Modern Yammacin ilimin halayyar

XX karni wani lokaci na sosai m ci gaban zamantakewa kimiyya. Modern yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a kawai ya faru a cikin wannan lokaci. A lokacin da wannan lokaci akwai wani sa na theories da yayi, National Society of Sociologists kuma International Sociological Association da aka kafa, ci gaba aiyuka hanyoyin da empirical nazarin cewa suna da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na bincike da ci gaban cibiyoyin.

Modern yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman samo asali a Turai, amma tare da 20-ies na XX karni. manyan matsayi a ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a koma Amurka. A cikin wannan kasar, da kimiyya na fannin nazarin zamantakewar al'umma ci gaba a matsayin aiyuka kimiyya, wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan positivist ra'ayin da daidaito da kuma objectivity na hujjojin kimiyya. Tare da American ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a masu bincike daga msar tambayar kimiyya ya samo asali a cikin m.

A layi daya tare da wannan Trend na zamani Western ilimin halayyar zaman ci gaba a sauran kasashe a matsayin muhimman hakkokin ilimi ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. Wannan ya kai ga wani matukar rabo na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a cikin aiyuka da msar tambayar.

Modern yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a kamar yadda wani horo ne zuwa kashi a isasshe manyan yawan daban-daban kimiyya filayen da kuma makarantu. Rarraba su ne wuya saboda su ne daban-daban da kuma ka'idojin fuskantarwa, da kuma lokacin da ya faru, da kuma gudanar da bincike hanya.

Daya daga cikin mafi ma'ana da kuma kowa sukayi fassara shi ne kamar haka. Sociological trends ya kasu kashi biyu ƙato kungiyoyin. Na farko shi ne "macrosociological" ka'idar, jigon wanda shi ne ya hakan ba da primacy na jama'a dangane da wani mutum guda. Da dabaru na wannan bincike kungiyar ya shafi motsi da masu zaman kansu na jimlar, cewa shi ne, manufar "hali" da "al'umma" da kuma manufar "social tsarin."

A farkon wadannan theories ke mayar da koyarwar Comte, Durkheim, G. Spencer. Wannan kungiya ta hada har da tsarin da kuma aikin bincike (gangarawa ta T. Parsons), rikici ka'idar (gangarawa ta L. Coser da Dahrendorf), structuralism (Lawi-Strauss, Foucault), fasaha kaddara (V . Rostow Dron R., D. Bell, J. Galbraith) Neoevolutionism (J. Stewart, L. White, J .. Murdoch), da sauransu.

Na biyu kungiyar hada da "microsociological" ka'idar, wanda a mayar da hankali sa a gaba da fari - hali, da mutum, da mutum. Suna nẽman bayyana general sociological dokokin, bincika da ciki duniya na mutum, musamman da hulda da mutum tare da sauran mutane da halartar jama'a. A hanya na wannan kungiyar masana kimiyya na bukatar motsi daga musamman ga general, daga mutum zuwa ga jama'a tsarin.

Fara nadawa wadannan theories yana nufin ra'ayoyi na M. Weber, wasu wakilan psychosociology (G. Tarde, L. Ward, Pareto). Yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na wannan Trend yanzu wakilta da m interactionism (A. Danniya, C. Cooley, H. Blumer, A. Rose, J .. Mead, G. Stone), phenomenological ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a (A. Schutz, Luckmann T.), musayar ka'idar (J. . Homans, P. Blau) ethnomethodology (Garfinkel D. A. Sikurela) da sauransu.

Theories suke da dangantaka da wani musamman methodological kungiyar, zai iya da kyau bambanta quite muhimmanci da kuma yankin ban sha'awa, kuma a fassarar da mamaki a karkashin shawara.

Modern yammacin ilimin halayyar zaman Dictionary kaiwa wani m jerin makarantu da yayi cewa suna tasowa a lokacin a Turai da kuma Amurka. Maida ci gaba da kuma empirical da msar tambayar kwatance. Popular yanzu m sociologist na taro mamaki da kuma matakai. Domin Faransa makaranta ne halin da high amfani da nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam na taro. Bugu da kari, masu tasowa, da kuma fasaha shugabanci na nazarin zamantakewar al'umma. Raya masana'antu ka'idar, post-masana'antu da kuma bayanai al'umma. An tasowa soja-sociological shugabanci.