Chemical kashi fluoro: valence Properties halayyar

Sunadarin flourine (F) - mafi amsawa sinadari da mafi sauki halogen kungiyar 17 (VIIa) na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Wannan sunadarin flourine halayyar saboda da ikon jawo hankalin electrons (mafi electronegative kashi) da kuma kananan size of ta atoms.

Tarihi na samu

A sunadarin flourine-dauke da ma'adinai fluorspar aka bayyana a cikin 1529 da Jamusanci likita da mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Shi ne wata ila cewa hydrofluoric acid da aka farko samu a cikin unknown English glassmaker 1720 GA 1771 a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden sunadarai Carl Wilhelm Scheele samu danye hydrofluoric acid a karkashin dumama fluorspar tare da mayar da hankali sulfuric acid a cikin wani gilashi retort, wanda sun fi mayar da corroded karkashin mataki na sakamakon samfurin . Saboda haka, a cikin m gwaje-gwajen, tasoshin an sanya daga karfe. Kusan anhydrous acid da aka samu a 1809, da makamantansu shekara, bayan shekaru biyu da Faransa likita Andre-Marie Ampère zaci cewa wannan hydrogen fili tare da wani ba a sani ba kashi, analogous chlorine, ga abin da shi ne samarwa da sunan daga Greek fluoro φθόριος, «rushewa». Fluorspar juya alli fluoride.

Fluoride saki ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kasa warwaruwa matsaloli na inorganic sunadarai har 1886, lokacin da Faransa sunadarai Anri Muassan ya na da kashi da electrolysis na bayani na potassium hydrofluoride a hydrogen fluoride. Ga shi a shekarar 1906, ya karbi kyautar Nobel. A wahala a tafiyad da wannan kashi da kuma mai guba Properties gudummawar sunadarin flourine jinkirin ci gaba a fannin hade-haden sunadarai daga wannan kashi. Up har yakin duniya na biyu ya kasance wani dakin gwaje-gwaje son sani. Sa'an nan, duk da haka, yin amfani da uranium hexafluoride a cikin rabuwa na uranium isotopes, tare da wani karuwa a kasuwanci gudanar da mahadi daga cikin kashi, yin shi a sinadaran da yake kawo gagarumin amfani.

Yaduwar

A sunadarin flourine-dauke da fluorspar (fluorspar, CAF ₂₎ ga ƙarni aka yi amfani a matsayin juyi (tsarkakewa wakili) a metallurgical tafiyar matakai. Ma'adinai daga baya ya tabbatar da tushen wani kashi, wanda aka ma mai suna Kamfanin Fluor. Colorless m fluorite lu'ulu'u a karkashin haske da bluish tint. Wannan dukiyar da aka sani a matsayin haske.

Fluoro - wani kashi da ya auku a cikin yanayi ne kawai a cikin nau'i na ta mahadi, fãce sosai adadi kaɗan na free kashi a cikin fluorspar, radium fallasa su radiation. Da abun ciki na kashi a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi ne game da 0,065%. Ainihin fluoride ma'adanai ne fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, CL]), Topaz (Al ₂ Sio ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ kuma lepidolite.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na sunadarin flourine

A dakin da zazzabi, sunadarin flourine gas ne a kodadde rawaya da wani irritating wari. Inhalation na ta kawo hadari. Bayan sanyaya ta zama rawaya ruwa. Akwai daya ne kawai barga isotope na sinadari - fluoro-19.

A farko ionization makamashi na halogen ne sosai high (402 kcal / mol), wanda shi ne wani misali kadan cation samuwar F ⁺ 420 kcal / mol.

The kananan girman da kashi na zarra iya saukar da su gwada manyan adadin a kusa da tsakiyar zarra ta samar da wata jam'i na barga gidaje, misali, hexafluorosilicate (SiF ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata kuma (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - wani kashi cewa yana da karfi oxidizing Properties. Babu sauran abu ba oxidized fluoride anion, shi ya jũya a cikin wani free kashi, da kuma don wannan dalili abu ne ba a cikin wata free jihar a yanayi. Wannan halayyar sunadarin flourine ga fiye da 150 da shekara ba a yarda don samun shi da wani sinadaran Hanyar. Wannan ya yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da electrolysis. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1986 Amirka sunadarai Karl Krayst ce game da farkon "sinadaran" samun fluoride. Ya yi amfani da K ₂ MnF _6, da kuma antimony pentafluoride (SbF _5), wanda za a iya samu daga HF bayani.

Fluoro: valence da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar

A matsanancin harsashi ya ƙunshi wani unpaired electron halogens. Shi ya sa da valence na sunadarin flourine a cikin mahadi ne daidai da daya. Duk da haka, VIIa kungiyar kashi kwayoyin halitta zai iya ƙara yawan electrons da valency na 7. Maximum sunadarin flourine da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daidaita -1. Sinadarin ne ba su iya mika ta valence harsashi, tun da shi zarra offline d-orbital. Sauran halogen-free godiya ta zuwa ga gaban na iya zama wani valence daga sama zuwa 7.

High hadawan abu da iskar shaka damar kashi damar cimma mafi girma zai yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar sauran abubuwa. Fluoro (valence I) zai iya samar da wani fili, wanda ba ya zama ba, kuma bã da wani sauran halide: difluoride azurfa (AgF _2), cobalt trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (Ref ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine (BrF ₅₎ da aidin heptafluoride (IF _7).

sadarwa

Formula sunadarin flourine (F ₂₎ aka hada biyu sunadaran wani kashi. Ya iya shiga cikin dangane da duk wasu abubuwa fãce helium da Neon, ta samar da ionic ko covalent fluorides. Wasu karafa kamar nickel, hanzari rufe a Layer na halogen, hana kara sadarwar da karfe kashi. Wasu bushe karafa kamar m karfe, tagulla, aluminum, ko Monel (nickel 66% da kuma 31,5% jan gami) bai amsa a talakawa yanayin zafi da sunadarin flourine. Don aiki tare da rabi a yanayin zafi har zuwa 600 ° C ne m monel. Sintered alumina ne barga har zuwa 700 ° C.

Fluorocarbon mai ne mafi dace lubricants. Sinadarin reacts violently da kwayoyin kayan (msl, roba, itace kuma Textiles) don haka sarrafawa fluorination hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi elemental sunadarin flourine kawai zai yiwu a lokacin da shan musamman riƙi shirinku.

samarwa

Fluorspar ne babban tushen fluoride. A samar da hydrogen fluoride (HF) ne distilled daga powdered fluorspar tare da mayar da hankali sulfuric acid a cikin wani gubar naúrar ko jefa baƙin ƙarfe. A lokacin barasan kafa alli sulfate (CaSO _4), shi ne insoluble a HF. A hydrogen fluoride aka samu a isasshe anhydrous jihar ta fractional barasan a jan ko karfe tasoshin da kuma adana a karfe cylinders. Common impurities a kasuwanci hydrogen fluoride ne sulfurous da sulfuric acid da kuma fluorosilicic acid (H ₂ SiF ₆₎ kafa saboda gaban silica a fluorspar. Traces of danshi za a iya cire ta electrolysis amfani da platinum wayoyin da magani tare da elemental sunadarin flourine, ko adanar a kan wani karfi Lewis acid (MF _5, a cikinsa M - ƙarfe) wanda za a iya samar da salts (H ₃ Ya) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ Yã + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ Ya) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

A hydrogen fluoride amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da dama masana'antu kwayoyin da inorganic sunadarin flourine mahadi, msl, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ ne aiki a matsayin electrolyte a smelting na aluminum karfe. A bayani na hydrogen fluoride gas a cikin ruwa aka ce hydrofluoric acid, babban adadin na karfe wanda aka yi amfani don tsabtace da kuma ga polishing gilashin ko imparting hazo zuwa ta etching.

Shiri na cell free ta yin amfani da electrolytic hanyoyin da in babu ruwa. Yawancin lokaci suna a cikin nau'i na potassium fluoride narke electrolysis na hydrogen fluoride (a cikin rabo na 2.5-5 zuwa 1) a yanayin zafi na 30-70, 80-120 ko 250 ° C. A lokacin aiwatar da hydrogen fluoride abinda ke ciki a cikin electrolyte tayi da narkewa batu da yistin. Saboda haka, wajibi ne cewa ta Bugu da kari ya faru ci gaba. A high zazzabi electrolyte jam'iyya ne ya maye gurbin lokacin da zafin jiki da ya wuce 300 ° C. Sunadarin flourine za a iya amince adana a karkashin matsin a wani bakin karfe cylinders, idan Silinda bawul free of burbushi na Organic abubuwa.

da yin amfani da

Sinadarin ake amfani da su samar da wata dama fluoride kamar chlorine trifluoride (ClF _3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ ko cobalt trifluoride (Cof _3). Chlorine mahadi da kuma cobalt suna da muhimmanci fluorinating jamiái na gudanar da mahadi. (Da dace sauna kai tsaye sunadarin flourine za a iya amfani da wannan manufa). Sulfur hexafluoride aka yi amfani a matsayin gaseous dielectric.

A elemental sunadarin flourine diluted tare da nitrogen ne sau da yawa reacts tare da hydrocarbons samar da m fluorocarbons a wanda wani yanki ko duk abin da hydrogen da aka maye gurbinsu da halogen. A sakamakon mahadi an kullum halin high kwanciyar hankali, da sinadaran inertness, high lantarki juriya, kazalika da sauran muhimmanci da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

Fluorination kuma za a iya sanya ta lura da gudanar da mahadi daga cobalt trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ electrolysis ko mafita daga gare ta a anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Amfani robobi da wadanda ba itace Properties, kamar polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} da aka sani kudi a matsayin Teflon, samar daga unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons.

Organic mahadi dauke da chlorine, bromine ko aidin, an fluorinated don samar da abubuwa irin su dichlorodifluoromethane (CL ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin iyali refrigerators da iska conditioners. Tun chlorofluorocarbons, kamar dichlorodifluoromethane, da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin? Ãr na lemar sararin samaniya Layer, kuma su samar da amfani da aka ƙayyade, da kuma yanzu da fĩfĩta refrigerant dauke da hydrofluorocarbons.

A kashi ne ma amfani ga samar da uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ a yi amfani da gaseous yadawa aiwatar da raba uranium-235 daga uranium-238 a cikin yi na nukiliya man fetur. Hydrogen fluoride da boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ suna samar a kan masana'antu sikelin, tun suna da kyau ham alkylation halayen amfani da shirya da yawa Organic mahadi. Sodium fluoride mafi yawa ana kara wa sha ruwa domin a rage abin da ya faru na hakori caries a yara. A cikin 'yan shekaru, mafi muhimmanci aikace-aikace na samu fluoride a cikin Pharmaceutical da kuma aikin gona da filayen. Zababben canzawa daga sunadarin flourine da cika fuska canza nazarin halittu Properties na abubuwa.

bincike na

Yana da wuya a daidai ƙayyade yawan da halogen mahadi. Free fluoride, wanda shi ne daidaita da valence na 1, shi za a iya gano ta hadawan abu da iskar shaka na Mercury Hg + F ₂ → HgF _2, da kuma aunawa da karuwa a nauyi na Mercury da girma canji na gas. Babban ingantaccen gwaje-gwaje ga gaban ions na kashi ne:

• selection na hydrogen fluoride karkashin mataki na sulfuric acid,
• samuwar wani precipitate na alli fluoride ta ƙara alli chloride bayani,
• yellow discoloration tetraoxide bayani daga titanium (TiO ₄₎ da kuma hydrogen peroxide a sulfuric acid.

Gwada yawa bincike hanyoyin:

• hazo da alli fluoride a gaban sodium carbonate da kuma sludge magani ta yin amfani da acetic acid,
• depositing gubar chlorofluoride ta ƙara sodium chloride da gubar nitrate,
• titration (tabbatar da dalilin da taro na narkar da abu) tare da wani bayani da thorium nitrate (Th [NO _{3] 4)} yin amfani da sodium alizarinsulfonate matsayin nuna alama: Th (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

Covalently bonded sunadarin flourine (valence I), kamar fluorocarbons don nazarin mafi rikitarwa. Wannan na bukatar a dangane da ƙarfe sodium, bi da bincike na F ^- ions kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.

kashi Properties

A karshe za mu gabatar da wasu kaddarorin sunadarin flourine:

• Atomic lambar: 9.
• Atomic nauyi: 18,9984.
• Zai yiwu sunadarin flourine valency: 1.
• Narkewa batu: -219,62 ° C.
• Tafasar batu: -188 ° C.
• Yawa (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• Lantarki sunadarin flourine dabara: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.