Catherine A .: biography da kuma hoto

Catherine A. - Empress, ya zama daya daga cikin wurin hutawa Figures na tarihin Rasha XVIII karni. Yana fara abin da ake kira da shekaru mata a kan Rasha kursiyin. Ba wani mutumin da karfi siyasance ko jama'a tunanin, amma saboda sirri halaye ya bar ta alama a cikin tarihi na Fatherland. Yana game da Catherine Na - na farko farka, sa'an nan matar Bitrus I, kuma daga baya cikakken mulkin Rasha jihar.

farko asiri. yara

Idan muka magana game da farkon shekaru na wannan mutum, sa'an nan saninsa zo ga ƙarshe cewa asirai da kuma uncertainties a cikin tarihin fiye da gaske bayanai. Har yanzu ba su san ta daidai wurin asalin da kasa - bayan fiye da shekaru 300 bayan haihuwarta, masana tarihi za su iya ba da wani daidai amsar.

A cewar daya daga version, Ekaterina A. aka haife Afrilu 5, 1684 a wani iyalin Lithuanian (da kuma watakila Latvian) baƙauye a cikin kusanci da Ķegums, wanda aka located a cikin tarihi yanki Widzew. Sa'an nan wadannan yankuna kasance wani ɓangare daga cikin mafi iko na Swedish jihar.

Wani version da shawara ta Istoniyanci asalinsu. Yana gaya labarin cewa wai da aka haife ta a cikin zamani birnin Tartu aka kira a karshen da XVII karni Dorpat. Amma kuma ya bayyana cewa, ba ta da high haihuwa, kuma ya fito daga tsakiyar peasantry.

A cikin 'yan shekaru, akwai wani version. Catherine ta uba ya Sama'ila Skavronsky, aiki a matsayin Kazimierz Yanu Sapegi. Da zarar ya gudu zuwa Livonia, ya zaunar da su a cikin gundumar Marienburg, inda fara wani iyali.

Akwai daya more nuance. Catherine A. - Rasha gimbiya - ba su da irin wannan sunan a karkashin abin da ya gangara a tarihi. Ta real name - Skavronskaya, mai suna Marta, shi ne 'yar Sama'ila. Amma banza mace tare da wannan sunan zauna kursiyin, don haka ta samu wani sabon "fasfo data", kuma ya kasance Mihaylova Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Asirin na biyu. boyhood

A Turai, a cikin wadanda farkon shekaru shi ne har yanzu a kawo hadari annoba. Kuma ta iyali wannan hadari ba za a iya kauce masa. A sakamakon haka, a cikin shekara na haihuwa na Marta daga "Black Mutuwa" kashe iyayenta. Akwai kawai kawuna, wanda bai iya zaton da nauyi na iyaye, saboda haka na ba yarinya da iyali na Ernst Gluck, wanda yake Lutheran fasto. Af, da ya ke sananne translation na Littafi Mai Tsarki a cikin Latvian harshe. A 1700 ya fara Arewa War, babban adawa da rundunõni waɗanda suka Sweden da kuma Rasha. A 1702, da Rasha, sojoji sun kai hari ga impregnable sansanin soja Marienburg. Bayan da cewa Ernst Gluck Marta aka aika zuwa Moscow a matsayin wani fursuna. Bayan wani lokaci, a karkashin fasto samu Fagetsiya zauna a gidansa, a cikin Jamus Quarter. Kanta Maris - Catherine A. nan gaba - ba horar da su karanta da kuma rubuta, da kuma a gidan a matsayin bawa.

A version kunshe ne a cikin Brockhaus da kuma Efron yana sauran bayanai, a kan wanda mahaifiyarta bai mutu da annoba, amma ta rasa mijinta. Widowed, ta tilasta wa 'yarsa a wani iyali na wannan Gluck. Kuma wannan version ce ta koya karatu da rubutu, da kuma daban-daban da sana'o'i.

A bisa uku version, a Gluck ta iyali ta zo kan kai shekaru 12 da haihuwa. Kafin Marta rayu tare da Veselovskaya Anna Maria, ta inna. A 17 ta yi aure a Swede Ioganna Kruze kafin hari na Rasha, sojoji a kan Marienburg castle. Bayan 1 ko 2 kwanaki da ya yi zuwa bauta a cikin yaki, inda ya aka bata.

Wadannan asirai na haihuwa da kuma farkon shekara ta wajaba hali Catherine A .. Biography shi ba ya samun zuwa 100% bayyana daga wannan aya a kan, shi zai har yanzu bayyana daban-daban na fari aibobi.

Field Marshal Sheremetev a Catherine ta rayuwa

Sojojin Rasha a farkon na Great Arewa War a Livonia jagoranci Sheremetev. Da ya gudanar ya kama da babban sansanin soja Marienburg, bayan da babban sojojin na Swedes koma kan. Babban rabo na fallasa gefen m ganima. Ya ruwaito da Rasha Tsar a cikin wadannan hanya: "... ya aiko a duk inda za su ƙone da kama, dukan akwai kome bar wa maza da mata dauka fursuna, duk lalace kuma ƙone Taken aiki dawakai da sauran dabbobi a cikin adadin 20 000, da sauran yankakken da pricked .. ".

A sansanin soja, Field Marshal kama mutane 400. An aikace-aikace na da rabo daga cikin mazauna zo zuwa ga Sheremetev fasto Ernst Gluck, kuma a nan shi ne (Sheremetev) gani Catherine A., wanda ya sa'an nan da sunan Marta Kruze. A shekaru Marshal aika duk mazauna da kuma Gluck a Moscow, Maris guda karfi dauki wani farka. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta kasance ga ƙwarƙwararsa, sa'an nan a cikin zãfi da wani jayayya Menshikov ya ɗauki Marta tun ta rayuwa an haɗa da sabon soja da kuma shugaban siyasa, a kusa ally Bitrus.

Version ta Peter Genri Bryusa

A wani more m ƙonawa ga Catherine kanta ya bayyana a cikin memoirs abubuwan da suka faru Scot Bruce. A cewar shi, bayan kama Marienburg Marta dauki Baur - Kanar Dragoons, kuma a general nan gaba.

Ajiye ta a gida, Baur umurci ta yi housework. Ta yi wani hakkin ya zubar da ma'aikata. Abin da ta aikata quite ably, a sakamakon aikata da soyayya da girmamawa daga na ƙasa da. Daga baya Janar tuna cewa gidansa kafin ya taba haka m da kuma shirya, kamar yadda a cikin watan Maris. Da zarar Prince Menshikov, Baur ta nan da nan m, a ziyararsa, a lokacin da yarinya lura ta kasance Catherine A .. Photos a waɗannan shekaru bai wanzu ba tukuna kama ta, amma Menshikov nuna ta m fuska fasali da kuma mannerisms. Ya zama sha'awar Maris da kuma tambaye shi game da shi a Baur. A musamman, idan ta san yadda za ka dafa da kuma ci gaba da gidan. Ya samu wani m amsar. Sa'an nan Prince Menshikov ce cewa gida ne mai kyau sosai ba tare da kulawa da kuma bukatar da shi a cikin wani mace kamar 'yar wasan kwaikwayon.

Baur aka karfi da daure su yarima, da kuma bayan wadannan kalmomi, da ake kira Martha, da kuma ya ce mata Menshikov - ta sabon mai shi. Ya tabbatar da Prince cewa za ta zama mai kyau goyon baya ga shi, a cikin iyali da kuma sauran, kana iya dogara a kan. Bugu da kari, da daraja sosai Marta Baur, su hana ta "ikon samun rabo na girmamawa da kuma arziki." Tun wannan lokacin, Catherine na Alekseevna ya tafi ya zauna a gidan Prince Menshikov. Yana da aka 1703.

A farko ganawar da Catherine Peter

A daya daga m ziyara zuwa Menshikov Tsar Bitrus I gana, sa'an nan kuma ya juya zuwa ga ya farka, Marta. Yana bar rubuta shaidar da farkon taron.

Menshikov zauna a St. Petersburg (sa'an nan - Nienschanz). Bitrus ya ga Livonia, amma ya so ya zauna tare da abokinsa Menshikov. A wannan dare ya fara ya ga masoyi. Ta zama Catherine A. - matarsa (a nan gaba) Petra Velikogo. Wannan dare ta jira a kan tebur. Da sarki ya tambayi Menshikov, wanda ta ne, da yadda da kuma inda ya iya saya. Sa'an nan Bitrus ya duba dogon da wuya a Catherine a abin ƙarshe raha ce cewa ta ya kawo shi a kyandir kafin je barci. Duk da haka, wannan ya kasance mai wargi da oda, wanda zai iya ba ki. Wannan dare suka kashe tare. Peter bar safe, a godiya, ya bar ta 1 Ducat, sojoji sa ya Marta ta hannunka a rabuwar.

A da farkon taron tare da sarki, wata baranya wanda aka qaddara domin ya zama wani empress. Wannan taron yana da matukar muhimmanci, domin idan ta faru ba, Bitrus zai taba sani game da wanzuwar irin wannan wani sabon abu yarinya.

A 1710, a kan lokaci na da nasara a yakin Poltava nasara procession da aka shirya a birnin Moscow. By yankin, ƙangin bautar Sweden sojojin. Kafofin ce cewa daga cikinsu ya mijin Catherine Iogann Kruze. Ya ce cewa yarinya wanda ya haifa daya yaro bayan wani sarki, shi ne matarsa. A sakamakon wadannan kalmomi ya zama ya gudun hijira a Siberia, inda ya rasu a 1721.

Farka Petra Velikogo

A shekara, bayan na farko da taron tare da Sarkin Catherine na Alekseevna ta farko yaro, wanda aka mai suna Peter, a shekara daga baya ya yi wata biyu yaron - Paul. suna nan da nan ya mutu. Sarki ya kira ta Marta Vasilevskaya, tabbas da ta inna iyali. A 1705 ya yanke shawarar kai ta zuwa gare shi, kuma ya sa a cikin gidan da 'yar'uwarsa Natalie a Transfiguration. Akwai Marta koyi karatu da kuma rubuta Rasha, da kuma abokai da Menshikov iyali.

A 1707 ko 1708 Maris Skavronskaya tuba zuwa Orthodoxy. Bayan da baftisma, sai ta samu wani sabon sunan - Ekaterina Alekseevna Mihaylova. Sunan tsakiya ta samu da sunan da ya godfather, wanda ya tabbatar da zuwa Tsarevich Aleksey, da sunan uba da aka bai da Bitrus, ga shi ya zama incognito.

Matar Petra Velikogo

Catherine ya ƙaunataccen mace na Bitrus, shi ne kaunar da ransa. Eh, yana da babbar dama litattafan da mãkirci, amma ya fi ƙaunar kawai mutum daya - ta Marta. Ta gan shi. Bitrus I, kamar yadda ka sani, daga cikin memoirs na Sahaban, sha wahala mai tsanani ciwon kai. Babu wani da zai yi tare da su. Catherine A. ne ya "analgesic". Sa'ad da sarki ya fara wani hari, ta zauna kusa da shi, hugged da shi da kuma daki kansa ga 'yan mintuna, ya barci soundly. Bayan tada, ya ji sabo ne, gaisuwa, a shirye domin sabon kalubale.

A cikin bazara na 1711, lokacin da na fara a cikin Prut yaƙin neman zaɓe, Peter taru kusa a cikin Transfiguration, ya kawo kafin su ya zaba daya kuma ya bayyana cewa daga yanzu a kan shi dole ne duk a dauke halatta matarsa da sarauniya. Har ila yau, ya ce, idan ya mutu kafin ya iya aure, sa'an nan Ya kamata duk a yi la'akari da istinbadi magaji zuwa Rasha kursiyin.

A bikin aure ya faru ne kawai a cikin 1712, Fabrairu 19, a cikin coci Isaakiya Dalmatskogo. Daga wannan lokacin Catherine A. - matar Bitrus. The biyu da aka karfi a haɗe da juna, musamman Bitrus. Ya so ya ga shi ko'ina: zuriya daga jirgin, soja da sake dubawa, da holidays.

Yara da Bitrus da Catherine

Katerinushka kamar yadda sarki ya kira ta, ta haifi yara 10 Bitrus, duk da haka, mafi yawansu ba su mutu tun suna jarirai (ga. Table).

Biyu kawai na 'ya'yansa mata yana da nasaba da kara tarihin siyasar na Romanov daular. Catherine, 'yar Elizabeth Alekseevna mulkin kasar domin shekaru 20, da kuma zuriyar Anna mulki Rasha daga 1762 zuwa faduwar daular mulkinsu a 1917.

Hawan zuwa kursiyin

Kamar yadda ka sani, Bitrus kuwa ya tuna, yadda sarki-kawo canji. Tare da gaisuwa ga maye tsari, ya bai kauce wa tambaya. A 1722 a cikin wannan yanki da aka za'ayi gyara a kan abin da magaji a kan karaga, bai zama na farko a cikin namiji line zuriya, kuma wanda ya nada Mukaddashin Gwamna. A sakamakon haka, da gwamnan da zai iya zama wani batu.

Nuwamba 15, 1723 Peter bayar da manifesto a kan crowning Catherine. The sosai sa kambi ya faru May 7, 1724.

A karshe makonni ransa, Bitrus yana rashin lafiya karfi. Kuma a lokacin da Catherine ya gane cewa shi ba zai warke daga rashin lafiya, ya kirawo Prince Menshikov da Count Tolstoy da gaskiyar abin da suka kasance aiki don jawo hankalin waɗanda suke a cikin ikon a kan ta gefe, kamar yadda Bitrus ya bar wasiya.

Janairu 28, 1725 tare da goyon bayan da Guard da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin manya Catherine aka zayyana Empress, magajin Petra Velikogo.

Velikaya Ekaterina Alekseevna da Rasha kursiyin

Rasha na sarki ikon a zamanin mulkin Catherine ya ba autocratic. Kusan ikon da ke cikin hannun kãshi Council, amma jãyayya da cewa gaba ɗayansa, yana cikin majalisar dattijai, wanda ya karkashin Catherine Great sake masa suna cikin majalisar dattijai. Unlimited ikon da aka jarin da Prince Menshikov, wanda ya dauki Marta Skavronskaya da Count Sheremetev.

Catherine A. - Empress ba tare da harkokin jama'a. Ta kasance ba su da sha'awar a jihar, ajiye duk damuwa a Menshikov, Tolstoy, kuma Ya halitta, a 1726 kãshi Council. A sha'awa ta na da kawai zuwa kasashen waje da manufofin, da kuma musamman a cikin jiragen ruwa, wanda aka ruwaito ta daga mijinta. Majalisar Dattawa a tsawon shekaru ya rasa ta hukunci tasiri. Dukan takardun ci gaba da kãshi Council, da kuma Empress wani sauki aiki na su sa hannu.

Long shekaru sarautar Bitrus I sun kasance a cikin m yaƙe-yaƙe, nauyin da aka dukansa aza a kan kafadu na talakawa mutane. Shi ne daga wannan gaji. A lokaci guda yana da wani mummunan girbi a aikin noma, farashin abinci da tashi. A kasar ta halitta mai siga halin da ake ciki. Domin ko ta yaya defuse shi, Catherine saukar da zabe haraji daga 74 zuwa 70 aninai. Haife Maris Skavronskaya, da rashin alheri, ba su sãɓã ba ta da reformist halaye, wanda aka ba ta takwara - 2 Catherine A., kuma ta jama'a aiki da aka iyakance zuwa tausayin lokuta. Duk da yake kasar da aka binne a almubazzaranci da kuma arbitrariness a ƙasa.

Poor da ilimi da kuma wadanda ba sa hannu a cikin harkokin jama'a duk da haka ba a hana ta mutane ta soyayya - ta aka binne a cikin shi. Catherine yarda taimake tir da kawai mutane karban taimako, wasu so ganin ta godmother. Matsayin mai mulkin, ta ba ki da kuma na gaba godson ba 'yan ducats.

1 Ekaterina Alekseevna ya a ikon for kawai shekara biyu - daga 1725 har zuwa 1727 th. A wannan lokaci, shi ya bude Academy of Sciences, shirya da kuma samar da Bering da balaguro, kazalika da Order of St. Aleksandra Nevskogo gabatar.

A mutuwa na

Bayan Bitrus mutuwa, Catherine ta rayuwa fara juya: masquerades, bukukuwa, bukukuwa, ƙwarai gurgunta ta kiwon lafiya. A watan Afrilu 1727, da 10th, da Empress fadi da rashin lafiya, tari ya karu, ya nuna alamun huhu lalacewa. Catherine na mutuwa wani al'amari lokaci. Live shi ya kasa da wata daya.

May 6, 1727, da yamma, a karfe 9, Catherine mutu. Ta ya shekara 43 da haihuwa. Kafin ta mutuwa aka rubuta wasiya cewa Empress iya ba sa hannu, don haka akwai sa hannu na ta 'yar Elizabeth. Bisa ga nufin da kursiyin ya dauki Bitrus A., jikan Sarkin sarakuna Peter I.

Catherine A. da Bitrus na yi mai kyau biyu. Su goyon juna ta rayuwarsu. Catherine yi magically, reassuringly a shi, Bitrus, bi da bi, constrains ta ciki makamashi. Bayan mutuwarsa, Catherine sauran lokaci ciyar a idi da kuma sha bouts. Mutane da yawa shaida ta bayyana cewa ta kawai ya so ya manta da, wasu magana ta babbling yanayi. A cikin wani hali, mutanen da ya ƙaunace ta, maza ta san yadda za a tsara da kansu da kuma empress zauna ba tare da real ikon a hannuwansu. 1 Ekaterina Alekseevna farko da zamanin sarautar mata a Rasha Empire, wanda ya kasance a cikin kwalkwali har ƙarshen XVIII karni, tare da gajeren jinkiri na shekaru da dama.