Exoplanet - menene wannan? Yadda za a bude da kuma nazarin exoplanets?

Exoplanet - a duniya da cewa shi ne a waje na mu hasken rana tsarin. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata an samu dubban irin wannan sites, mafi yawa tare da taimakon NASA "Kepler" sarari kawo nesa kusa.

Exoplanet - abin da yake da shi?

Wadannan cosmic abubuwa bambanta ƙwarai a cikin size da kuma falakinsu. Wasu daga cikin su ne manya-manya taurari circling kusa da su taurari. Wasu an rufe da kankara, wasu duwatsu. NASA da kuma sauran hukumomin suna neman musamman irin na duniya: suna bukatar exoplanet kama da Earth, wanda revolves a kusa da wani star kama da Sun, kuma aka located a cikin wurin zama tabbatacciya zone.

A wurin rayuwa zone ne kewayon nisa daga star a wanda duniya ta zazzabi kyale kasancewar ruwa tekuna na ruwa, wanda shi ne da muhimmanci ga rayuwar. Farkon zone definition aka dogara ne a kan sauki thermal ma'auni, amma zamani lissafin hada da wasu dalilai, r. H. Planet greenhouse yanayi. Wannan ya sa da iyakoki Heart wurin rayuwa zone.

A ka'idar da asalin rayuwa

Ko da yake exoplanet - gano 1990s, shekaru da yawa, Taurari sun sun natsu da su zama. Ba su kawai imani, da kuma tushen su karshe a kan wani m juyawa da namu Sun kuma sauran taurari.

Masana ilmin da ka'idar da asalin rayuwa a cikin hasken rana tsarin. A takaice, a juyawa girgijen gas da ƙura (da ake kira da hasken rana nebula) ƙarƙashin da kansa nauyi rushe kuma kafa mu star da kuma duniya. Bayan haka, kiyayewa kusurwa lokacinta nufi da cewa hasken nan gaba ya kamata juya sauri da sauri. Duk da haka, ko da yake yana 99,8% daga cikin taro na hasken rana tsarin taurari da 96% na kusurwa lokacinta. Masana ilmin sun yi mamaki me ya sa mu star rotates haka sannu a hankali.

Sun haske yana da matukar karfi Magnetic filin wanda Lines na karfi soke faifai swirling gas daga wanda duniya kafa. Wadannan Lines an hade tare da cajin gas gaɓũɓuwa, da kuma yi kamar yadda anka, inda hakan ya juyawa na rãnã, kuma ya samar da wata kadi gas da cewa yana yiwuwa ya juya a cikin wani taurãro. Mai taurari juya sannu a hankali, don haka da ilmin Taurari ƙarasa da cewa wannan "Magnetic braking" ya faru da su ne, ma'ana cewa zai faru da samuwar taurari. Saboda haka ma'ana ƙarshe: duniya bukatar duba a kusa da wani Sun-kamar taurari.

farkon binciken

Domin wannan da kuma wasu dalilai, da masu bincike na farko killace search for exoplanets taurari kama da Sun, amma na farko da biyu binciken a 1992 mallakar pulsar (hanzari kadi saurã daga manyan malaman da suka mutu a wani supernova) ya kira PSR B1257 + 12. A farko tabbatar exoplanet orbiting wani star (photo dauka a cikin labarin) cewa ya gana da wannan bukata, da aka bude a 1995. A da 51 Pegasi b, da taro na wanda shi ne jinsin da taro na Jupiter kuma shi ne 20 sau kusa ta rãnã fiye da Earth. Yana zo da mamaki ba. Amma wani oddity faru shekaru bakwai a baya, godiya ga wanda ya bayyana cewa za a bude da yawa exoplanets.

A shekarar 1988, wani rukuni na Canada masana kimiyya ya gano wani taurãro da size da Jupiter, motsi a kusa da Gamma Cephei. Amma saboda ta kewayewa da yawa fiye da karami Jupiter ta kewayewa, masana kimiyya sun ce game da karshe ganewa. Masana ilmin bai yi kuskure ya bayar da shawarar cewa wannan taurari wanzu. Yana da haka daban-daban daga mu da hasken rana tsarin da cewa masana kimiyya sun hankali sosai.

Daga manyan zuwa kananan

Kusan kowace bude farko exoplanet - wata babbar yupiteropodobny (ko fiye) gas giant, juyawa a takaice nesa daga iyaye star. Wannan bayani da cewa da ilmin Taurari sun yi amfani da dabara na aunawa da radial gudu, wanda kayyade mataki na "wobble" na star a duniya wurare dabam dabam a kusa da shi. A hankali spaced manyan cosmic gawarwakin ne don haka tasiri cewa shi za a iya sauƙi gano.

Kafin zamanin exoplanet bincike-binciken kayayyakin zai iya kawai mataki da motsi na taurari da wani daidaito na har zuwa wani kilometer da na biyu, wanda ya kasance ba su isa ba gane su vibrations a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da taurari. Modern kida ne iya auna gudun wani santimita na biyu, jera saboda kara daidaituwa da kayan aiki, amma kuma saboda mafi kwarewa na ilmin Taurari a kasafi na wadannan rauni sakonni.

Bayani fashewar "Kepler"

Yau akwai fiye da 1,000 tabbatar exoplanets gano daya da tauraron dan adam. Space kawo nesa kusa, "Kepler" da aka kaddamar a shekarar 2009, kuma an nemi wani wurin rayuwa duniya na tsawon shekaru hudu. Yana amfani da wata hanya da ake kira "wucewa" - an auna dimming taurari yayin wucewa a gaban shi a sarari abu.

"Kepler" Ya saukar da wani yawa na daban-daban na taurari. Bugu da kari ga gas Refayawa da gawarwakin terrestrial kawo nesa kusa taimaka wajen tabbatar da wanzuwar wani sabon aji na "super-Qasa", da girma na waɗanda ke a cikin size of Duniya da kuma Neptune. Wasu daga cikin su suna located a cikin wurin zama tabbatacciya zones na taurari, amma astrobiologists ya bari lissafin wajen gano yadda irin halittu, rayuwa na iya tasowa.

A 2014, Taurari "Kepler" sun gabatar da hanyar da "tabbaci multiplicity", wanda ya kamata ya kara da gudun da translation takarar taurari a tabbatar da matsayi. The m dogara ne a kan orbital kwanciyar hankali - da yawa taurari dims bayan wani gajeren lokaci, wanda zai iya zama saboda kawai ga taurari a kananan falakinsu, kamar yadda ko shi ne mai star, dã sun gravitationally tura juna daga cikin tsarin a cikin 'yan shekaru miliyan.

sauran manufa

Ko da yake da tauraron dan adam ( "Kepler" da kuma Faransa CoRoT), za bayan exoplanets, kammala su na asali manufa, masana kimiyya suna har yanzu Bi samu tare da wadannan bayanai, yin sabon binciken. Kuma ba tare da wani aiki, za su tafi ba. FI ci gaba da aiki da tauraron dan adam da kuma NASA TESS, da Swiss CHEOPS Plato da Esa tauraron dan adam za su bincika don wucewa daga sarari a kusa da nan gaba. A duniya, da spectrograph molaye 3,6-mita kawo nesa kusa da Turai Kudancin Observatory a Chile riqe Doppler search for gagarumi oscillations, amma da hannu a farauta da yawa wasu nesa.

Daya misali ne Space kawo nesa kusa NASA ta Spitzer. Tun da shi ne m, a cikin infrared bakan, iya auna zafin jiki profile ekzoplanety kuma ba wani tunani na ta yanayin.

Na fiye da 3,000 da aka sani taurari da wuya a dakatar da zabi a kan kaɗan daga gare su. Kananan m exoplanets a cikin wurin zama tabbatacciya zone ze zama mafi kyau 'yan takara, amma Masana ilmin rarrabe wasu sun kumbura mu fahimtar da samuwar da kuma ci gaban sauran halittu.

farko alamun

51 Pegasi b. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan shi ne na farko da tabbatar exoplanet orbiting hasken rana-type taurari. Tare da rabin da taro na Jupiter, aka cire daga tsarin cibiyar a nesa na Mercury. A duniya ne don haka kusa ta star, wanda shi ne wata ila, daya gefen shi ne a cikin tidal kama - shi kullum da fuskantar da star.

HD 209458 b. Yana da aka fara gano a 1999 extrasolar duniya (photo dauka a cikin labarin), wanda ya shũɗe a sufuri ta star (ko da yake wannan hanya aka yi amfani da Doppler), biye da sauran binciken. Wannan shi ne na farko duniya a waje mu da hasken rana tsarin, a cikin abin da sigogi na yanayi da aka gano, ciki har da zazzabi profile kuma babu girgije.

sananne halittu

55 Cancri E Wannan exoplanet -. Shi ne abin da ake kira "Super-Qasa", wanda motsa a cikin wani sarari suKe a kusa da wani star mai haske isa ya zama a bayyane a cikin ido tsirara. Saboda haka, ilmin iya karatu da tsarin fiye da wani. Its "shekara" ne kawai 17 hours da 41 minutes (da shi da aka shigar lokacin da FI lura da tsarin for makonni biyu a shekara ta 2011). Theorists bayar da shawarar cewa 55 Cancri e iya zama mai arziki a cikin carbon da wani lu'u-lu'u core.

HD 80606 b. Wannan exoplanet - mai rikodin mariƙin (a lokacin da ta bude a 2001) a kan eccentricity na falaki. Shi ne wata ila cewa hanyar da motsi, kama da kewayewa na Halley ta nisan kafa, za a iya hade da rinjayar sauran taurari. Bugu da kari, irin wannan matsananci kewayewa ne haddasa matsanancin volatility na duniya yanayi.

Zanzaro-33b. Yana da aka bude a 2011, kuma yana da wata irin rãnã-gado - da stratosphere - wanda garwaya da wani ɓangare na bayyane da kuma riskar hasken ultraviolet da iyaye star. Planet ba kawai motsa a cikin wani sarari suKe a gaban shugabanci, amma kuma Yanã shakka haske wanda rijistar FI tauraron dan adam.

Duniya ta tagwaye

Kepler-442b. Wannan exoplanet - shi ne abin da ake kira "Earth analog." Its size, taro kuma yawan zafin jiki gwamnatin ne mafi kama da wannan duniya tamu. Open Janairu 6, 2015, shi ne located in da ƙungiyar taurari Lyra a nesa na 1,120 haske-shekara. A zafin jiki a farfajiya na m ekzoplanety ne -40 ° C. Its taro ne 2,34 sau da taro na Duniya, da kuma nauyi ne 30% more. The duniya ne a waje da yankin inda tidal kama aikin. A wata takarda da aka buga a 2015 aikin, ta, tare da Kepler-186f kuma 62f, aka mai suna mafi kyau ga takarar yiwuwar zaune taurari (ga. Photo).

Exoplanet Kepler-78b. Yana revolves a kusa da star Kepler-78. A bude a 2013, da duniyar da mafi kamar Duniya taro, radius kuma matsakaici yawa. An samu ba kawai ta wucewa da haske, amma kallon masassarar da nuna haske m ga orbital bulan. "Shekara" ekzoplanety yana kawai 8.5 hours, t. K. Shin 40 sau kusa da star fiye da nisa daga Mercury da rana.