Edmund Husserl: a takaice biography, photo, manyan ayyuka, quotes

Edmund Husserl (shekaru na rayuwa - 1859-1938) - sanannen Jamus Falsafa wanda yana dauke da kafa wani falsafa motsi - phenomenology. Godiya ga mutane da yawa ayyukan da koyarwa aiki, da ya yi mai girma da tasiri a kan duka biyu da Jamusanci falsafa, da kuma a kan ci gaban wannan kimiyya a sauran kasashe. Edmund Husserl gudummawar da fitowan da kuma kafa rayuwa. Phenomenology - shi ne wani abu da wanda alaka da babban ayyukan Husserl. Mene ne wannan? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Mene ne phenomenology?

Tun daga farko, da phenomenology ɓullo da matsayin m motsi a cikin falsafa, ba kamar rufaffiyar makaranta. Saboda haka, a cikin farkon lokaci ta bayyana Trend cewa ba za a iya rage zuwa ga ayyukan Husserl. Duk da haka, babban rawa wajen ci gaban na phenomenology buga da aikin wannan musamman masanin kimiyya. Musamman muhimmanci shi ne aikinsa mai taken "Koma bayan tunanin Bincike". Phenomenology matsayin shugabanci ne musamman tartsatsi a cikin dukan Turai kazalika a Amurka. Bugu da kari, shi ci gaba a Japan, Australia da kuma da dama kasashen Asiya.

A lokacin da na fara batu na falsafa rukunan shi ne ikon gane da kuma bayyana da shugabanci ga (m) sani na rayuwa. An muhimmanci siffa daga cikin Hanyar phenomenology - da kin amincewa da duk wani irin ya kasance unclarified presuppositions. Bugu da kari, wakilan wannan koyarwa zo daga ra'ayin da irreducibility (juna irreducibility) da kuma a lokaci guda, da cin gaba na haƙiƙa duniya (ruhaniya al'ada, jama'a, yanayi) da kuma sani.

Ilimi a jami'o'i, tattaunawa da masana kimiyya

A nan gaba Falsafa da aka haife a kan Afrilu 8, 1859 a Moravia (Prosnitse). Ya yi karatu a Vienna kuma Berlin jami'o'i. Ina mamaki da abin da Edmund Husserl, falsafar wanda aka sani a duk faɗin duniya, a farko so ya zama lissafi. Duk da haka, Masaryk yanke shawarar kawo shi zuwa ga Darussan Franz Brentano, Psychology da kuma falsafa. Sadarwa tare da shi, sa'an nan tare da wani psychologist, K. Stumpf, da gudummawar da ci gaban da amfani ga nazarin Edmund tunani matakai. A nan gaba Falsafa zamar masa dole Brentano mas'ala ta nufi, wanda ke nufin shugabanci na sani. Husserl daga baya ya bayyana cewa, Brentano bai gani da matsalar, "intentionality" dangane da ilimi da kwasfansu, da samuwar Tsarin kwarewa.

Sauran gabascin, rinjayi Edmund a farkon lokaci - yake Birtaniya empiricists (musamman JS Mill.), William Yakubu, da kuma G. V. Leybnits. A ka'idar ilimi Kant ya yi tasiri a kan Falsafa riga a baya lokacin da ya views.

Na farko da aikin na Husserl

Edmund Husserl (photo sama ya nuna shi) ya yi ĩmãni da cewa babban aikin da aka bayyana a matsayin farkon a matsayin na farko da aikin taken "Falsafa na ilmin lissafi." A wannan aikin a karo na farko ya koma biyu babban abu na sha'awar. A daya hannun, wannan m dabaru da kuma lissafi, da kuma a kan sauran - Psychology. Hadishi fuskanci wasu matsaloli. Frege nuna wasu daga cikinsu a cikin wani mawuyacin bincike na ayyukan Husserl. Wadannan matsaloli sun tilasta Edmund gudanar da wani janar nazari na musamman aiki da tsarin "m kwarewa". A karshe babi na littafin ne duqufar da instantaneous "fahimtar" na daban-daban halayyar siffofi kamar wani garken tsuntsaye ko a jere na sojoji. Husserl haka za a iya kira a riga na Gestalt tunani.

Hudu kungiyoyin na ayyukan Edmund Husserl

A wannan ra'ayin na faruwa ta hanyar dukan aikin da Falsafa, amma ya views a kan lokaci, sun halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Ayyukansa za a iya raba da wadannan hudu kungiyoyin:

1. Game da lokacin da "Psychology."
2. "Siffatawa tunani".
3. Transcendental phenomenology, wanda aka farko ta tashi Husserl a 1913.
4. Works alaka da daga baya lokacin da rai da Falsafa.

Aiki "Koma bayan tunanin Bincike"

Husserl da ya fi shahara aiki shi ne aikin da "Koma bayan tunanin Bincike". Sai aka buga a cikin shekaru 1900-1901, da kuma a cikin Rasha edition da aka buga a farko 1909. Marubucin kansa dauke da wannan aiki a matsayin "bayyananne hanya" ga waɗannan wurare kamar yadda phenomenology. "Prolegomena zuwa tsarki dabaru" - na farko girma, wanda ya samar da wani sharhi na manufar Psychology, m a lokacin. Bisa wannan ra'ayin, da manyan ka'idojin da Concepts of dabaru ya kamata a ba a cikin sharuddan tunani. "A ra'ayin na tsarki dabaru" - karshe babi, inda Husserl gabatar da m dabaru. Wannan shugabanci ne emancipated daga Psychology. Marubucin ya nace cewa nasa ne ta darsuwar m dabaru shi ne m. A karo na biyu juz'i na 6 buga nazarin a kan tsarin da kuma kwarewa dabi'u. Tsohon sha'awa a cikin siffofin kwarewa ya kai ga binciken da ake kira categorical diraya da Falsafa Edmund Husserl.

Husserl ta phenomenology

A gaba gagarumin lokaci a cikin aikin fara laccoci Husserl "A ra'ayin phenomenology." Na bayar da muhimmanci ya miƙa mulki Husserl cikin idealism na wani sabon nau'in. Don wannan karshen, ya samarwa musamman Hanyar kira phenomenological raguwa. A zama dole farko da mataki a cikin nadi na filin na ji da kuma samun wasu 'cikakkar' filaye ga dukan falsafa ne shekaru, da cewa shi ne, kaucewa daga duk wani imani da farillai. Phenomenology haka ne tsunduma a cikin search for essences da muhimmanci dangantaka.

A 'yan adawa ga naturalism

Ganin aikin Husserl, za mu iya ganin cewa su ne a cikin 'yan adawa ga naturalism. A musamman, shi ne, bayyananne ne a wata muqala ta 1911, "Falsafa a matsayin tsaurara kimiyya." Domin Husserl, wannan adawar ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi iko da muradi. Edmund Husserl hukunci da cewa "transcendental" ko zalla da turawa yanzu siffatawa kimiyya na kwarewa kamata samar da wani falsafar "m" manufa, wanda shi ne free of wani preconditions. A baya kundin "ra'ayoyin" Husserl (da aka buga posthumously), da kuma a cikin sauran ayyukan shirin "kundin tsarin mulkin" phenomenology aka tura. Its manufa Edmund gani a cikin samuwar wani sabon ƙunshe falsafa.

Aiki a kan dabaru da bincike na da matakai na sani

Musamman karin Husserl ta baiwa a cikin wadannan yankuna biyu: a cikin siffatawa bincike na daban-daban matakai na sani, ciki har da kwarewa na sani na lokaci. kazalika a falsafar dabaru. Aiki a kan tunani da balagagge lokaci ne kamar haka: "The kwarewa da kuma shari'a" (1939) da kuma "The m da transcendental dabaru" (1929). lokaci sani an bincika da Husserl a cikin "Lectures a kan phenomenology na ciki lokaci sani" (1928) da kuma a wasu sauran ayyukan na su daban-daban lokaci na kerawa. A shekarar 1931, Edmund Husserl halitta a "Cartesian tunani", wanda tashi a cikin daki-daki, da yawa daga cikin matsalolin da ilmi da fasahohi na mutane tunani.

Alternate shugabanci na phenomenology

Ba dole ne a ce mutane da yawa na da abokan aiki da kuma dalibai kuma ci gaba Husserl ta phenomenology, amma a madadin kwatance. A musamman Scheler sha'awar addini da kuma gina a kan wannan hasashe ta phenomenological ra'ayi. Heidegger, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa rayuwa, ya fara wani almajiri na Husserl. Bayan wani lokaci, ya za'ayi wani duba na phenomenology dangantawa da ma'anonin "wanzuwar" da kuma "kasancewa". Husserl, m da m nasa ka'idar, ya soki matsayin Heidegger.

A karshe shekaru na rayuwarsa da kuma mutuwa Husserl

Edmund Husserl, watsi almajiransa jimre wuya rashin lafiya, abin da ya bayyana a karshe shekaru na rayuwa. Late lokaci don kammala aikin Husserl ta "The Crisis of Turai Sciences", halitta a 1936 da kuma aka buga a 1954. A da shi da Falsafa samarwa manufar rayuwa-duniya, wanda ya zama sosai shahara.

Husserl ya mutu a kan Afrilu 26, 1938 a Freiburg im Breisgau. Bayan mutuwarsa, shi bar game da 11,000 shafukan da bayanin da kuma Unpublished ayyukansu. Abin farin, suka gudanar da ajiye. Suna hawa zuwa Belgium (Leuven), inda shi ci gaba a yau aiki a kan su littafin, kaddamar a 1950 (jerin "Gusserliana").

Edmund Husserl: quotes

Mutane da yawa quotes Husserl cancanci da hankali, amma da yawa daga cikinsu na bukatar wani more in-zurfin saba da ta falsafa. Saboda haka, muna zabi mafi sauki wadanda suke bayyana duk. Edmund Husserl, babban aikin ƙwarai wanda aka gabatar a sama, shi ne marubucin da wadannan kalamai:

• "Wannan duniya ba ga kowa da kowa guda."
• "Dangantakar gaskiya entails game da wanzuwar duniya."
• "A farkon da yake da tsarki da kuma, sai su yi magana, har yanzu nutsa cikin kwarewa da muteness."

Kuma zuwa wannan rana ba abate amfani a cikin wannan shugabanci, a matsayin phenomenological falsafar Edmund Husserl. Life-duniya, wannan zamanin, kuma mafi muhimmanci matsala dukan lokaci - duk wannan da aka nuna a cikin rubuce-rubucen. Hakika, Husserl za a iya daukan wani babban masanin falsafa. Da yawa daga cikin dalibai da kuma abokan aiki sun janye cikin inuwa a yau, kuma har yanzu koma zuwa ga ayyukan Husserl. A ideas wannan Falsafa ne har yanzu dacewa, cewa yayi magana don su manyan sikelin.

Saboda haka, ya yi ka hadu da irin wannan ban sha'awa zurfin tunani, Edmund Husserl. Taqaitaccen Tarihin shi, ba shakka, ba kawai a waje fahimtar da falsafar. Domin warai fahimta da ra'ayoyin, koma zuwa ga ayyukan Husserl.