ga cewa Kovalevskaya aka shigar da ji da ilmin lissafi laccoci. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba zai yiwu a cimma wani babban majalisa yarda. A Jami'ar Berlin ba kawai sa suna mata dalibai. Suka ba ko da a yarda ya halarci laccoci kamar yadda free sauraro. Saboda haka, Kovalevskaya da za a iyakance kawai ga zaman zaman tare Weierstrass. Kamar yadda muka gani da Sahaban, mashawarta masanin kimiyya ne yawanci suppressed sauraro shafi tunanin mutum da magabaci. Amma son sani, da ƙishirwa ga ilimi Kovalevskaya bukaci Weierstrass karin aiki. Shi da kansa sau da yawa ya shirya daban-daban matsaloli, mayalwaci amsa quite hadaddun tambayoyi daga almajiri. Sahaban lura da cewa, ya kamata mu mai gõdiya Kovalevskaya, domin ta kasance iya janye daga ƙulli daga Weierstrass.

A farko m aiki

A ta gudanar da bincike game da auna da Saturn ta zobba. Kafin yin wannan aiki Kovalevskaya Laplace (French falakin, likita da lissafi). A cikin takarda, ya dauke Saturn zobe a cikin wani nau'i na hadaddun da dama na bakin ciki, ba tasiri juna, abubuwa. A lokacin binciken, ya gano cewa, a giciye-sashe shi da aka gabatar a cikin nau'i na wani ellipse. Duk da haka, wannan bayani ne kawai da farko, sosai simplistic. Kovalevskaya aka karɓa don nazarin ga mafi m equilibration zobe. Aka ƙaddara cewa a daya giciye sashe dole ne a gabatar a cikin nau'i na wani m.

taƙaitaccen labari

Tun da farkon hunturu 1873 da kuma bazara na 1874 Kovalevskaya aka tsunduma a cikin binciken na bambanci lissafai m Kalam. An sa ran gabatar da aikin a matsayin doctoral dissertation. Ta aikin da ya sa sha'awa a cikin kimiyya al'umma. A kadan daga baya, duk da haka, an gano cewa, irin wannan binciken ya riga ya gudanar da Augustin Cauchy - shahararren masanin Faransa. Amma a cikin aikinsa ya ba Kovalevskaya Theorem form, da cikakkiyar da sauki, rigor da daidaici. Saboda haka, matsalar fara da za a kira "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya Theorem." An kunshe a duk asali analysis darussa. Na musamman sha'awa ne a cikin ta da bincike na da zafi lissafi. A Kovalevskaya nazari saukar da wanzuwar yanayi na musamman. Yana da muhimmanci ga lokacin bude. A wannan lokaci na ta karatu ƙare. Majalisar na Jami'ar Gottingen ta digiri na uku a ilmin lissafi falsafa da kuma wani Master of Fine Arts "tare da mafi yabo" aka bayar.

Tare da mijinta

A 1874 Sofia Kovalevskaya zo a mayar da Rasha. Duk da haka, a gida a wancan lokacin sun mummunan yanayin da ba su iya ba da damar shi ga neman kimiyya kamar yadda ta so. By lokacin wani aure da mijinta ya zama ba. Farko tsaya a Jamus, suka zauna a biranen daban-daban, masu ilimi ne a daban-daban makarantu. Sadarwa tare da mijinta gudanar da ta hanyar da haruffa. Daga bisani, duk da haka, dangantakar dauki wani daban-daban form. A 1878, Kovalevskaya da 'ya mace. Bayan da aka haife ta game da watanni shida Sophia ciyar a gado. Doctors ba shi da bege na dawo. Da kwayoyin har yanzu lashe, amma zuciya da aka buga rashin lafiya mai tsanani.

A auka na iyali

Kovalevskaya ya da wani miji, wani yaro, a fi so abin wãsa. Zai ze cewa wannan ya kamata sun kasance isa ya zama gaba daya farin ciki. Amma Kovalevskaya ya peculiar maximalism kusa. Ta kullum sa high bukatar rayuwa, da kuma duk wanda yake gefenta. Ta zai kullum ji daga mijina bakance na soyayya, so da cewa duk lokacin da ya nuna ta hankulan. Amma Kovalevsky aikata ba. Ya kasance wani mutum dabam, kamar yadda da yawa babbar sha'awa ga kimiyya, kazalika da matarsa. Complete auka a dangantakar zo a lokacin da suka yanke shawarar fara kasuwanci. Duk da haka, duk da wannan, Kovalevskaya zauna gaskiya ga kimiyya. Amma ta iya ci gaba da aiki a Rasha. Bayan kisan kai da Sarkin halin da ake ciki a kasar ya rincabewa da cika fuska. Sophia da kuma ta 'yar tafi Berlin, da kuma mijinta - to Odessa, ɗan'uwansa. Duk da haka, Vladimir Onufrievich yawa sarƙafewa a ciki, su kasuwanci harkokin, da kuma a kan dare na 15 a kan Afrilu 16, 1883 ya kashe kansa. Kovalevskaya ya a Paris lokacin da na samu da labarai. Bayan jana'izar, ya koma zuwa Berlin, ta tafi zuwa Weierstrass.

Stockholm University

Weierstrass koya daga mutuwar mijinta Kowalewski, wanda ko da yaushe bari Sophia shirin yin kimiyya manufar duk rayuwa, rubuta Mitgag-Leffler, da takwaransa. A cikin wasika, da ya yi magana game da gaskiyar cewa a yanzu babu wani abu da tsayawa don ba da damar da almajiri ya ci gaba da aiki. Ba da da ewa Weierstrass ya iya faranta Kovalevskaya m martani daga Sweden. Janairu 30, 1884 ta karanta na farko da lacca. A hanya, wanda karanta a Jamus Kovalevskaya, ya na mai zaman kansa yanayi. Duk da haka, ya yi ta mai kyau shawarwarin. A karshen watan Yuni 1884, ta samu labarai cewa nada farfesa for 5 shekaru.

sabon aiki

More kuma mafi mace farfesa kara bunkasa a gudanar da bincike. Yanzu tana da aka karatu daya daga cikin mafi girma da kalubale game da m jiki juyawa. Ta yi imani da cewa, idan ya iya shirya shi, da sunan da za a kara da adadin da ya fi fitattun masana kimiyya na duniya. A cewar ta kiyasta, 5 shekaru da ake bukata don kammala wani aiki.

Creative rubutu

A cikin bazara na 1886 Sofya samu labarai na tsanani yanayin da 'yar'uwarsa. Ta tafi gida. Kovalevskaya koma zuwa Stockholm tare da wani nauyi zuciya. A wannan jiha, shi ba zai iya ci gaba da karatu. Duk da haka, ta sami hanyar magana game da su ji game da kansu, su tunani. Wallafe-wallafen aikin ya zama na biyu mafi muhimmanci, wanda ke tsunduma a Sofia Kovalevskaya. A littafin, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin da Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, don haka, ku kãmã shi, shi cikin wannan lokaci bai dawo bincike.

tarihi samu

Bayan murmurewa daga buga, Kovalevskaya ya kõmo zuwa kimiyya aiki. Ta yayi kokarin magance matsalar da juyawa daga wani m jiki a kusa da wani nauyi a tsaye batu. Rage matsalar da hadewa da wani tsarin da lissafai cewa ya ko da yaushe a tsare cikin uku na game. Matsalar ne gaba daya warware, a lokacin da shi ne zai yiwu a sami wani huɗu. Ya sau biyu aka samu kafin a bude na Kovalevskaya. Masana kimiyya suka yi binciken matsalar sun kasance Lagrange da Euler. Kovalevska gano uku hali da kuma a karo na hudu na game da hani. A yanke shawara a gaba ɗayansa, ya quite rikitarwa. Nasarar jimre da aiki taimake m ilimi hyperelliptic ayyuka. Kuma yanzu 4 algebraic na game zama ba fãce a cikin uku lokuta: Lagrange, Euler, kuma Kovalevskaya.

Borden Award

A 1888, 6 Disamba, da Paris Academy aika da wasika Kovalevskaya. Yana da aka ce cewa ta aka bayar da kyauta jirgin. Ba dole ne a ce cewa fiye da rabin karni tun da aka kafa ta da shi ya zama ma'abũcin mutane 10. A wannan yanayin, duk wadannan quire lokaci shi aka ba da cikakken bayar da, amma ga mutum, musamman mafita. Kafin bude daga cikin Kovalevskaya kyauta ba daya aka bayar ga uku a jere shekaru. A mako bayan samun labarai, ta zo don ta Paris. Shugaban Academy of Janssen, falaki da likita, karbuwa da maraba Sofya Vasilyevna. Ya ce cewa saboda muhimmancin da bincike shi, da premium aka karu daga 3 zuwa 5 dubu francs.

Award da Swedish Academy

Bayan samun kyautar Borden Kovalevskaya zaunar kusa Paris. Ga ta ci gaba da karatu na juyawa jikinsu domin gasar ga lambar yabo na Oscar King II na Swedish Academy. A kaka, farkon semester a jami'a, ta koma zuwa Stockholm. The aikin tafi sosai da sauri. Kovalevskaya so da lokacin da za a kammala binciken, to mi aiki domin gasar. Domin ta aiki ta lashe goma sha biyar da ɗari rawanin.

Yunƙurin komawa zuwa Rasha

Duk da nasarorin, Kovalevskaya ya ba farin ciki ba. Ta tafi neman magani, amma bai gama ba shi. Bayan wani gajeren lokaci, ta kiwon lafiya gurgunta sake. A wannan jiha, Kovalevskaya bai iya ci gaba da binciken da kuma sake juya zuwa ga wallafe-wallafe. Ya bege ga Rasha, ta yi kokarin nutsar fitar da labarai na mutane da mahaifarsa. Ta aka musamman numfashi ba ya zama a baƙuwar ƙasa. Amma duk da saran nasara, shi ne, ba za su dauki a cikin gida da jami'o'i. Hope ya zo a lokacin Nuwamba 7, 1888 ta an zabe mai m memba na Physics da lissafi na Rasha Academy. A watan Afrilu 1890, ta tafi gida. Kovalevskaya aka fatan cewa za ta zabi wani memba na Academy wanda ya mutu Schwarz maimakon. Saboda haka, shi zai iya saya kudi 'yancin kai, wanda zai gabatar da kara gudanar da bincike a cikin kasar su.

A karshe shekaru ransa

A St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya sau da yawa ya ziyarta shugaban Rasha Academy. Grand Duke Konstantin kasance ko da yaushe m da kuma irin mata, cewa zai zama farin idan ta koma gida. Amma lokacin da Kovalevskaya so su gabatar da matsayin wakilin kungiyar na Academy a taron, ta hana, domin shi ne "ba m". Greater zagi a Rasha da shi ba zai ji ciwo. A watan Satumba, Kovalevskaya zo da baya a Stockholm. 29 Janairu, 1891, da ta mutu a shekaru 41 da haihuwa, shekarar zuciya rashin cin nasara.

ƙarshe

Kovalevskaya ya na ƙwarai mutum. Ta aka musamman wuya a duk abin da ya kewaye ta. Wannan shi ne ba talakawa Rasha lissafi da kuma m, mai girma masanin kimiyya ne, wanda ya dukan makamashi zuwa kimiyya. Yana da bakin ciki, na gane cewa a Rasha a lokacin ta aka ba fassara saboda da hankali ba a gane ta isa yabo, duk da babban shahararsa a tsarar masana kimiyya kasashen waje. Ba da nisa daga Great Albasa Museum aka located Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino ya ta mahaifarsa ta biyu, inda ya nuna ta janye zuwa kimiyya.