Dissociation na salts, acid da kuma alkalis. Ka'idar da m aikace-aikace

Domin jiki Chemistry da Biochemistry hankula overall aiwatar a cikin abin da particulate al'amari - kwayoyin, ions (lallai cajin barbashi kira cations da barnatar da cajin gaɓũɓuwa, kira anions) radicals rarrabu cikin karami barbashi. Wannan tsari shine ake kira dissociation, wanda shi ne Latin for "dissociation" na nufin "rabuwa." An halin da irin wannan Manuniya a matsayin "mataki na dissociation", da nuna rabo na barranta barbashi don jimlar yawan barbashi kafin rushewar, watau, da sulusi da murabba'i na barbashi cewa suna rududdugaggu. Kan aiwatar da Lalacewar barbashi na iya faruwa a sakamakon wasu ayyuka a kan abu, da yanayin wadannan effects kayyade irin dissociation. Rarrabe thermal dissociation, photodissociation, dissociation ƙarƙashin rinjayar ionizing radiation, electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation kishiyar jam'iyya da kuma recombination. Wannan tsari ne sau da yawa a gauraye da ionization.

Electrolytic dissociation ne wani nau'i ne na dissociation, na faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar sauran ƙarfi kwayoyin da iyakacin duniya take ɗauke da sinadaran hali. Abubuwa wanda zai iya dissociate da sauran ƙarfi a cikin ions da kuma gudanar da wutar lantarki, da ake kira electrolyte (acid, gishiri, tushe). Abubuwa wanda idan narkar da ba dissociate cikin ions (alcohols, esters, carbohydrates, da dai sauransu) ba Wutan. A mafi muhimmanci Wutan sauran ƙarfi - ruwa. Ruwa kanta ne halin a matsayin mai rauni electrolyte. Iyakacin duniya kaushi (msl, ethanol, ammonia da acetic acid) ne ma iya rushe da Wutan. Dissociation na acid, alkalis, kamar dissociation na salts faruwa a mai ruwa-ruwa mafita. A salts na - wannan aji na sinadaran mahadi wanda kwayoyin an hada da gaskiya ma caje barbashi (karfe cations), da kuma barnatar da cajin barbashi (acid anion saura). Acid Bugu da kari salts, sabanin al'ada salts kunshi iri biyu cations (karfe da kuma hydrogen) da kuma wani acid anion saura. Lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa kwayoyin decompose a kan gishiri ions. The gishiri za a iya gano ƙafe da ruwa.

Rarrabe tsakanin karfi da kuma rauni Wutan. A gargajiya ka'idar electrolytic dissociation aiwatar gane dauke reversible, amma wannan bayani ya shafi kawai ga rauni Wutan a tsarma mafita. An electrolytic dissociation na acid, sansanonin, salts, shi ne rashin komowar tsari, tun gishiri (kusan duk fãce wani hadadden), acid da kuma sansanonin sojin (wadanda kafa tare da Alkali da alkaline duniya karafa) ne da karfi Wutan da kwayoyin a cikin rauni mafita gaba daya (100 %) barranta zuwa ions. Strong Wutan: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (nitric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (alli chloride), NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Rauni Wutan: NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide), H2CO3 (carbonic acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid) da kuma mafi yawan Organic acid da kuma sansanonin sojin. Su lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa iya dissociate partially (yawanci, wannan darajar jeri daga 1 zuwa 10%).

Saboda haka, tabbatarwa da cewa bayani daga mai karfi electrolyte ƙunshi kawai ions, kuma a cikin wani bayani da rauni Wutan, yafi nondecomposed kwayoyin halitta. Dissociation na salts take kaiwa zuwa da cewa a cikin bayani dauke da kawai karfe ion da wani acid saura (msl, sodium Na + cation da chlorine anion Cl-) da kuma nondecomposed kwayoyin (NaCl) da gishiri. Dissociation acid salts take kaiwa ga samuwar a bayani na wani karfe cation, hydrogen cation da acid anion saura. Alal misali, acid gishiri NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) dissociates cikin wani sodium cation (Na +), hydrogen cation (H) da kuma wani anion na carbonic acid acid saura (SO3-).

Idan bayani (narke) sanya a cikin electrolytic cell electrolyte (jirgin ruwa tare anode da cathode), a lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ne amfani don fara da directional motsi na cajin barbashi don da wayoyin na daura cajin: m cations - da barnatar da cajin cathode, yayin da korau anions - ga gaskiya ma cajin anode. Wannan dũkiyar Wutan, musamman, dissociation salts amfani a cikin art. electrolysis ne da za'ayi masana'antu samar da aluminum, jan (da electrolytic refining). Electrolysis samar da kyau abubuwa irin tsarki ba za a iya samu ta hanyar wasu hanyoyi (barasan, crystallization, da sauransu). Tare da electrolysis karafa cirewa daga ores, tsabtace, tun da cathode aka ajiye kawai a kan karfe cation da impurities kasance a cikin bayani ko narke. The sabon abu na dissociation na salts underlies samar da m hydrogen kuma tsarki chlorine. A ruwa, sodium chloride ne bazu zuwa cikin ions: sodium cation da chlorine anion. A anode za a kasaftawa tsarki chlorine a cathode - da byproduct hydrogen, da kuma bayani zai samar da wani muhimmanci byproduct - sodium hydroxide.