Rayuwar da tsarin algae. Features na tsarin algae

Yadda kyau da kuma ban mamaki karkashin ruwa duniya, kamar yadda ya ke da wuyar ganewa. Har yanzu, masana kimiyya samu wasu sabon gaba daya da kuma sabon abu jinsin dabbobi karatu da m Properties na shuke-shuke, fadada filin na aikace-aikace.

A Flora teku, tekuna, da waɗansu kõguna, da tabkuna da kuma swamps ba kamar yadda bambancin matsayin ƙasar, amma kuma musamman da kyau. Za mu yi kokarin gano abin da suke wadannan ban mamaki karkashin ruwa shuke-shuke, algae da abin da yake cikin tsarin da muhimmanci a rayuwar mutum da kuma sauran halittu masu rai.

-Din-din matsayi a cikin kwayoyin duniya tsarin

Kamar yadda kullum yarda da matsayin, algae suna dauke da wani rukuni na ƙananan tsire-tsire. Su wani bangare ne na daular Cell mulki Tsire-tsire kuma subkingdoms Lower shuke-shuke. A gaskiya, wannan rabo dogara ne a kan siffofin da tsarin wadannan wakilan.

Sunan da suka samu domin kasancewa iya girma da kuma rayuwa a karkashin ruwa. Latin sunan - algae. Saboda haka shi ne kafa da sunan kimiyya, tsunduma cikin wani cikakken nazarin wadannan kwayoyin, su darajar tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin, - phycology.

rarrabuwa na algae

Modern data ƙyale mu mu hada duka samuwa bayanai game da daban-daban na wakilan goma sassan. Dalili na rabuwa da tsarin wajibi ne kuma m aiki na algae.

1. Blue-kore guda-celled, ko cyanobacteria. Wakilai: Cyan, Monera, mikrotsistisy da sauransu.
2. Diatoms. Wadannan sun hada da pinnulyariya, Navicula, plevrosigma, melozira, gomfonema, sinedra da sauransu.
3. Gold. Wakilai hrizodendron, hromulina, primnezium da sauransu.
4. Porphyry. Wadannan sun hada da porphyry.
5. Brown. Kelp, Sargassum, cystoseira da sauransu.
6. Yellow-kore. Wannan ya hada da azuzuwan kamar Ksantopodovye, Ksantokokkovye, Ksantomonadovye.
7. Red. Gratsillyariya, ahnfeltia, whelk.
8. Green. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, chlorella da sauransu.
9. Evshenovye. Su ne mafi m wakilan da kore.
10. Stoneworts. Hara a matsayin babban wakilin.

Wannan rarrabuwa ba daidai da tsarin da algae, kuma kawai ya nuna su ikon photosynthesize a daban-daban zurfin, da nuna pigmentation da wani launi. Watau zanen shuka akwai ãyã ta wanda shi ne ke da wani musamman sashen.

Algae: tsarin fasali

Su main bayãnin hukuncin alama - shi ne cewa jiki ba bambanta a cikin sassa. Wannan shi ne, babu algae, kamar mafi girma shuke-shuke, ne bayyananne division mafaka, kunsha na kara, ganye da kuma flower, da kuma tushen tsarin. algae jiki tsarin wakilta thallus ko thallus.

Bugu da kari, tushen tsarin ne kuma m. Maimakon haka, a gaban musamman translucent bakin ciki thread-kamar appendages, kira rhizoids. Sun yi da aiki na abin da aka makala ga substrate, haka aiki kamar sucker.

Thallus kanta iya zama sosai daban-daban siffofi da launuka. Wani lokaci, wasu mambobin karfi da kama tsere mafi girma shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, tsarin da algae ne sosai musamman ga kowane sashen, don haka a nan gaba za a tattauna a more daki-daki a kan misalai na wakilan.

iri thalli

Thallus - babban alama na wani kwayar algae. Features na halitta na jiki ya ta'allaka ne da cewa thallium iya zama daban-daban.

1. Amoeboid.
2. Monad.
3. Kapsalny.
4. Coccoid.
5. Filamentous ko trihalny.
6. Sartsinoidny.
7. Lozhnotkanevy.
8. Siphon.
9. Psevdoparenhimatozny.

A farko uku ne mafi halayyar da mulkin mallaka da kuma unicellular siffofin, da sauran for more m, Multi-salon salula, rikitarwa kungiyar.

Wannan rarrabuwa ne kawai m, domin kowane irin tsaka zažužžukan suna samuwa, sa'an nan a rarrabe daga juna kusan ba zai yiwu. Geza bambantawa sharewa.

algae cell, da tsarin

A peculiarity na wadannan tsire-tsire ne da farko a cikin tsarin da cell. Da shi da ɗan daban-daban daga cewa daga cikin mafi girma da wakilan. Za ka iya designate 'yan asali da maki a kan wanda Kwayoyin suna kasaftawa.

1. A wasu mutane da suka dauke da musamman dabba tsarin - da wasu gabbansa da motsi (flagella).
2. Wani lokaci akwai wani stigma.
3. Konkoma karãtunsa fãtun ba quite guda a matsayin al'ada shuka cell. Suna sau da yawa sanye take da ƙarin carbohydrate ko sia yadudduka.
4. Pigments suna kewaye a cikin wani musamman jiki - da chromatophores.

Sauran tsarin da algae Kwayoyin ne batun da janar dokoki na cewa na sama shuke-shuke. Su ma suna da:

• da tsakiya da kuma chromatin.
• chloroplast, chromoplasts, da kuma sauran pigment-dauke da tsarin.
• vacuole da cell sap.
• cell bango.
• mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes.
• Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum , da kuma sauran abubuwa.

A wannan yanayin, da salon salula tsarin unicellular algae yayi dace da na prokaryotic halittu. Wannan ne ma babu tsakiya, chloroplast, mitochondria, da kuma wasu gine-ginen.

The salula tsarin kwayar algae ne Mafi m tare da cewa mafi girma terrestrial shuke-shuke, sai dai wasu takamaiman fasali.

Sashen Green algae: Structure

A wannan sashen hada da wadannan:

• celled.
• kwayar;
• mulkin mallaka.

fiye da goma sha uku da dubu jinsunan duk akwai. Babban azuzuwan:

• Volvoxes.
• Conjugates.
• Ulotriksovye.
• Siphon.
• Protococcal.

Features guda-celled tsarin ta'allaka ne da cewa a waje na cell ne sau da yawa ta rufe ƙarin shafi cewa ya yi aikin aiki na wani irin kwarangwal - pellicle. Wannan damar da shi da za a kare daga waje tsoma, don ci gaba da wani siffar da kuma tare da lokaci a kan surface ta samar da mai kyau da kuma m alamu na karfe ions da salts.

Matsayin mai mulkin, tsarin kore algae unicellular irin dole hada da wani organelle motsi, sau da yawa flagellum a raya karshen na jiki. Kayayyakin gina jiki - sitaci, man fetur ko gari. Key wakilan: chlorella, chlamydomonas, Volvox, hlorokokkum, protokokkus.

Very ban sha'awa ne wakilan siphon kamar yadda Caulerpa, kodium, atsetobulyariya. Su thallus - shi ke ba stranded da farantin type, kuma daya giant cell cewa ya aiwatar da ainihin ayyuka na rayuwa.

Kwayar iya samun lamellar ko filamentous tsarin. Idan ya zo ga wani farantin siffar, sa'an nan su ne sau da yawa Multi-mai lebur kuma ba kawai guda Layer. Sau da yawa da tsarin algae na irin wannan ya yi kama da harbe na mafi girma terrestrial shuke-shuke. A mafi rassan thallium, da girma da kama.

Key wakilan - da wadannan azuzuwan:

• Ulotriksovye - ulothrix, Ulvi, monostroma.
• Stseplyanki ko conjugates - zigonema, Spirogyra, muzhotsiya.

Mulkin mallaka siffofin - musamman. A tsarin da irin wannan kore algae ne kusa hulda tsakanin babban jari na unicellular wakilan sõyayya yawanci gamsai a waje muhalli. Babban wakilan za a iya daukarsa Volvox, protococcal.

Features na rayuwa

Key habitats - shi ne sabo ruwa da kuma cikin teku, da tekuna. Sau da yawa sa wani da ake kira algal blooms, an clouding dukan surface. Chlorella ne yadu amfani a cikin dabba husbandry, kamar yadda oxygenates da kuma tsarkake da ruwa, da kuma sandararriyar saura an ciyar da dabbobinsu.

A unicellular kore algae iya amfani da sarari motocin domin samar da oxygen ta photosynthesis ba tare da canza tsarinta da mutuwa. Bisa ga tsawon lokaci da shi ne wannan sashen - mafi tsufa a cikin tarihi na karkashin ruwa shuke-shuke.

Division Red algae

Sauran sashen sunan - whelk. Yana bayyana saboda na musamman launi wakilan wannan rukuni na shuke-shuke. Duk da al'amarin a pigments. A tsarin da ja algae matsayin dukan cika duk asali fasali na tsarin ƙananan tsire-tsire. Su kuma iya zama guda-celled da kwayar, da daban-daban irin thallus. Akwai duka manyan da sosai kananan wakilan.

Duk da haka, su saka launi saboda wasu siffofin - tare da chlorophyll, wadannan algae da yawan wasu pigments:

• carotenoids.
• phycobilins.

Su rufe fuska da wata babbar kore pigment, don haka da launi na shuke-shuke iya bambanta daga rawaya zuwa mulufi, da garura. Wannan shi ne saboda da sha na kusan duk wavelengths na bayyane haske. Key wakilan: ahnfeltia, phyllophora, gracilaria, porphyry da sauransu.

Darajar da kuma salon

Iya zauna a cikin sabo ruwa, amma mafi - tukuna marine wakilan. A tsarin da ja algae, musamman da ikon samar da musamman abu agar-agar, sa m amfani da shi a rayuwar yau da kullum. Wannan shi ne musamman gaskiya abinci confectionery masana'antu. Har ila yau, wani gagarumin rabo daga mutane da amfani a magani da kuma ake amfani da kai tsaye da mutane domin abinci.

Sashen Brown algae: Structure

Sau da yawa a cikin makaranta manhaja nazarin ƙananan tsire-tsire, da sassa daban daban na malamin tambaya dalibai: "Jerin tsarin fasali na kelp." Amsar ita ce: thallus yana da mafi hadaddun tsarin duk aka sani jinsunan ƙananan tsire-tsire, a cikin thallus, wanda shi ne sau da yawa m size, an shirya gudanar da tasoshin. thallus kanta yana da Multi-Layer tsari, saboda abin da yayi kama da masana'anta da irin na'urar da hakan terrestrial shuke-shuke.

Wakilai daga algae Kwayoyin nuna wadannan na musamman gamsai, don haka da waje ne ko da yaushe ya rufe da wata Layer na wani irin. Kayayyakin gina jiki su ne:

• carbohydrate kelp.
• mai (mai iri-iri).
• barasa mannitol.

Ga abin da ka bukatar ka ce, idan an ce muku: "Jerin tsarin fasali na kelp." Su ne ainihin wani yawa, kuma su ne musamman a kwatanta da sauran wakilan karkashin ruwa shuke-shuke.

Amfani da gona da kuma rarraba

Kelp - babban tushen hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi ba kawai herbivorous marine mazaunan, amma kuma ga mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin jihar bakin teku sashi. Su yi amfani da a abinci ne tartsatsi tsakanin jama'a daban-daban na duniya. Daga cikin wadannan kerarre medicaments shirya gari da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa, alginic acid.