Hussite motsi: da dalilai, mahalarta, sakamakon, darajar

Czech Hussite motsi fito a cikin farkon XV karni. Its mambobi so kawo canji da Kirista coci. Babban wahayi zuwa ga canji ya da Czech theologian Yan Gus, wanda ban tausayi kaddara ya haddasa fitina da yaki-dogon biyu da suka gabata.

A koyarwar Yana Gusa

Yan Gus aka haife shi a kudu da Jamhuriyar Czech a 1369. Ya kammala karatunsa, kuma ya kasance wani farfesa a Jami'ar Prague. Ya kuma samu shiga cikin firistoci, da kuma ya zama rector na Baitalami Chapel a Prague. Yan Gus da sauri ya zama wata rare wa'azi daga yan'uwanmu 'yan ƙasa. Wannan shi ne saboda ganin cewa ya zo a cikin lamba tare da mutanen, a cikin Czech harshe, yayin da dukan Roman Katolika amfani da Latin, wanda bai san sauki talakawa.

Hussite motsi da aka kafa a kewaye da masu theses, wanda tura Yan Gus, jayayya da papal kursiyin cewa befits wani Kirista firist. Czech kawo canji da tunani cewa ba za a iya sayar da tsabar kudi matsayi da indulgences. Wani rigima sanarwa wa'azi ne ya ra'ayin cewa Ikilisiyar ne ba marar kuskure, kuma ya kamata a soki, a cikin hali na boye lahani a cikin shi. A wancan zamani, sosai m kalmomi, saboda babu Kirista ba zai iya jayayya da Paparoma kuma firistoci. Irin wadannan mutane suna ta atomatik gane kamar yadda Litattafansu.

Duk da haka Gus yayin da farin ciki kauce masa azãba godiya ga da shahararsa a tsakanin mutane. Church kawo canji kuma aka yi wani malama. Ya samarwa wani kyautatuwa da Czech haruffa domin tallafa a aiwatar da rubuce-rubuce na mutane.

The mutuwar Huss

A 1414 Yan Gus aka kirã su zuwa ga majalisar Constance, wadda aka gudanar a Jamus birni a kan gaba na Lake Constance. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, manufar wannan taron shi ne domin tattauna rikicin a cikin cocin Katolika, a cikinsa akwai wani Yammacin sãɓãni kawai sabõda. Domin kusan shekara arba'in, akwai kawai biyu dads. Daya ya a Roma, da sauran - a Faransa. Rabin daga cikin kasashen goyon Katolika daya, da kuma sauran rabin - na biyu.

A Gus Na yi rikici tare da Church, kokarin ware shi daga garken, haramta ayyukan, amma godiya ga cẽto na Czech m wadanda mutane firist ya ci gaba da hadisin. Za Constance, ya bukaci da tabbacin cewa ba za ta taba. Alkawura da aka sanya. Amma lokacin da Gus yana cikin Cathedral, ya aka kama.

Paparoma ya bayyana wannan da cewa shi da kansa ya ba su ba da wani wa'adi, (kuma ya ba su kawai, wato Sarkin Sigismund). By Gus bukaci cewa ya barranta ya views. Ya ƙi. Duk da yake ya aka gudanar a lokacin da ake tsare, da Czech nobility aika ta tura zuwa Jamus da kuma bukatar sakin ta kasa gwarzo. Wadannan admonitions sun ɓãci. Yuli 6, 1415 Yan Gus aka kone a matsayin bidi'a. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da fashewa yaki a Jamhuriyar Czech.

A farkon tawaye a Jamhuriyar Czech

Gyaranta Hussite motsi bazu ko'ina a ƙasar. Gentry (gentry), da mazaunan garuruwa da Knights bai son tashin hankali na cocin Katolika a kan su shaidar dan kasa. Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin sadaukar da wasu Kirista ayyukan hajji.

Bayan da kisan Hus burin Hussite motsi karshe fito: don kawar da Jamhuriyar Czech daga Katolika da kuma Jamus. Ga wasu lokaci da rikici sa wani gida hali. Duk da haka, Paparoma, ba za a outdone Litattafansu, ya ayyana wani jihadi a Moravia. Irin wannan soja kamfen kasance kullum a cikin lokaci. Da farko Jihadi aka shirya don kwato Musulmi daga Palestine kuma kare shi. Lokacin da Gabas ta Tsakiya da aka rasa to Turawa, majami'u idanu fuskanci yankuna inda akwai daban-daban aiki Litattafansu ko arna. A mafi nasara da aka yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Baltic States, inda biyu da aka kafa soja-zuhudu umarni daga karkararta. Yanzu shi ne bi da bi na Jamhuriyar Czech ya tsira da mamayewa na Knights da giciye a kan Banners.

Sigismund da kuma Yan Zhizhka

A mataki na farko na yaki shugaban rundunar Yan Salibiyya ya zama Sarkin sarakuna na Ruhu Mai Roman Empire Sigismund. Ya damuwa da kansa a cikin idanu na Czechs cewa ba ta kare Hus, a lõkacin da cewa an yi kokarin a Majalisar Constance. Yanzu da sarki ya zama ma fi m Slavic mazaunan.

Hussite motsi ma samu ta soja shugaban. Sun zama Yan Zhizhka. A da Czech bafadan, wanda ya riga fiye da shekaru 60 da. Duk da wannan, ya kasance cike da makamashi. Wannan jarumi aka san shi da m aiki a filin daban-daban sarakuna. A 1410, ya shiga a matsayin mai sa kai a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian sojojin, karya da Jamusanci Jihadin Krista na Teutonic Order a yakin Grunwald. A yaƙin ya rasa ya hagu ido.

Ko da a cikin Czech Republic, a lokacin yakin da Sigismund, Zizka gaba daya makafi, amma ya kasance mai Hussite shugaban. Ya buga tsõro a cikin makiyan su da kirki, kuma m. A 1420, tare da kwamandan sojojin 8000th zo da taimakon mazaunan Prague, kori 'Yan Salibiyya, cikinsu akwai mai tsaga. Bayan wannan taron don wani lokaci, da dukan Jamhuriyar Czech aka mulki da Hussite.

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma moderates

Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, akwai wani rabo cewa ya raba Hussite motsi. A dalilai domin motsi kunshi a cikin kãfirai Katolika da kuma Jamus mulki a kan Jamhuriyar Czech. Ba da da ewa ya tsaya daga m reshe, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin Zizka. Magoya bayansa wawushe Katolika gidajen ibada, aikata da ƙyãmã na ministoci. Wadannan mutane sun shirya nasu sansani a Dutsen Tabor, saboda abin da aka zarar kira Taborites.

A lokaci guda, da matsakaici motsi wanzu a tsakanin Hussites. Its mambobi kuwa yarda daidaitawa da cocin Katolika a musayar wasu asasshe. Saboda sabanin ra'ayi tsakanin 'yan tawayen nan da nan hadade ikon a Jamhuriyar Czech daina wanzuwa. Yana kokarin dauki amfani da Sarkin sarakuna Sigismund, wanda ya fara shirya wani biyu jihadi a kan Litattafansu.

A jihadi a kan Hussites

A 1421 da na sarki sojojin, wanda kuma hada teams da Hungarian da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland Knights koma zuwa Jamhuriyar Czech. Dalilin Sigismund ita ce birnin Zatec, wanda aka located ba da nisa daga Jamus lardin Saxony. Don taimaka da kewaye sansanin soja shi Taborite sojojin, wadda aka karkashin jagorancin Yan Zhizhka. City gudanar ya kare da kuma daga wannan rana akwai wani yaki da sãɓãwar launukansa nasara ce ga bangarorin biyu.

Ba da da ewa mambobi ne na Hussite motsi samu goyon baya daga wani m ally a cikin Orthodox sojojin zo daga Grand Duchy na Lithuania. A cikin wannan kasar, akwai wani tsanani ciki gwagwarmaya da adana tsohon bangaskiya, da kuma kin amincewa da Katolika tasiri cewa ya zo daga Poland. A 'yan shekaru da Lithuania da kuma su Rasha kwana taimake Hussites a su yi yaƙi da Sarkin Assuriya.

A 1423 gajere nasara Zizka bari shi tare da sojojinsa su gaba daya bayyana kasar su, kuma ko da za a fara shiga tsakani a kasar Hungary. Hussites kai bankunan na Danube, inda suka jira domin gida sarauta sojojin. Zizka bai yi kuskure tafiyar da yaƙi, kuma ya jũya baya gida.

Rashin a Hungary ya kai ga cewa sabon wasa da sabani wanda raba Hussite motsi. A dalilan da motsi aka manta, kuma Taborites tafi in yi yaƙi da moderates (wanda aka kuma ake kira Chashniki ko Utraquists). Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga gaci wani muhimmin nasara a watan Yuni 1424, bayan da wani gajeren yayin da hadin kai da aka mayar. Duk da haka, wannan fall Yan Zhizhka mutu da annoba. Journey to tunawa wurare na Hussite motsi dole ne dole hada přibyslav gari, inda ya rasu sanannen Hussite shugaban. Yau Zizka ne kasa gwarzo na Czechs. Ya sami babban adadin Monuments.

ci gaba yaki

Zizka wuri a matsayin shugaban na Taborites dauki Prokop Mai girma. Ya kasance mai fada da ya zo daga wani m Prague irin. Prokop ya Chashnikov farko, amma ƙarshe ya zama m tare da radicals. Bugu da kari, ya kasance mai kyau kwamandan.

A 1426 Prokop ya shugabanci wata runduna da mayakan sa kai Taborite da Prague, da ganuwar birnin na Ústí nad Labem, wanda aka kama da Saxon invaders. Hussite shugaban ya jagoranci 25,000 mutane cewa ya sosai tsanani karfi.

Da dabarun da dabara na 'yan tawaye

A yakin Ústí nad Labem Prokop nasarar amfani da dabara, abin da ya bayyana a lokacin Yana Zhizhki. A farkon Hussite motsi halin a cewa sabon fama raka'a na mayakan sa kai sun untrained da kuma m don yaƙi da masu sana'a sojojin sarki. A tsawon lokaci, wannan rashi da aka gyara da ambaliya na masu bore Czechs Knights.

An muhimmanci bidi'a ne Hussite wadata jirgin kasa. Don haka ya kira USAID, wanda aka gina daga cikin kekunan shanun da kare yana kokarin muhimmanci wuri a fagen yaƙi. Shi ne a cikin Czech yaki a Turai ta fara yin amfani da makami, amma har yanzu a wani wajen m jihar iya ba ƙwarai shafi sakamakon da yaƙi. A key rawar da aka buga da sojojin doki, ga abin da wadata jirgin kasa sun kawo cikas.

A wani WHO saita gun cewa harbe da abokan gaba da kuma su bar shi ya karya, ta hanyar da kufaifan. Supply jirgin kasa da aka gina a cikin wani rectangular siffar. Akwai m lokuta idan ja kuraye a kusa da moat, wanda ya zama wani ƙarin fa'ida ga Hussites. A wata wadata jirgin kasa zai dace har zuwa 20 mutane, rabin na wanda su da kibiya ta sãme sojan doki gabatowa daga nesa.

Saboda dabara dabaru, sojojin Prokop Naked sake koro Jamusawa. Bayan yakin a Ústí nad Labem, Czech mayakan na shekaru uku mamaye sau da yawa a Austria da Saxony da kuma ko da kewaye Vienna da Nuremberg, duk da haka, bai wadãtar ba.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a wannan lokaci da Hussites fara rayayye goyi bayan wakilan da Polish nobility da Knights na wannan kasa, duk da su hukumomi. Wannan dangantaka za a iya samu a sawwaƙaƙƙen bayani. A Dogayen sanda, kamar Czechs, kasancewa Slavs tsoron karfafa Jamus tasiri a ƙasarsu. Saboda haka, Hussite motsi, a takaice, ya ba kawai wani addini, amma kuma tsiwirwirinsu kasa dandano.

Shawarwari tare da Katolika

A 1431, Paparoma Martin V kira Basel Cathedral (mai suna ga wurin taron), tsara don warware rikici da Czechs ta hanyar diflomasiyya. Ya yi amfani da wannan tayin, da mahalarta da kuma shugabannin Hussite motsi. Tawagar da aka kafa, wanda ya tafi zuwa Basel. Yana An jagorancin Prokop Mai girma. A tattaunawa, wanda ya shafe tare da Katolika, ya ci tura. Jam'iyyun da rikici sun kasa isa wani jayayya. Hussite ofishin jakadancin koma gida.

Rashin wakila jagoranci zuwa wani tsaga tsakanin 'yan tawaye. Mafi yawa daga cikin Czech nobility yanke shawarar a sake gwadawa don gudanar da shawarwari tare da Katolika, amma ba a biya da hankali da maslahohin da Taborites. Da shi shi ne na karshe da kuma banrazana katsewa, wanda ya hallaka Hussite motsi. Table nuna babban events alaka da Czech tawaye karkashin jagorancin tsaya Chashniki da Taborites.

A karshe tsaga Hussites

Taborite lokacin da ya zama sananne cewa matsakaici Hussites sake kokarin samun jayayya da Katolika, suka tafi don su Plzen, inda ya sha kaye Katolika kwata. Wannan episode shi ne na karshe ingirci domin mafi yawan Czech iyayengiji wanda daga karshe ya zo wata yarjejeniya tare da Paparoma. Aristocrats sun gaji da wani yaki da aka faruwa ga shekaru goma sha biyar. Jamhuriyar Czech sa a kango, kuma ta tattalin arzikin, wanda ta dogara a kan jindadin pans ba za a iya mayar da har sai akwai zaman lafiya.

Matsayin mai mulkin, kowane mulkin gargajiya ubangijina da nasa kananan sojoji, kunsha na Knights tawagar. Lokacin da pans Union hada karfi domin wanda kuma shiga cikin Katolika, da kuma mayakan sa kai na Prague, a cikin sabon sojojin sun 13 dubu dauke da makamai kwararru. A shugaban sojojin ya tsaya Utraquists mulkin gargajiya Diviš Bořek. Har ila yau, to sojojin goya nan gaba Czech King George na Podebrady.

Battle of Lipan

Taborite goyon bayan 16 Czech birane, ciki har da kansa Tabor da Zatec, Nymburk da sauransu. D. Army radicals har yanzu jagorancin Prokop Mai girma, wanda hannunsa na dama ya wani kwamandan Prokop Kananan. Taborite kafin yaƙi da abokan gudanar ya dauki wani wuri dadi domin kāriyar a kan dutse. Prokop yi fatan nasara ga classic dabara da cewa hada da yin amfani da wadata jirgin kasa, kazalika da saka saukar da makiya da kuma hukunci counterattack.

Mayu 30, 1434 biyu maƙiyi dakaru a karshe yaƙi na Lipan. Prokop shirin da aka aiwatar nasarar har da episode tare da wani counter-kai hari a lokacin da Taborites gane cewa Utraquists fara ƙarya da mãsu bãyar da bãya, to shiryar da su zuwa wani wuri dadi.

PANA a kan Hauwa'u na yaƙi bar a raya baya dauke da makamai da sojan doki. Wannan sojan doki aka jiran da sigina na kwatsam hari muddin Taborites ba a wani matakin da matsayi. A karshe, sabo da cikakken ƙarfi Knights kai farmaki da abokan gaba, da kuma radicals garzaya kõma zuwa ga asali zango. Ba da da ewa fadi da kuma samar da jirgin kasa. A tsaro na wadannan kufaifan sun kashe shugabannin Taborite - Prokop Mai girma da Prokop Kananan. Utraquists lashe wani hukunci nasara, wanda alama ƙarshen Hussite yaƙe-yaƙe.

Ma'ana koyarwar Hussite

Bayan da shan kashi a yakin Lipan m reshe karshe an ci. Taborites har yanzu ya kasance, amma bayan 1434, da suka taba iya shirya wani boren a kan sikelin kama da na baya yaki. A Jamhuriyar Czech kafa wata jayayya da Gwamuwar Katolika Utraquists. Utraquists daban-daban kananan canje-canje a bikin a wani sabis, da kuma mai kyau memory zuwa Jan Hus.

By kuma manyan, da Czech jama'a ya koma zuwa ga matsayi, wanda ya faru a gaban wannan yunkuri. Saboda haka, da Hussite wars bai kai ga wasu m canje-canje a kasar ta rayuwa. A daidai wannan lokaci, wani jihadi da Litattafansu sa babbar lalacewar da tattalin arzikin na Jamhuriyar Czech. Tsakiyar Turai 'yan shekarun da suka gabata warkar da raunuka na yaki.

Bugu da ari, sakamakon Hussite motsi ya bayyana kawai yawa daga baya, lokacin da aka yi a XVI karni, a dukan Turai suka fara samun canji tsari. Akwai wani Lutheranism da Calvinism. Bayan da shekara talatin da 'War a 1618-1648 gg. mafi Turai zo ga addini da 'yanci. Don cimma wannan nasara ne da kuma darajar da Hussite motsi, wanda shi ne share fage ga canji.

A Czech tawaye ne daya daga cikin alamu na kasa girman kai. Fadin kasar, za ka iya samun zuwa yawon shakatawa, wanda zai ba da damar yawon bude ido zuwa ziyarci memorials na Hussite motsi. A Jamhuriyar Czech ƙaunar da memory na shi, shi da heroes.