Medicine a Rasha: Tarihin, Development, Matsaloli

Yau, da yawa mazauna kasar mu yi imani da cewa don samun zuwa mai kyau likita - shi ne mai babban rabo mai girma, ire-iren su lashe tambola. Dole ne in ce cewa magani a Rasha yanzu a cikin ƙi, don haka da m da sosai m likitoci, da yawa marasa lafiya za su iya kawai mafarki game da. Duk da cikakken bayyana da rabo tsakanin mawadata da matalauta, ba a ma maganar sauran fannoni na rayuwa da na kowa mutumin. A wannan batun, masu zaman kansu da dakunan shan magani miƙa mai ingancin sabis ga mãsu haƙuri a cikin nau'i na dogon lokacin da amfani da kuma manufa na wani yawan bincike hanyoyin, an ƙara zama rare.

Tarihi na magani a Rasha rubuce harka a lokacin da wani shahararren likita na cikin karni na 19th hadu a bakin kofa na haƙuri da kalmomi: "Hello, da haƙuri da mitral cututtukan zuciya." Hakika, wadannan likitoci - shi ne mai rarity.

Shi ne kuma ba tare da muhimmanci matakin ilimi na gaba likitoci. Gabatarwa game da horar da likitoci na general yi a shekara daya, ba kawai rage ingancin magani a general, amma kuma za a iya kara yawan adadin mutuwar tsakanin yawan jama'a. Alal misali, don zama wani likita a cikin 18th karni da ya wajaba a koya daga 7 zuwa 11 shekaru.

XVIII karni. ƙarni

Domin da farko lokacin da Kalmar "magani" a cikin kasar da aka The amfani karkashin Peter I. A Sarkin sarakuna kansa dora muhimmanci ga likita ta hali, ya bude a 1707 wani asibiti makaranta, da kuma a 1764 - da Faculty of Medicine, a Jami'ar Moscow. Medicine a Rasha daga waɗanda sau aka canza daga mutãne a cikin kimiyya. Idan baya matukar horo da aka iyakance kawai tiyata, a lokacin da Bitrus I a makaranta ya fara koyar da wadannan sciences:

• pharmacology.
• ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi.
• Dentistry.
• maxillo-fuska tiyata.
• Physiology da kuma ilmin jikin mutum.
• forensics.

Kwararru da yawa sun yi tafiya kasashen waje da kuma soma da kwarewa na waje likitoci. The sarki da kansa quite da tabbaci tsunduma a cikin binciken na likita kasuwanci da kuma nasarar yi hakori da kuma hanyoyin da ake gudanar da kowa mutane da kuma manya.

XVIII karni. ci gaba

Development of magani a Rasha ya a cike lilo. A cikin marigayi 18th karni, da dama asibitoci, asibiti da kuma tabin hankali asibitin farko bude. Shi yana tare da zuwan karshen da kuma fara haihuwa na ilimin halin tababbu a matsayin kimiyya. A lokaci guda, ya zama wajibi da autopsy na haƙuri bayan mutuwarsa.

Duk da frantic aiki, alƙaluma da halin da ake ciki ya kasance m saboda da annoba da smallpox da kuma annoba. Medical jami'an a lokacin, misali SG Zybelin, hade tartsatsi cututtuka da kuma high jariri mace-mace ga rashin dace kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.

A cikin 90s na 18th karni Moscow University, wanda a lokacin ya zama mafi girma cibiyar ilimi da kimiyya, da shi da aka yarda ka ba da da mataki na Doctor of Medicine. Farko da na samu wannan lakabi na girmamawa FI Barsuk-Moiseyev. Medicine a Rasha aka bayansa tare da m ma'aikata.

Garambawul na magani na XVIII karni

A 18th karni, an kafa tushen sabon tsarin kula da kungiyar na kula da lafiya, da koyarwa da kuma warkewa Apothecary hali. Created Apothecary umarni, babban kantin Office, Medical Office, kazalika da a gudanar da sauye-sauye a cikin ilimi tsari da kuma samuwar na kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin. Saboda haka, a 1753 PZ Kondoidi kafa wani sabon tsarin ilimi, a cikin abin da dalibai gudanar a jami'a shekaru 7 da kuma a karshen shige da ake buƙata jarrabawa.

XIX karni. farko

Medicine a Rasha a cikin farkon karni na 19th suka fara samar a sauri taki. Domin karatu Medicine, shi ake bukata musamman wallafe-wallafe. Shi ya fara buga periodicals, kuma na farko da manual a kan ilmin jikin mutum, wanda aka] auki nauyin da likita manyan malaman na lokacin I. V. Buyalsky da E. O. Muhin.

Hankali karatu cutukan gynecology. A sakamakon bincike da kuma kwarewa ya zama mai nasara a cikin yin rigakafi da magani daga cututtuka na mata haihuwa gabobin. Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a game da tsakiya m tsarin, wanda ya ba da wani bayani na duk matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin jiki.

Masu bincike a cikin wannan filin (IE Dyadkovsky, E. O. Muhin, KV Lebedev da sauransu) sun tsara da kuma ci gaba da matsayi na reflex ka'idar.

M. Ya. Mudrov kafa Hanyar tattaunawa tare da haƙuri, wanda a yarda gaba da amsa tambayoyi mataki don gane da babban fasali na cuta, kuma ta etiology. A nan gaba, wannan hanya inganta GA Zakhar'in.

XIX karni. ci gaba

Development of magani a Rasha aka alama ta kammala jerin bincike matakan. A musamman, GI Sokolsky kasaftawa feat. Irfan Hanyar cikin binciken cututtuka na kirji. A wannan batun, wani masanin kimiyya wallafa wani aikin "A cikin likita Nazarin da taimakon ji, musamman ta wajen wani stethoscope," wanda aka buga a 1835.

A farkon karni na 19th kare Institute aka kafa daga annoba, da smallpox da sauran hatsari cututtuka, ta hanyar allurai. Mutane da yawa furofesoshi, da samar da nufin dauke shi da taƙawa zuwa kokarin da shi daga kanka. A dangane da wannan jaruntakar mutuwar daya daga Rasha likitoci M. Ya. Mudrov, wanda mutuwa ne mafiya hasãra ga Rasha.

A 1835, daga al'amarin jigon koyarwar da aka ƙaddara katsalandan kwamitin a likitanci jami'o'i, wanda an rage wa mutum Allahntakarsa. Kusan, wannan yana nufin cewa tarihin magani a Rasha ya kamata ya kawo karshen a wannan lokaci. Duk da haka, likitoci sun ci gaba da karatu da kuma cimma m results.

Sakamako na XIX karni

A cikin karni na 19th aza harsashin ginin duk zamani kimiyya mukamai a magani, ciki har da dermatology, histology, kuma ko da balneology. Ta hanyar ci gaba da shahararrun masana kimiyya na lokacin fara amfani da maganin sa barci, domin farfado da dabaru da kuma physiotherapy. Yana da aka kafa irin wannan sciences kamar yadda ilimin da virology, wanda suka fara samar kawai daga baya.

A jihar magani a Rasha a cikin karni na 20th

An fara daga 1900, da shahara, orthopedics, ophthalmology, Oncology. A mafi muhimmanci Figures na likita al'umma da aka kai asibitoci, cibiyoyin da kuma makarantu - G. I. Turner, RRVREDEN, EV Adamyuk da sauransu.

A gagarumin mataki a gaba a fagen cutukan gynecology, musamman ta wurin aikin V. F. Snegireva taken "igiyar ciki zub da jini." NF Filatov halitta na farko na yara makaranta, da aka buga na asibiti da jagorori da kuma aiki a kan yara da cututtuka da kuma rigakafin.

Mutane da yawa wasu yankunan na magani ne ma ba a tsaye har yanzu. A cikin karni na 20th shi aka sanya mafi muhimmanci samu daga kwayoyin code, wanda zai ba da damar masana kimiyya ya gano cikakken dikodi mai na jikin mutum da high daidaituwa.

tsarin canje-canje

A gyara daga magani a Rasha da kuma sauran kasashen kamata a da za'ayi ci gaba, saboda kimiyya ba tsaya har yanzu, tare da sakamakon cewa akwai sabon kwayoyi, hanyoyin bincike da kuma magani. Bugu da kari, wajibi ne a gudanar da wani hadadden na matakan da nufin a tabbatar da daukacin jama'ar, m likita kula, wanda a yau, da rashin alheri, ba duk Russia iya count a.

Tun da farkon 21st karni da garambawul na magani a Rasha An tattauna da manyan masana. An zaci cewa a shekarar 2015 da kudade na kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin canza. Biya ma'aikata za su kasance a haƙuri, kuma ba ta gado. All dakunan shan magani, sunã da wata guda price list, da yawa za a canja a kan wani bakwai-rana na aiki mako. Har ila yau, asibitoci asusunku za a iya amfani da sadaka gudunmawar, wanda a halin yanzu yana da wani sifili balance. Ana sa ran cewa da gabatarwar sabon matsayin za ta taimaka kudi jama'a su sami wani babban matakin da sabis na cikin yankin ƙasar da Rasha Federation.

ra'ayoyin

Duk da haka, da zamani magani a Rasha ba zai iya samar da high quality na sabis, da kuma kwararru da yawa sun gaskata cewa canje-canje bukatar a fara da ilimi. likitoci ma ganin garambawul wa mirgine baya ga tsohon sabis tsarin, wanda ya shafi rabuwa a asibitin ga matalauta, da mai arziki.

likita matsaloli a Rasha ne ba kawai rashin kudade kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin, amma kuma a cikin cikakken rashin tunani na wasu likitoci ga marasa lafiya. Kuna hukunta da tarihi na likita kasuwanci, da yawa likitoci sun sa rai ga binciken da kuma ci gaban sabon hanyoyin bincike da kuma jiki na yin kawar da dukan cututtuka. Abin baƙin ciki, zamani magani ne a Trend zuwa da monetization na rayuwa.