Kwarangwal kunkuru: tsarin. Structure kunkuru ƙasar, da ja-bangaranci

A fauna daga wannan duniya tamu dabbobi masu rarrafe, lambobi game da shida da dubu. Species aka wakilta dama nazarin halittu kungiyoyin. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne detachment na Kunkuru. Ya ƙunshi 328 jinsunan harhada a 14 iyalansu. Wannan talifin zai bincika tsarin kunkuru kwarangwal, kazalika da siffofin hade da ruwa da kuma nazarin sasannin rayuwar na dabba.

A ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin

Daga cikin tsari na live a cikin steppes, kwaruruka na Pakistan da India, a cikin hamadar Turkmenistan, Syria da kuma Libya. Kamar wasu dabbobi na a gidan na dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin tsarin jikinsu, kazalika a cikin matakai na rayuwa iya samun yawan idioadaptatsy da bushe da zafi sauyin yanayi. Daga cikin irin wannan na'urorin emit m leathery integument, mucous gland rashi, gaban jaraba Sikeli da bude yatsun. Wadannan Tsarin kunshi fibrillar sunadaran - keratins. Su aiki ne don kara inji ƙarfi daga cikin integument.

Tun tortoises, misali steppe, Central Asia, ci quite m shuka abinci a kai suna da wani baki - wani irin tsari da cewa yana da kaifafan gefuna da hakora. Su kunkuru tsage sassa na shuke-shuke da ƙasa su lumpy tsinkaya. A kai da kuma idanu suna located. Suna iyakance zuwa karnuka uku: ƙananan, babba da kuma na uku. Gabatar a cikin nau'i na leathery fim rufe da ido kawai rabin. All kunkuru da kyau-raya binocular hangen nesa da kuma masani a cikin yanayi.

kunkuru kwarangwal Departments

Don amsa wannan tambaya, ko kwarangwal na kunkuru ne, tuna cewa halitta mai rarrafe ta jiki da aka raba anatomically cikin 4 sassa. Ya kunshi na kai, wuyansa, gangar jikin da wutsiya. Ka yi la'akari da tsarin da wani kunkuru a cikin sashe. Saboda haka, ta kashin baya kunshi 5 sassan: mahaifa, thoracic, lumbar, sacral da caudal. Kwarangwal shugaban gaba daya kashi. Yana an haɗa zuwa wuyansa ta hanyar biyu m vertebrae. A cikin duka, kunkuru 8 mahaifa vertebrae. Head a cikin wani lokacin da hadari da hannu a ciki da harsashi saboda gaban ramukan da shi. Ground dabbobi masu rarrafe gane low mita sautuna. Kunkuru kasance a cikin "shiru" dabbobi, kamar yadda su vocal guitar anatomically talauci ci gaba. Saboda haka, da suka sa a yi tsakinta ko squeaking.

Tsari da kuma aiki na carapace

Ci gaba da karatu da kwarangwal na kunkuru, la'akari da na sama na ta harsashi. Yana yana da wani kumbura kamar kadan kararrawa. A tortoises shi ne musamman high da kuma m, a cikin ruwa - wani lebur, streamlined siffar. Carapace aka hada biyu yadudduka. M ƙunshi keratin Sikeli - faranti da kuma kasa yana gaba daya kashi tsarin. Don shi hašawa da baka na vertebrae da lumbar-thoracic da karankarman ƙirji. Coloring kuma jawo jaraba scutes carapace systematics masana kimiyya amfani domin sanin jinsin ganewa na dabbobi. Shi ne saboda kunkuru harsashi ya kasance, ya zauna, batun da kama kifi. Daga shi ne sanya spectacle Frames, lokuta, rike da wukake. Carapace yana da dama takware, a cikin abin da dabba retracts da kai, kuma wata gabar jiki, da wutsiya a lokacin gaggawa.

Plastron da muhimmanci

Ƙananan ɓangare na harsashi da aka kira da plastron. Tsakanin shi da carapace ne m jiki dabba. Dukansu halves sõyayya da kashi makamai. Plastron kanta ne wanda aka samu daga cikin ilimin Halittar Jiki zone a gaban kuma hakarkarinsa. Shi ne kamar yadda idan "soldered" a cikin jikin wani kunkuru. Nazarin sasannin siffofin ne m plastron. Kuma shi ne teku halittun an rage zuwa cruciform faranti shirya a kan ventral sashi na jiki. A bude yatsun Shell concentric Lines kafa saboda girma. A cewar shi herpetologists iya sanin da shekaru na kunkuru da kuma jihar ta kiwon lafiya.

kwarangwal halayyar zones na gaba da Hind wata gabar jiki kunkuru

Kwarangwal kunkuru, wanda makirci ne da aka nuna a kasa nuna wannan nau'in na zuwa dabbobi masu rarrafe. Suna haɗe da kashin baya ƙasũsuwa gaban abin ɗamara: scapula, clavicle, kuma hankaka ta ilimi. Suna located in tsakiyar kirji. The ruwa an haɗa zuwa carapace tsoka Musulunci a wuri na farko vertebra tsari. Hind reshe abin ɗamara kunshi da pubic, ischial da iliac ƙasũsuwa. Sai suka samar da wani kwari. Caudal sashe ya kunshi yawa kananan vertebrae, don haka yana da matukar mobile.

Avilable tortoises wata gabar jiki

A forelimbs na dabbobi masu rarrafe kunshi wani kafada, hannu da dantse, wuyan hannu, metacarpal da phalanges, wanda shi ne kama da kwarangwal na sauran azuzuwan na nazarin sasannin vertabrate. Duk da haka, a cikin forelimb kashi tsarin akwai bambance-bambance. Alal misali, tubular kashi na kafada ne takaice, da kuma lambar, forming da wuyan hannu, kasa da a dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hind wata gabar jiki ma da sifofin. A femur ne sosai takaice, da kuma lambar an rage a cikin kafar da kyau. Wannan shi ne musamman m a tortoises: akwatin, da ja-steppe. Kamar yadda suka motsa tare da ƙasa, da ƙasũsuwan da phalanges na yatsunsu suna fuskantar m inji load. Saboda haka, kunkuru kwarangwal ne dole idioadaptation gudanarwa ta karbuwa ga mazauninsu.

Red-eared sliders: tsarin da kuma siffofin na rayuwa

Daga cikin dukan sauran siffofin da dabba ne mafi mashahuri a matsayin gida mazauni. A tsarin da ja-kunkuru hankula ruwa tare siffofin. Ta kai ne da-hannu, dogon wuya, da harsashi ne wakilta kore carapace da plastron rawaya. Saboda wannan kunkuru ne sau da yawa kira zheltobryuhoy. M wata gabar jiki, ya rufe tare da jaraba scutes, ƙare a fika. A cikin daji suka ciyar a kan kwari, m rai tare riverbanks, larvae da matasa kifi da algae. The mace shi ne sauƙin rarrabe daga namiji: shi mutum, kuma ya fi tsayi, kuma ta kasan baki ya fi girma. Asali wadannan dabbobi a lokacin daga marigayi Fabrairu zuwa May, kwanciya a cikin yashi rami daga 4 zuwa 10 qwai. Kananan kunkuru kyankyasar kwan yawanci a watan Yuli ko Agusta.

Nazarin sasannin jinsunan kunkuru

Wannan rukuni na dabbobi masu rarrafe wakilta wadannan dabbobi a matsayin tsakiyar Asiya kunkuru, da aka jera a cikin Red Littãfi, Balkan, panterovaya. Akwai game da 40 jinsin. A waje kwarangwal na kunkuru - harsashi. Shi ne mai matukar m, tare da ake ƙãgãwa plastron. Da su kansu dabbobin ne quite m. Central Asia kunkuru kadan shafi ruwa kafofin. Yana iya na dogon lokaci zuwa tafi ba tare da shi, da cin succulent ganye ko tushe na herbaceous shuke-shuke. Tun da dabbobi suna daidaita da wa wani bushe sauyin yanayi ko Semi Steppe, ya shekara-shekara aiki ne tsananin kayyade. Shi ne kawai 2-3 watanni, amma a cikin sauran shekara da kunkuru ciyarwa poluotsepenenii ko hibernates a burrows dug a cikin yashi. Wannan ya faru sau biyu a shekara - a lokacin rani da kuma hunturu.

A tsarin da ƙasar kunkuru halin da yawan adaptations dangantawa da rayuwar a kan ƙasar. Wannan m columnar wata gabar jiki, phalanges wanda ake cikakken Fused, da barin sako-sako da kusoshi short. A jikin an rufe tare da jaraba Sikeli, da kuma hana wuce kima evaporation na ruwa don tabbatar da adana dabba kyallen takarda. Saboda haka, dabbobi suna kare nauyi-taƙawa kashi-jaraba harsashi. Bugu da kari, sun iya deter m makiya kaifi abin raini sauti ko sosai m emptying na mafitsara girma. Duk wani nau'i na tortoises centenarians. Suna iya zama 50 zuwa 180 shekaru. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suka mallaka high tsirar da adaptability.

Duk da haka, bari mu ka manta da cewa 228 jinsunan kunkuru bukatar kariya da suke kan gab da nau'i nau'i. Alal misali, cikin hanzari ragewa mazauninsu kore kunkuru. Yana hidima a matsayin manufa jinsunan, kamar yadda wani mutum ya ci ta da nama. Saboda urbanization da rage daga cikin yankin na halitta mazauninsu na yawan dabbobi an rage a kowace shekara. Ya zauna rigima da wani al'amari na expediency kunkuru abun ciki a cikin mutum gidãjensu, ko da suna located in musamman tsara terrarium yanayi. A negligible yawan wadannan dabbobi a bauta rayu har zuwa ta nazarin halittu shekaru. Mai aka kashe da jahilai da kuma m halaye na mutum.