Biopolymers - shi ne ... Shuka polymers

A babbar iri-iri daban-daban da sinadaran yanayin da mahadi ya iya haduwa mutumin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, har yanzu mafi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halitta mai rai da tsarin sun kasance, kuma za su zama daidai halitta, halitta abubuwa. Wannan shi ne, kwayoyin da cewa suna da hannu a cikin dubban biochemical halayen a cikin jiki da kuma suke da alhakin su al'ada aiki.

Mafiya yawa su nasa ne a kungiyar cewa yana da sunan "nazarin halittu polymers."

A janar ra'ayi na biopolymers

Abu na farko da a ce dukan wadannan haši - High, mallakan taro, har ya zuwa miliyoyin Daltons. Wadannan abubuwa - dabba da kayan lambu polymers, wanda taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shiri na sel da kuma wa gininsu, samar da metabolism, photosynthesis, numfasawa, abinci da kuma duk sauran da harshen damo na wani rai gabar.

Overestimate muhimmancin irin wannan mahadi wuya. Biopolymers - ne na halitta abubuwa na halitta asalin, wanda aka kafa a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma su ne tushen duk wata rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu. Abin da daidai ne dangane da suka hada da?

cell biopolymers

A yawa daga gare su. Saboda haka, babbar biopolymers ne da wadannan:

• sunadaran.
• polysaccharides.
• nucleic acid (DNA da RNA).

Bayan wadannan, a nan, yana yiwuwa ya hada da mutane da yawa gauraye polymers cewa an kafa daga haduwa da riga aka jera. Alal misali, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins da sauransu.

Common Properties

Akwai da dama siffofin da suke da na kowa to duk kwayoyin a cikin tambaya. Alal misali, da wadannan janar Properties na biopolymers:

• manyan kwayoyin nauyi saboda da samuwar babban macrochains tare da ramifications a cikin sinadaran tsarin.
• iri Hadin a macromolecules (hydrogen, ionic interactions, electrostatic janye, disulfide Hadin, peptide shaidu, da dai sauransu).
• tsarin naúrar da'ira - monomeric naúrar.
• stereoregularity ko ta rashi a cikin tsarin da sarkar.

Amma a general, duk biopolymers ne har yanzu mafi bambance-bambance a cikin tsari da kuma ayyuka, maimakon kamance.

sunadaran

Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar dukkan halittu masu rai sunadarai na gina jiki. Irin wannan biopolymers - shi ne tushen da biomass. Bayan duk, ko da a kan ka'idar Oparin-Haldane ta rayuwa a duniya sun samo asali daga coacervate droplets, wanda shine gina jiki.

A tsarin da wadannan abubuwa ne batun m tsari a cikin tsarin. Dalili na kowane sunadari dauki kashi amino acid sharan suke iya haɗa tare da juna a cikin wani iyaka sarkar tsawon. Wannan ne yake aikata ta kafa dangantaka ta musamman - peptide. Wannan haduwa ana kafa tsakanin hudu abubuwa: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen da hydrogen.

A tsarin da sunadari zai iya hada mai yawa na amino acid sharan kamar guda ko daban-daban (a 'yan dubban ko fiye). Duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin abun da ke ciki na wadannan amino acid jinsunan mahadi, akwai 20. Duk da haka, su daban-daban haduwa da damar gina jiki ga bunƙasa a yawa da nau'in abun da ke ciki.

sunadarai, biopolymers da daban-daban na sarari conformation. Alal misali, wani wakilin iya zama a cikin nau'i na farko, na biyu, manyan ko quaternary tsarin.

A mafi sauki da kuma mikakke daya - na farko. Shi ne kawai da yawan amino acid jerin shiga tare.

Secondary conformation yana da wani hadadden tsarin, tun da jimlar gina jiki macrochains da helical arba'in, kafa coils. Biyu dake kusa macrostructures suna gudanar gaba da juna saboda da hydrogen da covalent hulɗar tsakanin kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta. Rarrabe alpha da beta Helix sakandare tsarin sunadarai.

Manyan tsari ne mai kumshe wadansu abubuwan nada a wani macromolecule (polypeptide sarkar) gina jiki. Very hadaddun cibiyar sadarwa na interactions cikin globule wannan damar da shi ya zama isasshe barga da kuma ci gaba da samu form.

Quaternary conformation - shi ne mafi polypeptide, sarƙoƙi da ya kumshe wadansu abubuwan spirally swirled nada wanda ta haka ne ma tare da nunawa mahara links iri-iri. A mafi hadaddun globular tsarin.

The ayyuka na gina jiki

1. Sufuri. Yana yana da za'ayi wani ɓangare na jini membrane sunadaran Kwayoyin. Sun samar da ion tashoshi, wanda suke iya wuce wasu kwayoyin. Har ila yau, da yawa sunadarai wani bangare ne na yunkurin da wasu gabbansa da protozoa da kwayoyin cuta, saboda haka, an kai tsaye da hannu a su motsi.
2. A samar da makamashi aiki da aka kashe da data sosai aiki kwayoyin. Daya gram na furotin a metabolism ƙunshi 17,6 KJ. Saboda haka, amfani da shuka da dabbobi da kayayyakin dauke da wadannan mahadi, yana da muhimmanci ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
3. Yi alama ne da sa hannu na gina jiki a yi da mafi yawan salon salula Tsarin daga cikin sel kansu, tsokoki, gabobin, da sauransu. Kusan kowace cell ne m gina daga wadannan kwayoyin (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, jini membrane, ribosome, mitochondria da kuma da sauran fannin jiki suna da hannu a cikin samuwar sunadaran mahadi).
4. A catalytic aiki ne da za'ayi ta enzymes, wanda, da su sinadaran halitta, bã kõme ba ne, kamar sunadarai. Ba tare da enzymes ba zai yiwu ba mafi yawan biochemical halayen a cikin jiki, tun suna - nazarin halittu catalysts a tsarin halitta.
5. Tsoka mai amsa sigina (ma sigina), da aikin taimakawa Kwayoyin a kewaya da amsa ga wani canje-canje a cikin yanayi, duka biyu inji da kuma sinadaran.

Idan gina jiki a tambaya a mafi zurfin, yana yiwuwa ya ware wasu karin secondary ayyuka. Duk da haka, da aka jera su na asali.

nucleic acid

Irin wannan biopolymers - shi ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na kowane cell, ko prokaryotic ko eukaryotic shi. Bayan duk, nucleic acid hada da DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) da RNA (ribonucleic acid), wanda kowannensu yana da wani muhimmanci sosai kashi halitta mai rai.

By su sinadaran halitta na DNA da RNA jerin ne nucleotides nasaba da hydrogen shaidu da phosphate da gadoji. A abun da ke ciki ya kunshi DNA nucleotides kamar:

• adenine.
• taimain.
• Bibyun.
• saitosin.
• pyatiuglerodisty sugar deoxyribose.

RNA ne halin a cewa taimain aka maye gurbinsu da uracil, da kuma sukari - ribose.

Saboda da musamman tsarin kungiyar na cikin jigidar halittar DNA iya yi wani yawan vitally muhimmanci ayyuka. RNA kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cell.

Ayyuka irin acid

Nucleic acid - biopolymers da suke da alhakin wadannan ayyuka:

1. DNA ne wakĩli da kuma watsawa na kwayoyin bayanai a cikin sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A prokaryotes, da kwayoyin da aka rarraba a cikin cytoplasm. A eukaryotic cell ne a ciki da kwaya rabu karyotheca.
2. Biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA ne zuwa kashi sassan - da kwayoyin halittu da cewa yin up tsarin da chromosome. Kwayoyin halittu na kowane zama na musamman nau'i a kayyade code a cikinsa duk da ãyõyin rufaffen kwayoyin.
3. RNA ne na uku irin - matrix, ribosomal da kuma sufuri. Ribosomal da hannu a cikin kira da jama'ar sunadarai na gina jiki a kan Game Tsarin. Matrix da conveyance bayanai karanta daga DNA da decipher da nazarin halittu ma'anar.

polysaccharides

Wadannan mahadi - shi ne mafi yawa da kayan lambu polymers, wato, shi da aka samu a cikin sel Flora. Shi ne musamman arziki a polysaccharides na cell bango, wanda qunshi cellulose.

By su sinadaran halitta, polysaccharides - a macromolecule hadaddun tsarin carbohydrates. Iya zama mikakke, lebur crosslinked conformations. Monomers ne biyar sauki, sau da yawa shida-carbon sugar - ribose, glucose, fructose. Shin muhimmanci ga halittu masu rai, tun ɓangare na Kwayoyin suna shuka gina jiki ajiye ne cleaved su saki mai yawa da makamashi.

Muhimmancin daban-daban da wakilan

Very muhimmanci nazarin halittu polymers kamar sitaci, cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin da sauransu. Wannan su ne masu muhimmanci kafofin samar da makamashi a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Saboda haka, cellulose - wani m bangaren na shuka cell ganuwar wasu kwayoyin. Yana bada ƙarfi, wani siffar. A masana'antu, wani mutum amfani da su wajen samar da takarda, na acetate zaruruwa.

Sitaci - kayayyakin gina jiki da shuka, wanda kuma mai muhimmanci da abinci da samfur ga mutane da dabbobi.

Glycogen, ko dabba mai, - ajiye gina jiki, a dabbobi da mutane. Shi aikin da aiki na thermal rufi, lantarkin, inji kariya.

Mixed biopolymers a cikin abun da ke ciki na halittu masu rai

Bugu da kari ga waɗanda cewa mun gani, akwai daban-daban haduwa da high-kwayoyin mahadi. Irin wannan biopolymers - a gauraye hadaddun tsarin sunadarai da lipids (lipoprotein) ko na polysaccharides da kuma sunadarai (glycoproteins). mai hade da lipids da polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) ne kuma zai yiwu.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan biopolymers yana da yawa iri da yi a cikin halittu masu rai da dama da muhimmanci ayyuka: kai, yi sigina, tsoka mai amsa sigina, kullum, enzymatic, yi da waɗansu da yawa. Kila ne chemically sosai hadaddun kuma ba dukan wakilan decrypted, don haka da aiki ba cikakken bayyana. A halin yanzu, an san kawai don ya fi kowa, amma da yawa daga cikin ragowar iyakoki na mutum ilmi.