Bosnian War: Sanadin

90 shekaru sun zama na gaba zamanin zubar da jini a cikin Balkans. A kango na {asar Yugoslavia, ta fara da dama kabilanci yaƙe-yaƙe. Daya daga cikinsu ta jũya a Bosnia tsakanin Bosnians, Serbs da Croats. Garwaya rikici aka warware kawai bayan shi shãmakace a cikin al'ummar duniya, musamman da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO. Amfani da makamai rikici ya zama sananne ga ta da yawa laifukan yaki.

abubuwan da ake bukata

A 1992, da Bosnian War fara. Haka ya faru a kan backdrop na rushewar {asar Yugoslavia, da kuma faduwar kwaminisanci a Old World. Manyan sabani bangarorin karfe Bosniak Musulmi (ko Bosniak), Serb Orthodox da Katolika Croat. A rikici ya multifaceted: siyasa, kabilanci da kuma bayanan.

Yana duk fara da rushewar {asar Yugoslavia. Wannan tarayya gurguzu jihar rayu sosai daban-daban al'ummai - .. Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Makidoniya, Slovenes, da dai sauransu Lokacin da Berlin Wall fadi da kuma kwaminisanci tsarin rasa Cold War, kabilu na {asar Yugoslavia, ta fara bukaci 'yancin kai. Yana fara farati na sovereignties , da misalin abin da aka faruwa a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Sashen Daya, Slovenia da Croatia. A {asar Yugoslavia, ban da su, akwai da Socialist Jamhuriyar Bosnia da Herzegovina. Da shi shi ne mafi ƙabilun da bambance-bambance yankin da zarar united kasar. A kasar kasance game da 45% Bosniak, Serb 30% kuma 16% Croat. Fabrairu 29, 1992 da} ananan hukumomi, (located a babban birnin na Sarajevo) da aka gudanar a zaben raba gardama a kan samun 'yancin kai. A Bosnian Serbs sun ki shiga cikin ta. A lokacin da a Sarajevo ayyana 'yancin kai daga {asar Yugoslavia, da Ɗaukaka da tashin hankali.

Serbian tambaya

Actual babban birnin kasar na Bosnian Serbs fara Banja Luka. A rikici da aka aggravated da cewa kasashen biyu da suke zaune gefe da gefe tsawon shekaru da dama, da kuma saboda wannan, akwai mutane da yawa ƙabilun gauraye iyalai a wasu yankunan. A general, da Serbs rayu ƙara a arewa da kuma gabashin kasar. A Bosnian yaki shi ne hanya a gare su zuwa wasa up tare da compatriots a {asar Yugoslavia. Army na Socialist Jamhuriyar bar Bosnia a watan Mayu 1992. Tare da bacewar na uku karfi da zai iya ko ta yaya tsara dangantakar dake tsakanin husũma, ya bace karshe cikas taushẽwarsu da zubar da jini.

{Asar Yugoslavia, (inda rayu yawanci Serb yawan) daga farkon goyon Bosnia Serbs don ƙirƙirar nasu Republika Srpska. Mutane da yawa jami'an tsohon hadade sojojin fara motsa a cikin dakarun na da shari'ã jihar.

Wanda gefen Rasha a cikin Bosnian yaki, ya bayyana nan da nan bayan da farkon rikicin. Hukumomi na Rasha Federation kokarin aiki a matsayin mai wanzar da zaman lafiya da karfi. Sa'an nan ya yi Sauran m iko na duniya al'umma. Yan siyasa neman sasantawa, sunã kira abokan adawar su yi shawarwari a kan tsaka tsaki ƙasa. Duk da haka, idan muka yi magana game da jama'a ra'ayi Rasha 90th., Mun iya cewa da tabbaci ba da juyayi da na kowa mutane kasance a kan gefen Serbs. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda mutane biyu da alaka da kuma haɗa da al'umma na Slavic al'adu, orthodoxy, da sauransu. D. cewar kasa da kasa masana, da Bosnian yaki ya cibiyar haduwa for 4 dubu masu sa kai daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da ke goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Srpska.

Fashewa yaki

A ɓangare na uku da rikici, a Bugu da kari ga Serbs da Bosniaks, Croats fara. Sun halitta Commonwealth of Herceg-Bosna, wanda a lokacin yaki wanzu a matsayin da shari'ã jihar. A babban birnin kasar na jumhuriya ta zama birni na Mostar. A Turai, mun ji da m na yaki da kokarin da taimako na kasa da kasa kida su hana zubar da jini. A watan Maris shekarar 1992, yarjejeniyar da aka sa hannu a Lisbon, bisa ga abin da ikon a kasar ya za a raba tare kabilanci Lines. Bugu da kari, bangarorin sun amince da cewa gwamnatin tarayya cibiyar za ta raba ikon da na gida municipalities. The daftarin aiki da aka sanya hannu a kan Bosnian Alija Izetbegovic, Serb Radovan Karadzic da Croatian Mate Boban.

Duk da haka, wani jayayya ba ta ɗore. A 'yan kwanaki baya, Izetbegovic ce cewa revokes yarjejeniya. A gaskiya, shi ya keken shanu Blanche zuwa farkon yakin. Abin da ake bukata kawai wani uzuri. Bayan fara zubar da jini abokan adawar kira daban-daban aukuwa cewa aiki a matsayin impetus ga farko kisan kai. Shi ne mai tsanani akida batu.

Ga wani batu na ba dawowar Serbs ya harbi na Serbian bikin aure a Sarajevo. Kisankai sun Bosniaks. A daidai wannan lokaci, Musulmai zargi Serbs a yaki swagger. Sun yi zargin cewa na farko matattu Bosnians suka dauki bangare a wani titi zanga-zanga. A cikin kisan da ake zargin masu kare lafiyarsa Republika Srpska Shugaba Radovan Karadzic.

A kewaye da Sarajevo

A May 1992, a Austria birnin Graz, shugaban Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, da kuma shugaban Croatian Jamhuriyar Herceg-Bosna Mate Boban sanya hannu a dangantakar yarjejeniya, wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci daftarin aiki na rukunin farko na amfani da makamai rikici. Biyu Slavic da shari'ã jihohin sun amince da daina fada da gama domin kafa iko a kan Musulmi yankuna.

Bayan wannan episode Bosnian War gudana a Sarajevo. A babban birnin kasar na wata al'umma tsage ta ciki jayayya, da aka lugar yafi by Musulmi. Duk da haka, a cikin unguwannin bayan gari da kuma kewaye kauyuka zaune Serb rinjaye. Wannan rabo aka ƙaddara cikin shakka daga cikin yãƙi. Afrilu 6, 1992 ya fara da kewaye na Sarajevo. Serbian sojojin kewaye garin. A kewaye dade a ko'ina cikin yaki (a kan shekaru uku), kuma aka ɗauke shi kawai bayan sanya hannu na karshe na Dayton ya haɗu.

A lokacin da kewaye na Sarajevo, birnin da aka hõre tsanani da dakarun. Mazurari, wanda ya kasance daga bawo, a peacetime aka cika da musamman saje da resins, robobi da kuma ja tawada. Wadannan "alamomi" a cikin latsa aka kira "Sarajevo wardi". Yau su ne daya daga cikin shahararrun Monuments na cewa mummunan yakin.

total yaki

Ya kamata a lura cewa Serb-Bosniak yaki gudu layi daya da yaki a Croatia, inda inflamed rikici tsakanin gida Croat da Serb. Shi ne m da kuma rikitarwa halin da ake ciki. A Bosnia juya daga yaki, shi ne yaki na duk da duk. Musamman rigima shi ne matsayin da na gida Croats. Wasu daga cikin su goyon bayan Bosnians, da sauran part - da Serbs.

A cikin watan Yuni 1992, kasar na da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanzar da zaman lafiya da karfi. Da farko, an halitta ga Croatian yaki, amma jim kadan bayan ikon da aka mika wa Bosnia. Wadannan sojoji suka karbe iko Sarajevo filin jirgin sama (kafin ta dauki Serbs, sun yi barin wannan muhimmanci kai cibiya). MDD nan don isar da kayan agaji, wanda ya kamata a rarraba a fadin kasar, kamar yadda a Bosnia, ba guda yanki ta shãfe zubar da jini. Farar hula 'yan gudun hijira kare Red Cross manufa, ko da yake da kokarin da contingent na kungiyar da aka bai isa ba.

laifukan yaki

Mugunta da kuma senselessness na yaki ya zama sananne a duniya. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta ci gaba da watsa labarai, talabijin da sauran hanyar da] a bayanai. M ɗaukar hoto ya episode da ya faru a watan Mayu 1992. A birnin Tuzla hadin gwiwa Bosnian-Croat sojojin farmaki a birged na Yugoslav Mutane ta Army, to komawa zuwa mahaifarsa saboda rushewar kasar. A harin da aka samu halartar makasa, harbe na'ura da kuma ta haka da An katange hanya. Maharan coolly gama kashe da rauni. Yana kashe fiye da 200 da sojoji na Yugoslav Army. Wannan episode, daga mutane da yawa wasu nuna tashin hankali a lokacin Bosnian yaki.

By rani na shekara ta 1992, da Republika Srpska Army gudanar ya kafa iko a kan gabacin kasar. Local Musulmi fararen hula repressed. Domin Bosniaks aka halicce taro sansani. Yau da kullum da shi shi ne rikici da mata. The m tashin hankali a lokacin Bosnian yaki bai bayyana kwatsam. A Balkans yi ko da yaushe ta kasance a wani fashewar keg na Turai. A gida na kasa jihohi sun kasance short-rayu. Manyan yawan ƙoƙarin rayuwa a cikin Empire, amma wannan wani zaɓi ne na "mai kyau maƙwabcinsa" A ƙarshe aka facce su bayan faduwar kwaminisanci. Mutual koke da korafi da aka ajiye domin daruruwan shekaru.

bai tabbata ba nan gaba

Complete kawancen na Sarajevo zo a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1993, lokacin da {asar Serbia, sojojin gudanar ya kammala aiki "Lugavats 93". Shi ne mai habarta hari, wanda aka shirya da Ratko da ake sauraren karar (a yau shi ne kotun kasa da kasa mahukunta). A lokacin aiki, da Serbs shagaltar da yana kokarin muhimmanci kafa manyan zuwa Sarajevo. Unguwa na babban birnin kasar da kuma da yawa daga cikin kasar - da karko mountainous ƙasa. A cikin irin wannan yanayi da kafa da kuma gorges zama wuraren da hukunci fadace-fadace.

Kamawa Trnovo, Serbs sun iya hada su Holdings a yankuna biyu - Herzegovina da Podrinje. The sojojin sa'an nan ya juya yamma. Bosnian yaki, a takaice, sun kunshi yawa kananan horar da takaddama m kungiyoyin. A watan Yuli 1993, da Serbs sun iya kafa iko a kan kafa Dutsen Igman. Wannan labarai firgita da al'ummar kasa da kasa. Yammacin kasashen fara sa matsa lamba a kan jagorancin da Jamhuriyar kuma da kaina Radovan Karadzic. A tattaunawa a Geneva, da Serbs bayyana shi da cewa a cikin hali na ƙi janye su zama farin ciki ga NATO harin na jiragen. Karadzic folded a karkashin irin wannan matsin lamba. Agusta 5, 1993 Serbs bar Igman, yayin da sauran ganĩmõmi a Bosnia suka goyi bayan su. A kan yana kokarin muhimmanci tudun suka maye gurbinsu da sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya daga kasar Faransa.

Bosnians raba

A halin yanzu, a sansanin akwai wani Bosniak ciki tsaga. Musulmi a cikin ni'imar rike da wani unitary jihar. Asiri Firet Abdic da mabiyansa gudanar da m ra'ayi. Suna so ne su yi tarayya a jihar, da kuma imani da cewa kawai ta hanyar irin wannan jayayya zai kawo karshen Bosnian War (1992-1995). A takaice, wannan ya kai ga zargin biyu irreconcilable sansani. A karshe, a cikin watan Satumba 1993, Abdic a Velika Kladusa sanar halittar Yammacin Bosnia. Yana wani shari'ã jamhuriyar, sun yi tsayayya da Izetbegovic gwamnati a Sarajevo. Abdic zama Majibinci na Jamhuriyar Srpska.

Yammacin Bosnia - misali ne mai kyau na yadda akwai dukkan sabon gajere siyasa da ilimi, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Bosnian War (1992-1995). A dalilan da wannan Yãye-yãyen kunshi wani babbar dama ta husũma amfane shi. Yammacin Bosnia ya wanzu shekara biyu. Da karkararta aka shagaltar da a lokacin ake gudanar "Tiger 94" da kuma "The hadari." A cikin farko idan da Abdic sanya ta Bosnians kansu.

A watan Agusta, 1995, da karshe mataki na yaki, lokacin da narkar da na karshe aware da ilimi, to dakarun gwamnati Izetbegovic shiga cikin Croats da iyaka contingent na NATO. Major fadace-fadace da ya faru a cikin Krajina yankin. An kai tsaye ba sakamakon da aiki "Storm" ya jirgin na Croatian-Bosnian iyakar ƙauyuka game da 250 dubu Serbs. Wadannan mutane da aka haife kuma tashe a cikin Krajina. Duk da yake babu wani abu sabon abu ba ne mai ƙaura kwarara. Mutane da yawa cire su daga gidajensu Bosnian War. A sawwaƙaƙƙen bayani na kwarara daga cikin yawan ne kamar haka: rikicin ba za a iya kammala ba tare da wata hujja definition na kabilanci da addini iyaka, don haka dukkan kananan sassan duniya da kuma enclaves a lokacin yaki halakar da tsare. Raba da ƙasa shãfe Serbs, Bosnians da Croats.

Kisan kare dangi da kuma kotun

Yaki laifuffuka aikata biyu Bosnians da Serbs da Croats. Dukansu bayyana su kisan-kiyashi a biya ga takwarorin. Bosnians zuwa ta'ada Serb fararen hula halitta kungiyoyin "speculators." Sun gudanar da hare-hare a kan m Slavic kauyen.

A mafi tsanani laifi ya zama Serbian kisan kiyashin a Srebrenica. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shawara, a 1993, wannan birni da kewaye unguwar da aka ayyana wani hadari Haven. Musulmi 'yan gudun hijira da aka ja da baya daga dukkan yankuna na Bosnia. A watan Yuli 1995 Srebrenica kama Serbs. Suka aikata kisan kiyashin a cikin birnin, inda suka kashe bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, game da 8000 fararen hula na Musulmi mazauna - yara, mata da tsofaffi. Yau, a duk faɗin duniya Bosnian War 92-95 shekaru. cikin shahararrun ne wannan m episode.

Kiyashin a Srebrenica, har yanzu ana bincika da hukunta laifukan yaki ga kotun da tsohuwar {asar Yugoslavia. Maris 24, 2016, tsohon shugaban kasar na Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru 40 a kurkuku. Ya yi hidimar majagaba da yawa daga cikin laifukan da aka sani zuwa ga Bosnian War. Photo nanata sake yada a ko'ina cikin duniya latsa, kamar yadda a baya 90. Karadzic da ma alhakin abin da ya faru a Srebrenica. Hukumomin leken asirin kama shi bayan wata goma-shekara rai na sirri a karkashin wani ƙarya sunan a Belgrade.

Soja shiga tsakani na kasa da kasa

A kowace shekara, da Bosnian Serb-Croat yaki tare da sa hannu zama ƙara m, kuma m. Ya zama a sarari cewa babu wani daga cikin jam'iyyun da rikici ba zai isa su a raga ta hanyar zubar da jini. A Amurka, yanzu halin da ake ciki, da hukumomin suka fara dauka wani aiki sashi a cikin shawarwari tsari. A mataki na farko wajen warware rikici ya yarjejeniyar cewa ƙare yaki na Croats da Bosnians. Relevant takardun da aka sanya hannu a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1994, a birnin Vienna, kuma Washington. A Bosnian Serbs aka kuma kira su zuwa ga kan teburin shawarwari, amma ba su da su aika da jami'an diplomasiya.

Bosnian War, wani photo daga filayen cewa fada a waje labaru a kai a kai gigice West, amma a cikin Balkans shi an gani kamar sananne. A cikin wadannan yanayi, da himma a hannuwansu dauki NATO. Amurkawa da kawayensu, tare da goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da fara shirya wani shiri na jirgin sama harin bom Serb matsayi. A soja aiki "don tunani game da ikon" ya fara ranar 30 ga watan Agusta. Harin Bam taimaki Bosnians da Croats danna Serbs a cikin yana kokarin muhimmanci yankuna na kan tudu Ozren kuma a Yammacin Bosnia. Babban sakamakon da NATO baki ya da dagawa na kewaye da Sarajevo, wanda dade shekaru da dama. Bayan haka, Serbian-Bosnian yaki neared ajalinsa. All jam'iyyun da rikici da aka zub da jini fari. A jihar bar dukan gidajen zama, da sojoji da kuma masana'antu kayayyakin more rayuwa.

Dayton

Karshe tattaunawar tsakanin abokan adawar fara a tsaka tsaki ƙasa. A nan gaba na tsagaita wuta da aka amince a Amurka barikin soji a Dayton. The m sanya hannu na Securities faru a cikin Elysee Palace a Paris Disamba 14, 1995. Babban ayyuka na shugaban kasar na Bosnia fuskantar da bikin Alija Izetbegovic, shugaban kasar Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic da kuma Croatian Shugaba Franjo Tudjman. Na farko tattaunawa da aka gudanar a karkashin taimaka na observer kasashen - Birtaniya, Jamus, Rasha, Amurka da kuma Faransa.

Bisa ga yarjejeniyar, da samar da wani sabon jihar - da Federation of Bosnia da Herzegovina da Republika Srpska. Ciki kan iyakokin da aka za'ayi a irin wannan hanyar da kowane batu ya samu wani daidai bangare na kasar. Bugu da kari, Bosnia gabatar da NATO wanzar da zaman lafiya da karfi. Wadannan sojojin sun zama lamuni na adana zaman lafiya a wani musamman siga yankuna.

Gardama da tashin hankali a lokacin Bosnian yaki. Documentary shaidar aikata laifukan yaki da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga kotun kasa da kasa, wanda aiki a yau. Aka yi hukunci a matsayin talakawa masu aikatawa da kuma kai tsaye initiators kisan-kiyashi "a saman". 'Yan siyasa da kuma soja wanda ya shirya kisan kare dangi na lumana yawan, an cire daga kan mulki.

Bisa ga official version, a cikin hanyar da Bosnian yaki sun ga kabilanci rikici a {asar Yugoslavia, rududdugaggu. Dayton yi aiki a matsayin mai jayayya dabara don tsaga al'umma. Ko da yake Balkans zama tushen tashin hankali ga dukan Turai, bude tashin hankali a kan sikelin da yaki can, a karshe ya tsaya. Yana da aka wani rabo a cikin kasa da kasa diflomasiyyar (albeit mubaya'a). Bosnian yaki da tashin hankali, wanda ta kira, ya bar wata babbar alama a kan rabo daga cikin gida yawan. A yau babu Bosniak ko Serb, wanda iyali zai ba da za a shafi m inherently rikici biyu shekarun da suka gabata da suka wuce.