Empire - wannan shi ne wani nau'i na gwamnati? A mafi girma daular duniya

The kalmar "daular" jimawa kowa na lebe, shi har ya zama gaye. Yana da wani tunani na tsohon yawa da kuma annashuwa. Abin da daidai ne da wani daular?

An yi alkawarin?

Kamus da kuma kundayen bayar da ma'anar asali na kalmar "daular" (daga Latin kalmar "imperium" - iko), da ma'anar wanda, idan ba ka je a cikin m cikakken bayani kuma ba Resort zuwa bushe kimiyya ƙamus, shi ne kamar haka. Da fari dai, daular - a daular mulkinsu, karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna ko Empress (Roman Empire, da Rasha Empire). Duk da haka, domin cewa jihar ya zama wani daular sarautarta bai isa ba za a kira sarki. Empire presupposes da wanzuwar isasshe manyan sarrafawa yankuna da jama'a, da wani karfi Karkasa ikon (amincewa ko totalitarian). Kuma idan gobe, Prince Hans-Adam II zai kira kansa Sarkin sarakuna, shi ba zai canza ainihin Jihar Liechtenstein na'urar (tare da wani yawan kasa da dubu arba'in mutane), kuma shi zai zama ba zai yiwu ba a ce shi ne wani karamin sarauta - Empire (as gwamnati).

Shi ne daidai da muhimmanci

Abu na biyu, dauloli sau da yawa ake kira ƙasar suka yi ban sha'awa mulkin mallaka dũkiyarku ba. A wannan yanayin, da sarki ta gaban ba lallai ba ne. Alal misali, English sarakuna taba aka kira sarakuna, amma domin kusan biyar ƙarni, a karkashin jagorancin Birtaniya Empire, a cikin abin da hada ba kawai UK amma kuma babban adadin mazauna da kuma sarauta. Babban dauloli na duniya har abada etched sunayensu a kan alluna na tarihi, amma abin da suke gama?

The Roman Empire (27 BC - .. 476)

Bisa ga ƙa'ida farko sarki a cikin tarihi da wayewa dauke Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC ..), Wanne ya kasance a baya jakadan, sa'an nan ayyana fir'auna domin rayuwa. Sane da bukatar tsanani ya gyara, Kaisar shige da wata doka da cewa canza tsarin siyasa na zamanin d Roma. Rasa shi ne rawar da majalisar dokokin kasar, Kaisar magoya bayan an bayansa da majalisar dattijai, wanda ya ba Kaisar da lakabi na sarki da dama don canja wurin zuriyarsa. Kaisar fara minting tsabar kudi na zinariya da siffarsa. Ya so domin cikakken iko ya haddasa wani ƙulli daga sanatocin (44 BC. E.), shirya Marcus Brutus da Gayus Cassius. A gaskiya, na farko sarki ya da dan wa na Kaisar - Octavian Augustus (63 BC - .. '14 BC ..). da lakabi na sarki a cikin waɗancan kwanaki nufi da m kwamandan wanda ya lashe wani gagarumin nasara. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, Roman Jamhuriyar har yanzu wanzu, da kuma Augustus kansa aka kira princeps ( "na farko tsakanin daidaitãwa"), amma shi ne ga jamhuriyar Octavian samu cikin fasali na daular mulkinsu, irin wannan umarci Gabas jihohi. A 284, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian (245 -. 313 shekaru) ya qaddamar da sake fasalin cewa daga karshe ya juya tsohon Roman jamhuriyar cikin wani daular. Daga lokacin da Sarkin Assuriya aka kira da Dominus - ubangijina. A 395, jihar da aka kasu kashi biyu sassa - Eastern (babban birnin - Konstantinoful) da kuma Yammacin (babban birnin kasar - Roma) - kowanne daga wanda aka karkashin jagorancin da kansa sarki. Wannan ya nufin Sarkin sarakuna Theodosius, wanda a kan Hauwa'u na da mutuwa ta raba jihar tare da jikokinsa maza. A karshe zamani ta zama ba, da kasashen yammacin Empire aka hõre m incursions na dabbanci, da kuma a 476 da zarar iko jihar za a karshe ci kwamandan-jahili Odoacer (game da 431 - 496), wanda zai yi mulki kawai Italiya, ta yi watsi da lakabi na sarki, da kuma daga sauran dũkiyarku da Roman Empire. Bayan fall daga cikin manyan dauloli na Roma zai faru daya bayan daya.

The Byzantine Empire (IV - XV ƙarni.)

The Byzantine Empire samo asali daga Eastern Roman Empire. Lokacin da Odoacer hambararren karshe Roman sarki, ya kwashe girma da iko, kuma aika su zuwa Konstantinoful. A ƙasa, daya kadai Sun, da sarki, ya yi yawa, dole ne daya - shi ne game da muhimmancin haɗe zuwa wannan harka. The Byzantine Empire aka located a tsaka-tsaki na Turai, Asiya da Afirka, gẽfunanta miƙa daga Yufiretis zuwa Danube. A babban rawa a cikin bunqasar na Byzantine Empire taka Kristanci, abin da ya zama a cikin shekara 381 a jihar addini na Roman Empire. Ubanninsu da coci da'awar cewa ta bangaskiya ne da ceto ba kawai mutane, amma jama'a da kanta. Saboda haka, Rum shi ne a karkashin kariya ta Ubangiji da kuma da aka daure su kai da sauran kasashe don ceto. Wadanda mutane da kuma iko na ruhaniya ya kamata a sõyayya a cikin sunan kowa burin. Byzantine Empire - a jihar da ra'ayin na sarki ikon tsiwirwirinsu mafi balagagge form. Allah - da Ubangijin halittu, da kuma sarki aka mamaye a cikin mulkokin duniya. Saboda haka da ikon da sarki da kariyar Allah, kuma shi ne alfarma. The Byzantine sarki da kusan Unlimited ikon, ya ƙaddara da ciki da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin, shi ne shugaban sojojin, m hukunci da kuma majalisar a lokaci guda. Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna - shi ne ba kawai shugaban kasa, amma kuma shugaban na Church, don haka dole ne ya nuna wani misali da wani model na Kirista taƙawa. Abin mamaki, da ikon sarkin can aka ba gada daga mai shari'a ra'ayi. Tarihi ya sani misalai da dama na Byzantine Empire, a lokacin da shi ya zama sarki na mutane ba saboda haihuwa lashe, da kuma sakamakon da ta real abin yabo.

Ottoman (Ottoman) Empire (1299 - 1922)

Masana tarihi yawanci ƙidaya ta zama daga 1299, lokacin da yankin arewa maso yammacin Anatoliya, Ottoman jihar fito, tushen farko sultan, Osman - wanda ya kafa wani sabon daular. Osman zarar cinye dukan yammacin Asiya Ƙananan, wanda zai zama mai iko dandamali domin kara fadada daga cikin Turkic kabilu. Za mu iya cewa Ottoman Empire - Turkey ne mai sultanate lokaci. Amma tsananin magana daular aka kafa kawai a cikin XV - XVI ƙarni, a lokacin da Turkish ci a Turai, Asiya da Afirka sun zama masu muhimmanci. Heyday ya zo daidai da auka na Byzantine Empire. Wannan, ba shakka, ba mai haɗari: idan wani wuri ya kwanta, kuma lalle ne za a kara da cewa, kamar yadda dokar kiyayewa da makamashi da kuma ikon a kan Eurasian nahiyar. A cikin bazara na 1453 a sakamakon wani dogon kewaye da jini fadace-fadace da sojojin Turkawan daular Usmaniyya a karkashin Sultan Mehmed II dauki Konstantinoful, babban birnin kasar na Byzantine Empire. Wannan nasara za ta kai ga cewa da Turks zai amince da wani rinjaye matsayi a gabashin Rum har shekaru da yawa. Babban birnin kasar na Ottoman Empire zai zama Konstantinoful (Istanbul). Tsororuwar da tasiri da kuma ci gaba na Ottoman Empire kai a cikin XVI karni - a zamanin mulkin Suleiman, mai girma daga I. By farkon XVII karni Ottoman jihar zai zama daya daga cikin mafi iko a duniya. Empire sarrafawa kusan dukan Kudu-Gabas Turai, Arewacin Afirka da yammacin Asiya, shi kunshi 32 larduna da kuma jam'i na bawa jihohi. A auka daga cikin Ottoman Empire zuwa faru a sakamakon yakin duniya na farko. Da yake Jamus ta masõya, da Turks da aka ci a 1922, za a soke sultanate, kuma a shekarar 1923 Turkey zama jamhuriyar.

Birtaniya Empire (1497 - 1949)

Birtaniya Empire - shi ne mafi girma mulkin mallaka jihar a dukan tarihi da wayewa. A cikin shekaru 30 na karni na ashirin, da yankin na United Kingdom lissafta kusan kwata na duniya a kasa da mutane - kwata na mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya (ba da damar cewa harshen Turanci ya zama mafi tasiri harshe a duniya). Turai ci Ingila don mamaye Ireland da kuma intercontinental - kama Newfoundland (1583), wanda ya zama wani springboard for fadada a Arewacin Amirka. Nasarar da Birtaniya mulkin mallaka da gudummawar da nasara imperialist yaki, wanda Ingila kulla da Spain, Faransa, da Holland. A farkon karni XVII fara shiga Birtaniya don India, daga baya Ingila za ta gudanar da na Australia da kuma New Zealand, Arewa, Tropical da kuma Afirka ta Kudu.

Biritaniya, da kuma mazauna

Bayan yakin duniya na farko, da League of Nations zai gabatar da United Kingdom wani umarni don sarrafa wasu daga cikin tsohon mazauna na Ottoman kuma Jamus dauloli (ciki har da - Iran da Falasdinu). Duk da haka, sakamakon da yakin duniya na biyu muhimmanci canja da girmamawa a cikin mulkin mallaka tambaya. Birtaniya, ko da yake ya juya daga su kasance daga masu cin nasara, aka tilasta ya dauki wata babbar aro daga Amurka don kauce wa fatarar. A Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka - mafi girma 'yan wasa a fagen siyasa - aka yi tsayayya wa mulkin mallaka. Amma a cikin mazauna, A halin yanzu, tsananta yantar jin zuciya. A wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne ma wuya da kuma tsada ya zuwa riƙe da mulkin mallaka mamayar. A bambanci, Portugal da kuma Faransa, Ingila ba su yi ba da cewa, da canjawa wuri ikon zuwa kananan hukumomi. A ranar, da United Kingdom ta ci gaba da dominance a kan 14 yankuna.

Rasha Empire (1721 - 1917)

Bayan kammala Arewa War, a lokacin da wani Moscow Jihar aka gyarawa sabon asashe da kuma damar zuwa Baltic Sea, Sarki Bitrus na ɗauki muƙamin na Sarkin sarakuna na All-Russian takarda na Majalisar Dattijan - da mafi sashen jihar ikon, kafa shekaru goma a baya. A ta yankin na Rasha Empire zama ta uku (bayan da Burtaniya da kuma Mongol dauloli) daga taba data kasance jama'a abokai. Kafin zuwan na Jihar Duma a 1905 Rasha sarki ikon da aka ba da takaitawa ba, fãce da Orthodox nagartacce. Bitrus I, wanda kara habaka a tsaye daga ikon a kasar, Rasha ya kasu kashi takwas larduna. A zamanin mulkin Catherine II suka zama 50, kuma ta 1917, a sakamakon yankin fadada, su yawan karu zuwa 78. Rasha - Empire, wanda ya hada da wani yawan zamani sarki jihohin (Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic kasashe, Caucasus da kuma Tsakiya Asia). A sakamakon da Fabrairu juyin juya halin na 1917, hukumar na Rasha sarakuna na Romanov daular ya daina, kuma a watan Satumba wannan shekara, Rasha da aka zayyana a jamhuriyar.

Centrifugal nufi zargi

Kamar yadda ka gani, duk mai girma daular rushe. A wuri na samar da su centripetal sojojin za su jima ko ba dade zo da centrifugal nufi da cewa jagoranci gwamnatin idan ba su da wani cikakken auka, sa'an nan zuwa lalace.