Protein hadaddun: kafiya, abun da ke ciki, tsarin, tsari da ayyuka, rarrabuwa da kuma faye hali. Mene ne bambanci sauki sunadarai daga hadaddun?

A hadaddun gina jiki, da furotin da fãce bangaren kanta hada da wani ƙarin kungiyar na wani daban-daban yanayi (afar roba). Kamar yadda wannan bangaren ne carbohydrates, lipids, karafa, sharan na phosphoric acid, nucleic acid. Mene ne bambanci sauki sunadarai daga hadaddun, a kan abin da iri raba wadannan abubuwa, da kuma abin da suke su halaye, wannan labarin zai gaya. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin abubuwa a tambaya - abun da ke ciki.

Complex sunadaran ba: Definition

Wannan biyu-bangaren abu, da suka hada da sauki gina jiki (peptide sarƙoƙi) da kuma wadanda ba proteinaceous abu (afar roba kungiyar). A kan aiwatar da hydrolysis da amino acid da aka kafa, da kuma wadanda ba furotin rabo daga bazuwar kayayyakin. Mene ne bambanci sauki sunadarai daga hadaddun? A farko kunshi kawai na amino acid.

A rarrabuwa da kuma faye hali na hadaddun sunadarai

Wadannan abubuwa suna zuwa kashi iri dangane da irin ƙarin kungiyoyin. Domin hadaddun sunadarai sun hada da:

• Glycoproteins - sunadarai, kwayoyin na wanda dauke da wani carbohydrate moiety. Daga cikin su akwai proteoglycans (aka gyara intercellular sarari), ciki har da a da tsarin mucopolysaccharides. Domin immunoglobulins ne glycoproteins.
• Lipoproteins sun dauki wani sia bangaren. Wadannan sun hada da apolipoproteins, yin aiki a tabbatar da sia kai.
• Metalloproteins dauke da karfe ions (tagulla, manganese, da baƙin ƙarfe, da dai sauransu), nasaba via wani mai bayarwa-Mai karɓar hulda. Wannan kungiya bai hada heme sunadaran hada da profirinovogo zobe fili da baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma kamar a kan tsarin fili (chlorophyll, musamman).
• Nucleoproteins - sunadaran da ciwon da ba-covalent shaidu da nucleic acid (DNA, RNA). Wadannan sun hada da chromatin - da bangaren chromosomes.
• 5. Fosfoproteidy, wanda sun hada da casein (hadaddun gina jiki soya) hada covalently nasaba sharan na phosphoric acid.

• Chromoproteins saka launi haɗa kan bangaskiya da} afar roba bangaren. Wannan aji hada heme sunadarai, chlorophylls da flavoproteins.

Features na glycoproteins da proteoglycans

Wadannan sunadarai ne hadaddun abubuwa. Proteoglycans dauke da wani babban sulusi da murabba'i na carbohydrates (80-85%), al'ada glycoprotein ciki ne 15-20%. Uronic acid ne kawai ba a cikin kwayoyin proteoglycans, carbohydrates bambanta a kullum da tsarin maimaita raka'a. Mene ne sifa da aiki na hadaddun sunadarai, glycoproteins? Su carbohydrate sarƙoƙi hada kawai 15 raka'a, kuma suna da wani sababbu tsarin. A carbohydrate Tsarin glycoproteins sadarwar da furotin da bangaren yawanci ne via amino acid sharan kamar serine ko asparagine.

The ayyuka na glycoproteins:

• Wani bangare ne na kwayan cell bango, kashi connective nama da kuma guringuntsi, collagen kewaye zaruruwa na Elastin.
• Play wani m rawa. Alal misali, wannan tsarin da antibodies, interferons, jini clotting dalilai (prothrombin, fibrinogen).
• Shin rabe cewa hulɗa tare da effector - a kananan da ba sunadarin. Karshe, shiga cikin furotin, take kaiwa zuwa wani canji a cikin conformation, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani takamaiman kwayuka martani.
• Yi hormonal aiki. Yana nufin wani glycoprotein gonadotropin, thyroid-haramta motsa hormone da adrenocorticotropic.
• Abu hawa a cikin jini, kuma ions fadin jikin tantanin (transferrin, transcortin, albumin, Na +, K + -ATPase).

By glycoprotein enzymes hada cholinesterase da nuclease.

More game proteoglycans

Yawanci proteoglycan hadaddun gina jiki hada a da tsarin manyan carbohydrate sarkar da maimaita disaccharide sharan kunshi wani uronic acid da kuma aminosugar. Oligo- ko polysaccharide sarƙoƙi kira glycans. A farko yawanci dauke da 2-10 monomer raka'a.

Dangane da tsarin da carbohydrate sarƙoƙi da sirrin su daban-daban, misali, acidic heteropolysaccharides tare da mafi acidic kungiyoyin ko glycosaminoglycan dauke da amino kungiyoyin. A karshen sun hada da:

• Hyaluronic acid, wanda aka rayayye yi amfani da kayan shafawa.
• Heparin, wanda ya hana jini clotting.
• Keratan sulfate - gyara na guringuntsi, kuma cornea.
• Chondroitin sulfates wani bangare ne na guringuntsi, kuma synovial ruwa.

Wadannan polymers - proteoglycan aka gyara abin da cika intercellular sarari, riƙe ruwa, sa mai da m sassa na gidajen abinci, shi ne su tsarin aka gyara. Hydrophilicity (mai kyau solubility a ruwa) proteoglycans damar da su a cikin intercellular sarari don ƙirƙirar wani shãmaki zuwa manyan kwayoyin da kwayoyin. Tare da su taimako ƙirƙirar gelled matrix cikin abin da kura idon zaruruwa na sauran muhimmanci sunadarai, kamar collagen. Sojojinsa a proteoglycan yanayi da wata itãciya siffar.

Features da iri lipoproteins

Lipoprotein hadaddun gina jiki yana da kyau furta dual hydrophilic da hydrophobic yanayi. A core kwayoyin (hydrophobic part) ya samar da wata ba iyakacin duniya esters na cholesterol kuma triacylglycerides.

Waje a cikin hydrophilic zone shirya gina jiki part, phospholipids, cholesterol. Akwai da dama iri na lipoproteins sunadaran dangane da tsarin.

A manyan azuzuwan na lipoproteins:

• Nagartaccen high yawa gina jiki (HDL, α-lipoprotein). Ƙaura cholesterol a cikin hanta da kuma na gefe kyallen takarda.
• Low yawa (LDL, β-lipoproteins). Bugu da kari ga cholesterol ne hawa triacylglycerides da phospholipids.
• Very low yawa (VLDL, pre-β-lipoprotein). Yi wani aikin kama LDL.
• Chylomicrons (cm). Transports m acid da kuma cholesterol daga hanji bayan abinci ci.

Jijiyoyin bugun gini Pathology kamar arteriosclerosis, results daga m rabo daga daban-daban na lipoproteins a cikin jini. By faye hali na abun da ke ciki za a iya saukar da dama yayi phospholipids tsarin canji (daga HDL zuwa chylomicron): rage rabo daga furotin (80 zuwa 10%), da kuma phospholipids, triacylglycerides yawan karuwa (20 zuwa 90%).

Daga cikin mutane da yawa muhimmanci enzymes, metalloproteins

Metalloproteins iya hada mahara karfe ions. Su gaban rinjayar da fuskantarwa na substrate a cikin aiki (catalytic) site na enzyme. Metal ions suna located a cikin aiki site da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin catalytic dauki. ion sau da yawa abubuwa a matsayin wani electron Mai karɓar.

Misalai na karafa dauke a cikin tsarin metalloproteins enzyme:

• Copper ne kunshe a cikin cytochrome oxidase, wanda, tare da heme ƙunshi wani ion wannan karfe. A enzyme da hannu a cikin samuwar ATP a numfashi sarkar.
• Iron dauke da enzymes kamar ferritin, da baƙin ƙarfe ne ya yi aikin depositing aiki a wani cell. transferrin - wani m na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin jini. catalase dauki alhakin neutralization na hydrogen peroxide.
• Tutiya - karfe, wanda shi ne halayyar ga barasa da hannu a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ethanol da kuma irin wannan alcohols. lactate dehydrogenase - wani enzyme a cikin metabolism na lactic acid. carbonic anhydrase wanda catalyzes samuwar carbonic acid daga CO ₂ da H ₂ Ya; alkaline phosphatase, ya yi aikin hydrolytic tsakiyan nonon na phosphate esters tare da daban-daban mahadi. α2-macroglobulin - antiproteazny jini gina jiki.
• Selenium ne wani ɓangare thyroperoxidase musharaka a cikin samuwar thyroid hormones. glutathione peroxidase, mukaddashin matsayin antioxidant aiki.
• Alli ne halayyar ga tsarin α-amylase - hydrolytic enzyme tsakiyan nonon sitaci.

phosphoprotein

Wannan bangare na hadaddun gina jiki phosphoprotein? Domin wannan category halin da gaban da phosphate kungiyar, wanda yana da nasaba da gina jiki moiety via wani amino acid tare da wani hydroxyl kungiyar (tyrosine, serine ko threonine). Abin da ya aikata phosphoric acid, yayin da a cikin tsarin sifar sunadaran? Ya canza kwayoyin tsarin, ba shi da wani cajin, qara solubility, rinjayar da kaddarorin da gina jiki. Misalai ne phosphoprotein casein da kwai albumin madara, amma yafi zuwa category na hadaddun sunadarai ne enzymes.

Phosphate kungiyar taka muhimmiyar rawa aikin, kamar yadda da yawa sunadarai hade da shi ne ba na dindindin. A cikin keji duk lokacin tafiyar matakai phosphorylation da dephosphorylation faruwa. A sakamakon haka, tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin sunadaran. Alal misali, idan histones - sunadaran nasaba da nucleic acid Saide a cikin phosphorylated jihar, sa'an nan na ayyuka na genome (kwayoyin abu) qara. By phosphorylation dogara da ayyukan da enzymes kamar glycogen synthase da glycogen phosphorylase.

nucleoprotein

Nucleoproteins - sunadaran nasaba da nucleic acid. Su ne - wani ɓangare na ajiya da kuma tsari na kayyade abu, aikin ribosomes, yin aiki na gina jiki kira. A sauki nau'i na cutar rayuwa za a iya kira ribo- da dezoksiribonukleoproteinami, tun da suka kunshi kayyade abu da kuma sunadarai.

Kamar yadda hulda da deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) da kuma histone? A chromatin ware biyu iri sunadaran hade tare da DNA (histone da kuma wadanda ba histone). A mataki na farko da hannu a cikin sa hannu compaction na DNA. nucleic acid kwayoyin da aka juya a kusa da sunadaran samar nucleosomes. The kafa thread ne kama da beads, an kafa supercoiled tsarin (chromatin fibril) da kuma supercoil (genonema Interphase). By da mataki na histone sunadaran da kuma sunadarai na mafi girma matakan da shi na samar da wani raguwa a DNA girma sau dubbai. Yana isa kwatanta da girman da chromosome da nucleic acid tsawon, don tantance muhimmancin sunadaran (6-9 cm da kuma 6.10 microns, bi da bi).

Menene chromoproteins

Chromoproteins dauke da sosai bambancin kungiyoyin da suna da ha kawai da abu daya - gaban launi a} afar roba bangaren. Complex sunadarai a wannan category kasu kashi: hemoproteins (dauke da heme tsarin) retinalproteiny (bitamin A), flavoproteins (bitamin B2), kobamidproteiny (bitamin B12).

Hemoproteins classified bisa ga ayyuka a kan wani ba enzymatic (mioglobinovy haemoglobin da kuma gina jiki) da kuma enzymes (cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases).

Flavoproteins dauke as} afar roba bangaren Kalam na bitamin B2, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) ko flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad). Wadannan enzymes ma hannu a redox canje. Wadannan sun hada da oxidoreductases.

Mene ne cytochromes?

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, shi kunshi heme porphyrin. Da tsarin kunshi hudu pyrrole zobba, da kuma wani divalent baƙin ƙarfe. A musamman kungiyar na heme enzymes - cytochromes, iri dabam-dabam a cikin amino acid abun da ke ciki da kuma yawan peptide sarƙoƙi, qware a dauke da fitar da redox dauki, saboda abin da aka bayar da electron canja wuri a cikin numfashi sarkar. Wadannan enzymes suna da hannu a cikin microsomal hadawan abu da iskar shaka - na farko halayen da xenobiotic biotransformation, abu don su yarda da metabolism na da yawa na ciki da kuma exogenous abubuwa, kamar steroids, cikakken m acid.

Effect} afar roba kungiyar

} Afar roba kungiyar, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga hadaddun gina jiki rinjayar da kaddarorin: canza ta cajin, solubility, thermoplasticity. Alal misali, irin wannan mataki da phosphoric acid sharan ko monosaccharides. A carbohydrate rabo kunshe a cikin hadaddun na gina jiki, kare shi daga proteolysis (halaka su da hydrolysis) rinjayar da shigar azzakari cikin farji daga kwayoyin ta hanyar da jikin tantanin, su mugunya, kuma kasawa. A sia moiety damar gina jiki don ƙirƙirar tashoshi ga kai daga talauci ruwa mai narkewa (hydrophobic) mahadi.

Tsarin da kuma aiki na hadaddun sunadarai ne duka-duka da dogara a kan} afar roba kungiyar. Alal misali, yin amfani da baƙin ƙarfe-dauke da heme a haemoglobin oxygen nauyin faruwa da carbon dioxide. Saboda nucleoproteins kafa ta hulda da histones, protamines tare da DNA ko RNA ya auku kare kwayoyin abu, ta m ajiya, da aiwatar da dauri na RNA a gina jiki kira. Nucleoproteins kira barga gidaje sunadaran da kuma nucleic acid.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, hadaddun sunadarai da babban iri-iri ayyuka a cikin jiki. Saboda haka, amfani da macro- da micronutrients haka muhimmanci ga kiwon lafiya. Metals wani bangare ne na enzymes masu yawa. Sanin Biochemistry, musamman da kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli da matsayi zama, za ka iya daidaita da yanayin da kansa iko. Alal misali, ya zama ruwan dare ƙasa, halin da rashi na wani kashi. Ya ƙarin shigarwa a cikin abinci a cikin nau'i na Additives damar rama domin rashi.