20th Congress na jam'iyyar, kuma da darajar. Nikity Hruscheva rahoton "A cikin Hali sadaukarwa da kuma ta Sakamako"

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev kasance daya daga cikin mafi enigmatic da kuma rigima Figures a Rasha tarihi. Wannan lokacin da shi ya faru da ake kira "narke" a dangantakar da jari hujja duniya, amma, a lokaci guda, da duniya rataye a cikin balance na nukiliya yaki. Ya zo domin ya da iko, da kasancewa a cikin ni'imar da Stalin, amma bayan mutuwar last doused da laka daga shugaban da kafana, ya karanta rahoton a kan sadaukarwa na hali da kuma da nasa sakamakon.

I. V. Stalin, ko abin da ake nufi da "jama'a hali"

A la'akari da irin wannan hadadden batun, wanda ya nuna da tasiri na bayanai a kan sakamako daga rai guda, a ciki da kuma na waje ci gaban jihar, tambaya taso, abin da yake wannan mutum? A duniya ta yau an yi imani da cewa mutum daya ba zai iya canza da ci gaban da dukan ƙasar da kuma al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, idan wasu daga cikin data kasance siffofin ikon shi ya zama mai yiwuwa, musamman idan wannan mutumin yana da high volitional halaye da cewa ba da damar da shi ya inganta ra'ayoyi, watau, "Ka dage ga line."

An fara daga 20s, a kansa, daga Soviet jihar fuskanci wani karfi hali - I. V. Stalin. Ya ya iya rike ta gyara kokarin sosai ga samuwar totalitarian tsarin mulki. Duk da ikon a cikin wannan yanayin ne a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin shugabannin jam'iyyar, kuma shi ne shugabanci ya "karkashin kaho" daga Stalin kansa. Domin kusan shekaru 30 na Soviet iko lokaci ya ya iya matuƙa, canja siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma zamantakewa duniyoyin kasar. Yana dole ne a yarda, ya yi mai yawa. Amma wannan yawa da aka ba kawai m facts. Akwai sun kasance m, cin mutunci da kisan-kiyashi, wanda da wuya a sami wani uzuri.

Nikita Khrushchev duk wadannan korau al'amurran na siyasa aiki fallasa duk abin da: "da" da "bare", don haka da cewa baya ne sosai yarda da yaba da tafi. A sosai guda Tarayyar Soviet da shi ya na da wani babban tareda žata effects cikin kasar.

Tun da mutuwar Stalin ya kasance fiye da shekaru 60 da. Wannan lokaci ne quite isa sanin da wuri a cikin tarihin duniya kamar yadda wani dattaku. Lokaci rike fita daban-daban "gaskiyane datti" kuma ya kasance mafi muhimmanci - taimako.

Yau, akwai masana tarihi suka rubuta game da nasarori da kuma taimako na Stalin a ci gaba da kuma tadawa, aka kashe a cikin wuta na yakin basasa, da Rasha jihar. Saboda haka, shi ne lokacin da za a tantance hakikanin Stalin a matsayin jama'a hali. Idan kun tuna Bitrus I, da aka faruwa a lokacin da shi ba karami laifuka, amma tarihin kasar ya ne na kasa gwarzo, vyvevshim Rasha a duniya matakin. Tabbas, a tsawon shekaru, Stalin ya kuma zama gwarzo, amma ya kamata ka je ga wasu m lokaci.

kisan kare dangi

20th Congress of jam'iyyar ta daya daga cikin 'yan gajere abubuwan tarihin da na girma na kasa da kasa siyasa da akida tasiri a kan duk abubuwa na al'umma - da kuma iko da ya zama, kuma talakawa' yan ƙasa. An kai ga muhimman canje-canje a cikin jiha mafi girma - da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma da cewa shi ne Jigo na wannan tarihi rahoton?

A kasar da aka a cika duka iko. A jihar iya sa baki har a cikin sirri harkokin kowane dan kasa. Kuma har ma da mutumin da rike high jama'a ofishin, ba zai iya zama a cikin natsuwa da rayuwarsa da kuma aiki, kazalika da iyalinsa.

A lokacin yakin basasa, kuma a cikin 20-ies na XX karni, da Soviet hukuma halaka dukan al'adu yuwuwar na da zarar sosai raya al'umma. A waɗannan shekaru akwai wani real kisan kare dangi da wata al'adar da Rasha jihar. The nobility an lalata a matsayin aji. Malamai Dokar Kare - harbi, rataye, dukan tsiya kisa, dubun, daruruwan dubbai da kuma a fadin kasar. Shirin abu, kamar yadda halayyar halaye na mutum, aka hallaka a cikin toho - da bourgeoisie kuma m manoma da aka ayyana fists, ya mallaki mutane ta "dũkiya." Da aka ba su a cikin rahamarSa fatattaki fushi da proletariat. Zaki ya share na ilimi m, wanda aka gudanar da Rasha daular, "tanã gudãna" zuwa yamma. Rasha marubuta da kuma masana kimiyya sun samu su mahaifarsa ta biyu "akwai" kasashen waje, daga ja tsõro. Stalin, kamar yadda daya daga cikin manyan jami'an na sabuwar gwamnatin, da aka kaina da hannu a cikin wannan, saboda haka da XX Congress na CPSU wani tunani na gaskiya da ke faruwa a kasar.

A Epoch na Stalin, "Stalinism"

A sakamakon na sama aukuwa ne janar talakawan al'umma. Kuma ba kawai cikin sharuddan abu, amma a cikin al'adu da kuma ilimi. A 'yan adawa zuwa karshen 30s ba da a ce - shi kawai ba a can. Duk 'yan ƙasa koro zuwa ga shugaban da correctness na zaba hanyar raya kasa na jam'iyyar kwaminis. Jama'a a kansu kashe wani shakku game da inganci na mataki. Akwai wani rasa rubutu mulkin a teburin shawara a maku yabo "for Stalin", da kuma duk ya bi shi. Humor ya hatsari ko ya hango ko hasashen wani abu ga wanda za ka iya "yarda", shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu. Tare da gaisuwa ga wannan, yana yiwuwa ya kawo wani magana, game da waɗannan kwanaki:

"Zauna, uku a cikin kyamara.

- Me ya sa?

- Joke gaya. Kuma ku?

- Na saurari da magana,.

- Comrade, kuma kana kan nan?

- Domin da m! Ya a cikin kamfanin, sai na ji wani magana,. Na tafi gida da kuma tunani: to bayar da rahoton ko ba da rahoto. M, ba ruwaito. Kuma wãne ne ba ma m. "

Wannan, ba shakka, an magana,. Amma kamar yadda suka faɗa, kawai sulusi da murabba'i na wargi a kowane wargi akwai. Duk da yake miliyoyin mutane ne a sansanonin. Idan ba kowane, kusan kowane iyali ya rasa wani daga members. Amma babu wanda bai gaya wa kowa game da shi. Yana da aka kawo hadari bude bakinsa sake. 20th Congress of jam'iyyar ta cikin aya daga wanda, akwai wata dama ga tattaunawa na ba daidai ba ayyuka, musamman Stalin.

A view kasance kamar falalen Stalinist gini - noma, masana'antu ci gaba sosai cikin sauri. A ko'ina sun rataye posters da farin ciki fuskoki na Soviet 'yan ƙasa da kuma kaffa da kira zuwa aiki.

Daga cikin sauran duniya da Tarayyar Soviet da aka raba - da bayanai kawancen, kasashen waje rediyo yawan ba fita ba saboda rashin short-kalaman radios. Sauran kafofin watsa labarai ne batun akidar da kuma farfaganda suke cike.

Criticism na Stalinism bai bayyana fita daga babu inda - shi aka magana game, amma da farko, wanda ya fara da shi, ya ba Khrushchev, shi ne Beriya, amma bai ji wani abu. Nikita da "doke".

"Pospelov Hukumar"

Nikita dogon aka shirya domin wannan Congress. Ya dan amfani ga mafi daga cikin ajanda da kuma rahotanni na yan'uwansu. Yana sha'awar daya kawai tambaya - wani rahoto a kan Stalin ta hali sadaukarwa. Don yin wannan, Khrushchev ciyar da yawa shiri aiki. Na farko, ya rinjayi duk saman management na bukatar kimantawa da laifukan da "shugaban." Bi ta musamman kungiyar da aka kafa, daga baya ake kira "Hukumar Pospelov."

A hukumar jawabi batun gyaran ba bisa ƙa'ida ba laifin 'yan ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet Stalinist na'ura. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da shaidu daga waɗanda events da yake a kurkuku Boris Rhodes. Karkashin Stalin, ya kasance mai binciken for muhimmanci musamman lokuta na MGB, kuma yana daga cikin manyan masu aikatawa na matakai da suka shafi cikin "siyasa", abin da ya faru a cikin 40s. KalmõminSa tabbatar Stalin ta tsõro da kansu ba kuma su, musamman, jam'iyyar ma'aikata da ma'aikata. Kuma ya nace a kan nauyin da generalissimo, amma a wani hali babu sauran siyasa Figures. Khrushchev da zarar an da ake bukata. Ko da yake ya kasance da sanin cewa duk m jam'iyyar jami'ai da shugabannin jam'iyya jamhuriyoyin ne alhakin taron, babu kasa Stalin. Bayan duk, sun kasance yin "iyaka" da kuma kira ga shugaban na samu na sabon "iyaka" a yau da kullum da aka kama.

Shirya domin XX Congress

Shiri na rahoton na Khrushchev a XX Congress na CPSU bai faru smoothly. Da zarar mai tsanani da muhawara a kan batun na kima da Stalin kansa. Molotov kasance da aminci ga tsohon shugaban, ya bayar da hujjar cewa "duk da kome da kome, Stalin ne gaskiya continuer na Lenin ta hanyar", ya samu goyon baya daga Voroshilov da Kaganovich. Saburov da Mikoyan, a maimakon haka, ya aka zarge shi da anti-kwaminisanci ra'ayoyi da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, mataki. Khrushchev ra'ayi sãɓã wajũna. Ya yi imani da cewa Stalin ya ci amanar gurguzanci, amma duk ayyukansa aka yi daji, dabbanci. Ya ba akidar Karl Marx, da'awar Khrushchev, All Saints, cewa shi ne a mutum, ta hallaka dukan su son zũciyõyin yawaita.

"Pospelov Hukumar" Yã yi tattalin wani summary rahoton ga watan dauke Stalin ya aikata for 1935-1940 gg. Akwai girma a cikin su zaluntar hotuna. All data aka goyon baya har ta Siyasa takardun, don haka mu kasance fiye tabbatacce. A musamman, da statistics kawo sunayensu fiye da miliyan 1.5. Man kama domin 1937-38., About dubu 700 daga cikinsu an harbe! Akwai kuma samar da statistics a kan halakar da Party da kuma Soviet shugabanci. Duk abin da aka fentin musamman domin sub-abubuwa gani da cikakken hoto na halin da ake ciki a kasar tare da gaisuwa ga kama, danniya da yanke hukuncin kisa.

Fabrairu 9, 1956, t. E. Mako guda kafin a fara da majalisa, da rahoton da aka tsĩrar da Presidium na kwamitin tsakiya. A zauren da aka gigice da abin da ya ji, da kuma tambaya da aka tashe game da larura irin wannan karatu na. 20th jam'iyyar Congress ya taƙaice shãfe a kan shekaru na Stalin ta aiki, duk da haka, kamar yadda ya juya waje, musamman da hankali da aka mayar da hankali a kan shi.

A ranar kafin taron, watau. E. Fabrairu 13, an yanke shawarar rike mai zaman kansa taron, wanda zai isar da wani rahoto Khrushchev. Kawai 18 daga cikin rubutu na jawabin da aka shirya Pospelov da Aristov, amma Nikita Sergeyevich ya ba da cikakken yarda da, saboda haka bita ta fara. Kashegari, Khrushchev ya kirawo stenographer da shibtarsu ya version na rahoton. Wannan version ya cakuda bayanai, "Pospelov Hukumar" da kuma na sirri dalilai da kuma tunani Khrushchev.

20th jam'iyyar Congress

Kwanan wata na Congress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. Game da makonni biyu ya wuce wannan ya faru a tarihi, kamar sanya tarihi karshe rana - 25 Fabrairu. Wannan lokacin da Khrushchev karanta ya shahara m magana. Amma bari mu duka domin. Event 20 jam'iyyar Congress za a iya raba biyu unequal sassa.

A farko kunshi 19 jama'a tarurruka. Wannan bangare ne ba daban-daban daga cikin sauran na jam'iyyar majalisa da aka gudanar. Matsayin mai mulkin, da rahoto daga kowane magana ya fara yabon da ayyukan jam'iyyar kwaminis, sa'an nan ya bi da rahoton. Dole ne in ce, duk da rahotanni sun kaffa a launi tare da tunani na musamman m muhimmancin ayyukan a filin daga cikin jam'iyyar da kuma a cikin yankuna. Yana da jũna da cewa jam'iyyar da ke aiki flawlessly. Duk da haka, a gaskiya, tun shekara ta 1952, shi ya zama a bayyane da tsanani kasawa da kuma kuskure.

A ãdalci, shi dole ne a ce cewa, a Bugu da kari yabi jam'iyyar da kuma tsohon shugaban Iosifa Stalina, wasu jawabai bayyana zargi. A musamman, Anastas Mikoyan ba wani mummunan kima na Stalin ta "Short Course" da kuma adabi, haskakãwa da tarihi na Great Oktoba juyin juya halin da kuma tarzomar da yakin basasa da kuma tarihi na Soviet jihar. Dole ne in ce, irin wadannan maganganu ba su da tallafi a congresses, kuma babu wani abu abin mamaki a gaskiyar cewa Mikoyan bai sami goyon bayan daga halartattu ba. Known Academician Pankratova kuma nuna gaskiyar na gurbata da tarihi.

An Rufe zaman da wani "sirri rahoton" Khrushchev

A kashi na biyu na majalisa tabbatar da banrazana domin ci gaba da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma na Soviet al'umma. Mun ce cewa sassa biyu na Congress ne rashin - da gaske ne. A kashi na farko dade 11 kwana da kuma wani fiye ko žasa da gagarumin shi bai faru ba. A bangare na biyu da ya faru a ranar ƙarshe na majalisa. Nikita Khrushchev karanta "m rahoton", wanda ya gabatar da zauren a Jihar mãyen da babban bugu. Ya debunked da labari na Stalin ta hali sadaukarwa , da kuma sanya shi cikin manyan kuma kawai m na taro repressions da sauran laifuka a tsawon shekaru da ya tsaya a ikon, watau. E. Domin duk shekaru 30. Ba mamaki, aka yanke shawarar zuwa zasu tafi tare da muhawara da tattaunawa da rahoton - a cikin zauren akwai wani deathly shiru a cikin rahoton, da kuma bayan shi akwai wani tafi, wanda ya m ga irin abubuwan.

Dogara san daidai abin da Khrushchev gaya wakilai, alhãli kuwa ba ba da damar. Buga rubutu da ya sauka a kanmu, shi an shirya, da kuma audio tef rikodin a wannan lokaci, a lokacin da ya ba tukuna aka samu. Amma ba gaskiya improvisation, rahoton "A cikin Hali sadaukarwa da kuma ta Sakamako" na iya bambanta daga rubutu, wanda aka fara a cikin nauyi ka duba.

A sakamakon da jama'a mayar da martani ga "m rahoton"

Kimanta wannan matsala na Khrushchev ta magana a 20th majalisa ne da wuya sosai. Mutane sukan "pumped" daga daya matsananci zuwa wani. Har Fabrairu 25, 1956, Stalin an "icon", har ma da tunani na ya maye matsayin siyasa ba to faruwa, kuma ma fiye da haka a kan zai yiwu kisan-kiyashi aikata by su. Duk wannan fada 20 jam'iyyar Congress. Its tarihi muhimmanci ya unpredictable. Mafi m, har ma da Khrushchev ya san abin da zai yi ya.

A jama'ar da aka raba a kimantawa rahoton zuwa sassa biyu - daya aikata "for", kuma miƙa don ci gaba da aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci, kashi na biyu ya yi sharply da sukar da shugaban dukan sau da al'ummai.

Kwamitin tsakiya fara sami haruffa da bayanin kula, inda aka samarwa don ci gaba da aikin debunking da "labari na Stalin." Akwai raba bada shawarwari ga kõwace ƙungiya memba yi magana, tare da gaisuwa ga wannan batu.

Kamar yadda talakawa koya game da wannan rahoto? The abu ne cewa, da zaran ƙare 20th Congress na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, ya fara manyan sikelin-gangamin sa mutane daga dukan nau'i tare da rubutu na Khrushchev ta magana.

Bayan haka, akwai tambayoyi game da haramun ce na gano jikin Stalin gaba da Lenin. Akwai shawarwari don gyaran ƙẽƙashe yunkuri, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. Baya daga gare su, akwai mutane da yawa dubban tayi a kan dawo da kyau sunan zãlunci kaso Soviet jama'a.

A jini events a Tbilisi

Wasu lokacin sun abubuwan da suka faru a Tbilisi, wanda ya haifar da 20 na jam'iyyar Congress. 1956 kawo bala'i a cikin Jojiyanci mutane. Nikita Sergeyevich ya gane da abin da zai iya kai shi m kalmomi. Jojiya ya Stalin ta mahaifarsa. A lokacin da yake da iko, ya kasance da wani dalĩli da ya fara da za a kira demigod, kuma ya kasance suak kangare. Af, to wannan rana a gare shi a Jojiya shi ne na musamman dacewar. Asirin rahoton da aka karanta a karshen Fabrairu 1956, kuma a watan Maris fara taro tashin hankali.

Khrushchev iya aika zuwa Georgia samu promoters, wanda zai iya duka da " 'yancin" don bayyana da kuma sanar da jama'a. Amma Khrushchev ya ba su da sha'awar da shi - ya aiko da punitive sojojin. A sakamakon - mai yawa jini zub. Kuma zuwa wannan rana a Georgia Khrushchev ya tuna kalma mummũnã.

A tarihi muhimmanci

Khrushchev ta rahoto ya gauraye da sakamakon. Da fari dai, shi ne farkon tsarin dimokuradiyya a cikin gwamnati - dakatar danniya da kuma ta'addanci a cikin jam'iyyar gwagwarmaya. Amma, a lokaci guda, ba a ba gwamnati so ya ba wa mutanen da yawa da 'yanci na mataki. A halin yanzu, matasa, a matsayin mafi m ɓangare na al'umma, fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin harkokin siyasa, daban. Ya yi imanin cewa, yayin da ƙuƙumma da suka gabata, ya zo gaskiya yanci.

Amma an yi kuskure. Khrushchev so komawa kome baya, rage gudu aiwatar da de-Stalinization, amma ya yi latti, da kuma yanzu da ya yi zuwa daidaita zuwa yanzu events, da amfani demokra] iyya.

Shugabannin jam'iyyar kuma ya canza ba - shi ya kasance iri guda, amma har yanzu so kamar yadda zai yiwu a fi girma laifi Stalin da Beriya, game da shi fallasa ayyukan a mafi priglyadnom haske.

Congress yanke shawara a kan janar gabatarwa na "asiri rahoton" Khrushchev ya jagoranci wani babban canji, amma ko da saman shugabannin gane ba abin da sakamakon wannan zai haifar. A sakamakon wani tsari na halakar da jihar tsarin duniya daidaici al'umma.

"Narke"

The biyu da rabi na 50 ta - tsakiyar 60-ies na XX karni zo a cikin kasa tarihi a matsayin lokaci na Khrushchev narke. Wannan ne lokacin da na juya na Tarayyar Soviet daga totalitarianism zuwa wani abu mai kama da mulkin demokra] iyya. Ya inganta dangantakar da jari hujja duniya, "baƙin ƙarfe labule" ya zama mafi permeable. Karkashin Khrushchev, kasa da kasa da matasa festival shirya a Moscow.

zalunci na jam'iyyar ma'aikata da aka katse, da yawa daga waɗanda kaso karkashin Stalin aka gyara. A kadan daga baya fi an hõre talakawa 'yan ƙasa. A lokaci guda akwai wani haƙƙi ga mutanen cin amana inji, wanda sun hada da Chechens, Ingush, Jamusawa da yawa wasu.

The manoma aka warware daga cikin "kangin na gama farm" an rage workweek. Mutane dauki shi optimistically, wanda yana da wani overall tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin. Fadin kasar fara aiki yi na zama yankunan. Don wannan rana, babu daya a Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar birnin, a cikinsa akwai akalla daya daga cikin "Khrushchev".

20 jam'iyyar Congress ya da wani taron ba kawai vnutrisovetskogo sikelin, amma kuma na kasa da kasa. Domin gabatar a wannan majalisa, Khrushchev ta kawai da yawa - Hungarian events, da kisan kiyashin a Tbilisi kuma Novocherkassk, ku bauta wa daga kasashen yamma, ya na sirri aiki hallara a haramta shi ayyuka a zamanin mulkin Stalin, boorish da kuma girman hali ga kawo dukkan. A cikin shekaru na perestroika, akwai ko da wani tsari don rebury Nikita Sergeyevich a gindin Kremlin bango. Eh, mana, ya zama a duniya adadi a sakamakon daya daga cikin shahararrun magana. Yana kamar bayan Churchill Fulton magana, ya sanar da farkon "Cold War," kuma nan take ya zama tsakiyar adadi a siyasar duniya.