Gyaran enzymes da su yi amfani da

A ra'ayi na gyaran enzymes tashi a lokacin da biyu da rabi na karni na 20th. A halin yanzu, baya a 1916, an gano cewa, adsorbed a kan carbon sucrose riƙe catalytic aiki. A 1953, D. da N. Shleyt Grubhofer za'ayi da farko dauri pepsin, amylase, da carboxypeptidase da RNase zuwa wani insoluble m. A ra'ayi na gyaran enzyme aka halatta a 1971. Shi ne na farko taro a kan enzyme Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. A halin yanzu, manufar da gyaran enzyme a fadi ma'ana fiye da shi ne a cikin marigayi 20th karni. Mun yi la'akari da wannan category a more daki-daki.

Overview

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Kuma mmobilizovannye enzymes - mahadi wanda aka artificially nasaba da insoluble m. A lokaci guda sun riƙe su catalytic Properties. A halin yanzu, wannan tsari yana dauke da kamanni biyu - a cikin gazawar m da cikakken 'yancin walwala, da sunadarai na gina jiki.

girma

. Masana kimiyya sun gano wasu amfanin gyaran enzymes. Mukaddashin kamar iri-irin catalysts, suka iya a rabu da dauki matsakaici. может быть многократным. A nazarin gano cewa amfani da gyaran enzymes za a iya maimaita. A kan aiwatar da dauri mahadi canza dũkiyõyinsu. Sun saya da substrate bayani dalla-dalla, kwanciyar hankali. Duk da haka, su aiki fara dogara ne a kan muhalli da yanayi. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. Gyaran enzymes ne m, kuma babban mataki ne na zaman lafiya. Shi ne fiye da, misali, cewa na free enzyme a cikin dubban, dubban sau. Duk wannan na samar da high dace, gasa da kuma samun riba na fasaha, a cikin abin da akwai gyaran enzymes.

dako

J .. Porath gano key kaddarorin manufa kayan da za a yi amfani da immobilization. A dako dole:

1. Insolubility.
2. Babban nazarin halittu da kuma sinadaran da kwanciyar hankali.
3. Capacity for m kunnawa. A dako dole matsawa sauƙi a cikin wani mai amsawa jinsunan.
4. Manyan hydrophilic.
5. The bukata permeability. Its nuna alama ya zama daidai da m ga enzymes da coenzymes, dauki kayayyakin da substrates.

A halin yanzu, babu wani abu da zai cikakken bi da wadannan bukatun. Duk da haka, a yi, amfani dako da cewa su dace da immobilization na enzymes a wani category na musamman yanayi.

rarrabuwa

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Dangane da yanayin da ta kaya, a sadarwar da abin da mahadi ana tuba zuwa gyaran enzymes kasu kashi inorganic da kwayoyin. Daure yawa mahadi ne da za'ayi tare da polymeric dako. Wadannan kwayoyin kayan kasu kashi biyu azuzuwan: na halitta da kuma roba. A kowane daga cikinsu, bi da bi, ware kungiyoyin dangane da tsarin. Inorganic dako ne, yafi wakilta gilashin kayan, tukwane, da yumɓun, silica, graphite carbon baki. Lokacin aiki tare da kayan m bushe sunadarai hanyoyin. Gyaran enzymes ake samu ta hanyar shafi wani m film na titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium, hafnium ko sarrafa kwayoyin polymers. An muhimmanci amfani da kayan ne sauƙi na farfadowa.

gina jiki dako

Mafi mashahuri sia, polysaccharide da kuma gina jiki kayan. Daga cikin karshen ne a samar da tsarin polymers. Wadannan da farko hada da collagen, fibrin, keratin, kuma gelatin. Irin wannan sunadarai ne tartsatsi a cikin yanayi. Su ne samuwa da kuma tattali. Bugu da kari, suna da babban adadin aikin kungiyoyin for cudanya. Sunadaran bambanta biodegradability. . Wannan ba ka damar mika amfani da gyaran enzymes a magani. A halin yanzu, yana da furotin da kuma mummunan Properties. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. A disadvantages na yin amfani da gyaran enzymes zuwa furotin dako ne babban immunogenicity na baya, kazalika da damar da za su yi a cikin su dauki kawai wasu kungiyoyin.

Polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Wadannan kayan ana mafi sau da yawa amfani chitin, dextran, cellulose, agarose da kuma Kalam daga gare ta. Don polysaccharides kasance mafi resistant ga halayen da mikakke sarƙoƙi crosslinked epichlorohydrin giciye. A raga tsarin daban-daban ionic kungiyoyin an gabatar da quite da yardar kaina. Chitin aka tara a cikin manyan yawa a matsayin sharar gida samfurin a cikin masana'antu aiki na shrimps da crabs. Wannan abu ya bambanta chemically resistant kuma yana da kyau-tsare rami tsari.

roba polymers

Wannan kungiya yana da babban bambancin da kayan da kasancewa. Yana hada polymers dangane acrylic acid, styrene, polyvinyl barasa, polyurethane da polyamide polymers. Mafi yawan su suna daban-daban inji ƙarfi. A lokacin hira da suka samar da yiwuwar sãɓãwar launukansa rami size kan wani m kewayon, gabatarwar daban-daban aikin kungiyoyin.

nauyin Hanyar

A halin yanzu, akwai biyu fundamentally jinsin bambance-bambancen karatu immobilization. Na farko shi ne shiri na mahadi ba tare da covalent shaidu da m. Wannan hanya ita ce ta jiki. Wani embodiment ya shafi abin da ya faru na covalent bond tare da kayan. Wannan sunadarai hanya.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Tare da shi gyaran enzymes samu ta hanyar riƙe da miyagun ƙwayoyi a kan m surface saboda watsawa, hydrophobic, electrostatic interactions da kuma hydrogen shaidu. Adsorption ne na farko hanya na iyakance motsi na abubuwa. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu wannan zabin bai rasa ta munasaba. Bugu da ƙari, adsorption aka dauke su mafi kowa Hanyar immobilization a cikin masana'antar.

musamman da hanya

A kimiyya adabi ya bayyana a kan 70 enzymes samu adsorption Hanyar. A matsayin yan dako yi advantageously, porous gilashi, daban-daban clays, polysaccharides, alumina, roba polymers, titanium da sauran karafa. A wannan yanayin, da karshen an yi amfani da mafi sau da yawa. A tasiri na adsorption da miyagun ƙwayoyi a kan m abu ne m da porosity da kuma takamaiman surface.

inji na mataki

Adsorption na enzyme ga insoluble kayan ne mai sauki. Yana aka samu da lamba tare da wani ruwa-ruwa bayani da miyagun ƙwayoyi m. Yana iya šaukar a tsaye ko tsauri hanya. A enzyme bayani da ya garwaya da sabo sludge, misali, titanium hydroxide. Sa'an nan, a karkashin m yanayi, da fili ya bushe. A enzyme aiki an riƙe lokacin da irin wannan immobilization ne kusan 100%. Lokacin da wannan ya kai wani takamaiman taro na 64 MG da gram na m.

korau al'amurran

A disadvantages sun hada da low adsorption ƙarfi daga cikin nauyin da enzyme da kuma m. A canji aiwatar dauki yanayi na iya zama alama asarar abubuwa, samu daga kayayyakin, desorption na gina jiki. Don ƙara ƙarfin da dauri goyon bayan da aka modified. Musamman, kayan bi da tare da karfe ions, polymers, da kuma sauran hydrophobic mahadi da polyfunctional jamiái. A wasu lokuta, da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kanta ne hõre gyara. Amma sau da yawa isa ba, wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a cikin aiki.

Hada a gel

Wannan wani zaɓi ne quite na kowa saboda ta musamman da suka bambanta da sauki. Wannan hanya ya dace ba wai kawai ga mutum abubuwa, amma kuma ga multiehnzimnyh gidaje. Hada a gel iya yi da hanyoyi guda biyu. A cikin farko case, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne a hade tare da wani mai ruwa-ruwa monomer bayani, sa'an nan tsayar da Polymerization. Wannan results a cikin sarari tsarin da gel dauke da enzyme kwayoyin a cikin sel. A karo na biyu idan, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne ya gabatar a cikin ƙãre polymer. An sa'an nan kuma tuba a cikin wani gel jihar.

A gabatarwar da translucent Tsarin

Jigon wannan hanya ta ƙunshi a immobilizing da raba ruwa-ruwa enzyme bayani daga substrate. Yana yana amfani da wani Semi-permeable membrane. Yana wuce low kwayoyin nauyi aka gyara na cofactors da substrates da kuma riko da manyan enzyme kwayoyin.

microencapsulation

Akwai da dama zaɓuɓɓuka saboda gabatarwar a cikin translucent tsarin. The mafi ban sha'awa na wadannan ne gina jiki microencapsulation da kuma hada a liposomes. Na farko zaži aka samarwa a shekarar 1964 ta T. Chang. Ya kunshi a cewa enzyme bayani ne gabatar a cikin rufaffiyar kwantena wadda shãmakunta ake yi na wani semipermeable polymer. Bayyanar da membrane surface sa ta dauki na mahadi interfacial polycondensation. Daya daga cikin su an narkar da a cikin kwayoyin da sauran - a cikin ruwa-ruwa zamani. Kamar yadda wani misali za a iya ambata da samuwar wani microcapsule samu ta hanyar polycondensation na sebacic acid halide to-ku (kwayoyin lokaci) da kuma 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (da bi, da mai ruwa-ruwa zamani). A kauri daga cikin membrane da aka lasafta a hundredths na wani micrometer. Tamanin da capsules - daruruwan ko dubun micrometers.

Hada cikin liposomes

Wannan hanya na immobilization ne kusa da microencapsulation. Liposomes aka gabatar a lamellar ko siffar zobe sia bilayers tsarin. Wannan hanya da aka farko amfani a 1970 F. Domin rabuwa da liposomes daga sia bayani ne da za'ayi evaporating Organic sauran ƙarfi. Sauran bakin ciki fim da aka tarwatsa a wani ruwa-ruwa bayani, cikinsa da enzyme ne ba. A wannan tsari, da kai-taro na sia bilayer Tsarin. . Quite rare wadannan gyaran enzymes a magani. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiya da cewa mafi yawan kwayoyin da aka sarrafa a cikin lipid matrix na nazarin halittu membranes. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Kunshe a liposomes gyaran enzymes masu muhimmanci a magani da bincike abu, kyale nazari da kuma bayyana alamu na rai tafiyar matakai.

A samuwar sabuwar sadarwa

Immobilization ta kafa sabon covalent, sarƙoƙi da tsakanin yan qasar enzymes yana dauke da mafi taro sarrafa biocatalysts ga masana'antu amfani. Ba kamar jiki hanyoyi, wannan zabin samar da wani komowar da karfi bond na kwayoyin da kuma kayan. Ta ilimi ne sau da yawa tare da wani karfafawa daga cikin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Duk da haka, wurin da enzyme a 1 minti covalent bonding dangi da m halitta wasu matsaloli a yin catalytic tsari. Kwayar Komayya ne rabu da kaya ta Saka. Kamar yadda sau da yawa aiki poly- da difunctional jamiái. Su, musamman, suna hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl chloride da sauransu. Alal misali, ga deriving galactosyltransferase enzyme daga kafofin watsa labarai da kuma wadannan jerin saka -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. A irin wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne ba a cikin tsarin da Saka, da kuma m kwayoyin. Dukan su suna da alaka da covalent shaidu. Na asali da muhimmanci shine bukatar gabatar da aikin kungiyoyin a dauki, ba da muhimmanci ga catalytic aiki na kashi. Saboda haka, kullum, glycoproteins suna haɗe da m gina jiki ne ba a kan, da kuma ta hanyar da carbohydrate moiety. A sakamakon haka ne a fi karko da kuma aiki gyaran enzymes.

Kwayoyin

The hanyoyin da aka bayyana a sama, ana daukarsu a duniya domin duk iri biocatalysts. Wadannan sun hada da, Inter Alia, sun hada da Kwayoyin, subcellular Tsarin, immobilization wanda ya zama kwanan nan mai tartsatsi ne. Wannan shi ne saboda da wadannan. Lokacin da immobilization na sel ba lallai ba ne don ware da kuma tsarkake enzyme shirye-shirye da su aiwatar da cofactors a dauki. A sakamakon haka, shi ya zama mai yiwuwa a samu tsarin da yi Multi-mataki matakai faruwa ci gaba.

A amfani da gyaran enzymes

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. A dabbobi magani, masana'antu da kuma sauran masana'antu ne quite rare iyali shirye-shirye samu ta hanyar sama da hanyoyin. Tsautsayi yi fuskanci samar da wani bayani da matsaloli na aiwatar da niyya bayarwa da kwayoyi a cikin jiki. Gyaran enzymes an yarda a samu wani dogon-aiki kwayoyi tare da kadan yawan guba da kuma allergenicity. Yanzu masana kimiyya warware matsalolin dangantawa da bioconversion na taro kuma samar da makamashi, ta amfani microbiological hanyoyin. A halin yanzu, a gagarumin taimako ga aikin yin fasaha da kuma gyaran enzymes. Inganta harkokin ci gaban ne m isa masana kimiyya. Saboda haka, a nan gaba daya daga cikin key ayyuka a cikin aiwatar da iko a kan yanayi kamata ya kasance a cikin sabon iri analysis. A musamman, wannan tambaya da bioluminescent, kuma enzyme immunoassay. Na musamman muhimmancin ne m fuskanci a cikin aiki da lignocellulosic feedstocks. Gyaran enzymes za a iya amfani da a matsayin amplifiers na rauni sakonni. Active site iya zama a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kafofin watsa labaru, wanda shi ne a karkashin sonication, inji danniya ko fallasa zuwa phytochemicals canje.