Oprichnik - wanda shi ne wannan? Da aka sani a cikin tarihi na guardsmen

Rasha statehood ke ta da yawa rikitarwa matakai, wani lokacin daya ya fi muni da wani. A mafi creepy da duhu lokaci a cikin tarihi na Rasha, mafi masana tarihi kira shekaru oprichnina. Oprichnik - shi ne mai labari, ko an ya gaske wanzu? Wadannan sarki bayin suka m jita-jita, suna cewa cewa su ba mutane a duk, da real dodanni, "a cikin jiki, da aljannu." Saboda haka abin da za ka ce game da henchmen wanda suka gaske sun kuma me ya sa suka yi magana game da su da gaske ban tsoro labarun?

m matakan

Oprichnina bayyanar wadda ta gabãta daga jerin korau events ga Moscow. Muscovy a lokacin jagoranci wani jini Livonian War. Livonian rikici - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a soja da kamfanoni na XVI karni a cikin Baltic yankin, wanda sun kasance manyan, m a cikin wadanda yankuna na jihar - Muscovy, Grand Duchy na Lithuania, Kingdom of Sweden, Mulkin Denmark. A Janairu 1558 Moscow mamaye Livonia. Da farko, kamfanin ya kawo sojojin Rasha Ivanu Groznomu a yawan gagarumin nasarar da aka cinye ta da yaki Narva, Dorpat da kuma wasu garuruwa da kauyuka a cikin Baltic.

A yanayi na yaki

Ga shekara bakwai, Rasha jihar ci gaba da jini da kuma m yaki tare da Livonian jihar. Ba kawai Sarkin sarakuna Bitrus Ina so in "bude wani taga zuwa Turai". Ivan Grozny , ma, ya yanke shawarar dot da "i" a cikin alama madawwami matsaloli na Rasha tattalin arzikin. A farkon na soja yakin da aka quite nasara ga Rasha. Bayan kaye da Lithuania gudu zuwa Ulla-Cif na Rasha, sojoji. A dangane da halin da ake ciki Ivan Grozny ayyana dokar ta Martial doka, da samar da wani tsarin a jihar oprichnichestva.

m selection

Duk da yake kasar ikon da aka ba kawai sarki, a cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin rinjayi mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, wanda aka raba takwas ramummuka - a kan wani zumunta akai da rabo. Babu daga gare su yi aiki ga mai kyau na kasarsu kuma, ba shakka, haraji an sa a aljihu. A wani bawa wani lokacin na yi biyu mulkin gargajiya ubangijina. Kawai shugabannin Yaroslavl, akwai a wancan lokacin game da tamanin. Duk wadannan shugabanni ba sa dinari a cikin taskar fiye da sosai fusatar da Rasha Tsar. Kamar yadda a cikin kasar, da kuma haka isasshen matsaloli, musamman a lokacin yaki, da sarki yana da a warware matsalar da mulkin gargajiya. A 1565, Ivan Grozny Janairu 3 sanar da cewa abdicates saboda fushi a manya. Bayan da irin wannan m sanarwa, dubban mutane da suka taru, suka tafi wurin sarki don roƙe shi ya koma zuwa kursiyin kuma sake jagoranci kasar. Riga wata daya daga bisani da Rasha tsar ta sanar cewa zai koma ga mulkin, amma tare da hakkin ya azabtar da boyars ba tare da fitina, haraji su, rabu da su daga dũkiyõyinsu. All sauran jihar shi ba zemshchina. Don duk wannan ya kara da cewa, shiga cikin kasar oprichnina. A da shi, ya gano wasu boyars, clerks mutane da servicemen. Saboda haka oprichnik - wani mutum wanda yana da wasu iko da kuma dauke da fitar da umarni na sarki kai tsaye. Dauke da oprichnina umarci wasu birane Veliky Ustyug, Vologda, Suzdal, Vyazma, Kozelsk, Medyn da sauransu.

Jigon da oprichnina

Oprichnik - wani mutum wanda ya dauki kan aiki na da walƙiya sanda, hana sarkin iko, da mulkin gargajiya ubangijina a wani yankin. Ivan Grozny yi sosai hikima, ta haka ne suka kashe biyu tsuntsaye da dutse daya. Ya hana arbitrariness manya kuma ba da sauran ƙasashe nasara a cikin Baltic Amirka. Oprichnik ma'anar - "wani mutum wanda shi ne a matsayin sarki a cikin sahu na magoya bayansa."

baki Guard

Oprichnik - wani sirri matsara na sarki, wanda aka dauka ba kawai balagagge maza, amma kuma boyars 'ya'yanku, da kuma zabe manya. Babban yanayin ga wanda zabin da aka za'ayi, ya babu related, jini dangantaka da daraja persona nobility. Duk da cewa an buƙata Ivan Grozny daga mutane - shi ke mara biyayya. A mafi muhimmanci da aka oprichnik ga m siyasa. Ma'ana an tsallaka mayar da hankali da kuma da ɗan kama da aiki na musamman sojojin a zamaninmu.

fama rikicin

Tun lokacin da sarakuna sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ni yaki da bayi (da ƙungiyar soja mãsu tsarẽwa cikin bukatun da mai shi), da tsiri na ƙasar bafadan wani al'amari na ba karamin aiki. Ga kuma akwai wani "Black Rider" - oprichnik. Definition na kalmar mu ba kadan mafi girma. Asali da ayyukan suna a gaskiya ƙarfafa united ikon sarki, suka kuma kashe waɗanda suka sãɓã wa jũna. Suna sau da yawa aka bayyana a matsayin matsorata da kuma qin jini mutane. Amma ba duk sun kasance haka, akwai wasu da kyau generals da kwamandojin daga cikin guardsmen. Akwai wani hali: kama Livonian birni sojojin karkashin umurnin Prince Tyufyakina fadi a waje da sansanin soja da kuma mafari ce ta "jayayya" rashin so in je a kan hari da kuma m uzuri ya fusatar da sarki, da ya aiko guardsmen, wanda ya nuna sarauta umurnin cire daga umurnin sojojin Tyufyakina da kuma mataimakansa, kuma ya yi niyya ya kai hari sojojin.

Kare ta kai da tsintsiya

Modern masana tarihi bayyana sirri matsara na sarki a cikin wadannan hanya. Wani mai adon duka a baki, tare da rataye da sirdi pesey kai da tsintsiya a baya. Shugaban nuna alamar cewa matasa guardsmen zai sniff fitar da laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma share shi tare da tsintsiya. Wannan ba gaba ɗaya na gaskiya. Eh, oprichnik aka saka a baki gashi, tun da sun kasance a irin tsari da kuma dress yadda ya kamata. Game da mũshe - cikakken maganar banza, a kan wani zafi rana tare da ciwo mai tsananin shugaban ba musamman bayyana up. A karo na farko da wannan bayanai zo daga kasashen waje da suka, mafi m, kusantar da wani misalin da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã Dominicans, shi ne wata alama ce da Order na kare ta kai cewa qawata ƙofofin sufi. Me ne shugaban wani kare? Dominicans kiran kansu Ubangiji karnuka. Su, kamar guardsmen, wajen gudanar da bincike laifuffuka (da ĩmãni), kuma watakila wannan shi ne dalilin da ya faru na irin wannan misalin. A tsintsiya ba daidai tsintsiya. Kamar yadda wata ãyã daga na ga caste na zaba sarki guardsmen sa bel na ulu goga - tsintsiya kai samame cin amanar kasa.

Hard facts

A lokacin oprichnina kashe da yawa daga mutane sun ce nawa - lalle ba zai yiwu har yanzu. Oprichnik - yana da wani kisa, da laifin wanda ya kashe a kalla 6000 mutane. Yana da wannan adadi ya kira Skrynnikov tarihi.

A guardsmen

Wadanda m shekaru an halin da yawa kamar yadda wani lokaci na danniya da kuma danniya. Kuma, ba shakka, akwai fi shahara guardsmen wanda tuna da ayyukansu mafi.

Fedor Basmanov - dan Alexei Danilovich guardsmen. Game da Fedor tafi da jita-jita cewa shi ya kasance wani lover of Ivana Groznogo, musamman, koma zuwa labaru na kasashen waje. Yana nuna Tatar hari a kan Ryazan. A 1569 Oprichny umarci sojojin a cikin kudancin kasar. Ya aka bayar.

Malyuta Skuratov - oprichnik, babban villain, samu da sunan barkwanci saboda kananan jiki. Shi ne shugaban da oprichnina. Ya fara aiki tare da mafi ƙasƙanci matsayi, amma saboda ta rashin tausayi, ya kai mai duwatsu. Famously na son su gudanar da binciken tare da so. Ya kasance mafi kisa fiye da oprichnik. Kashe a mataki a 1573.

Athanasius Vyazemsky - wani sanannen oprichnik. Na yi musamman matsayi na sarki, cewa ko da cewa ya fi so Ivana Groznogo da kuma jin dadin Unlimited amincewa. Yana da aka haka da karfi da cewa magunguna shirya sirri likita Munin Lenseem sarki dauki kawai daga hannun Afanasiya Vyazemskogo. A lokutan tsanani danniya Vyazemskij da Malyuta Skuratov gangarawa cikin guardsmen. Ya gama a duniya zama Vyazemskij a lokacin da azabtarwa, da ake zargi da baki da makiyan da Rasha da kuma son kai Pskov Lithuania.

Mihail Temryukovich Cherkassky - Prince. A Muscovy zo a 1556. Yin biyayya da nufin mahaifinsa, ya yi masa baftisma kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin ma'aikatansa. Michael oprichnik zama godiya ta zuwa ga daraja yaƙi gāba da Tatars da Sister Maria, wanda yake shi ne ire-iren su da shi tare da Tsar Ivan da Munin. Bayan wani lokaci yarima Cherkassky tsiwirwirinsu isasshen tasiri a kotu na Moscow tsar.

Hukumance tsakanin guardsmen Michael Cherkasky aka kira a watan Satumba 1567. Ya, kamar dukan muhimmanci Figures na sarki sirri matsara, rayayye halarci azabtarwa Messrs monarch ƙyãmã. A May Cherkassy kashe for zargin zina, kuma daya daga cikin rare version ne cewa ko da aka rataye.