Albert Hoffman - Swiss sunadarai, uba na LSD: A Biography

Albert Hofmann, da Swiss sunadarai wanda ya ba da duniya LSD, mafi m psychotropic abu yanzu da aka sani, ya rasu a watan Afrilu 2008 a gidansa a kan dutse, a kusa da Basel, Switzerland. Ya kasance 102 years old.

A cewar Rick Doblin, kafa da Shugaba na Multi-horo ƙungiya daga psychedelic bincike, tushen a California, dalilin mutuwar wani ciwon zuciya. Wannan shiri a 2005 Aka sake buga shi da littafi, wanda a shekarar 1979 da aka buga da Albert Hoffman, "My Matsala Child LSD."

Swiss masana kimiyya na farko hada da fili lysergic acid a 1938, amma bai same ta psychopharmacological effects har shekaru biyar daga baya, ya bazata yi amfani da wani abu da yake a cikin counterculture na 1960s zama da aka sani da suna "acid".

Sa'an nan ya dauki LSD daruruwan sau, amma ga shi a matsayin iko da kuma yiwuwar hatsari psychotropic miyagun ƙwayoyi bukata girmamawa. Amma mafi muhimmanci fiye da na jin dãɗi da psychedelic kwarewa ya zuwa gare shi da darajar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin agaji ga nutsuwa da kuma fahimtar abin da ya kira da hadin kai na 'yan Adam da yanayi. Wannan fahimta, wanda ya zo Dr. Hoffman kusan addini epiphany a cikin shimfiɗar jariri, ya umurcemu da mafi yawansu ya sirri da kuma sana'a rayuwa.

haske

Albert Hofmann wanda aka haife shi a Baden, makõma gari a arewacin Switzerland, Janairu 11, 1906 Shi ne Babbansu yara hudu. Mahaifinsa, wanda ba shi da mafi girma ilimi, ya mai toolmaker a wani gida factory, da iyali ya rayu a wani takalman Apartment. Amma Albert kashe mafi daga cikin kayayyakin lokaci a kan titi.

Ya yi ta yawo a cikin duwatsu sama da gari da kuma taka leda a kango na Habsburg "Stein" Castle. "Akwai wani real aljanna - ya ce a cikin wata hira a 2006. - Muna da babu kudi, amma ina da wani ban mamaki yara. "

A lokacin da daya daga cikin tafiya ya na da wani epiphany.

"Yana faru May safe - Na manta da shekara, amma har yanzu za a iya gano inda faru, a kan footpath a cikin gandun daji kusa Martinsburg, - ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa. - I aka tafiya ta cikin dazuzzuka da sabo ne ganye, cike da birdsong da lit da safe, rana da kwatsam juya a kira su da wani unusually haske, bayyananne. Nature kãma mafi kyau annurin, shãfe zuwa ga zuciya, kamar yadda idan ya so ya kai ga yawa a gare ni. Ina da aka cika da wani indescribable abin mamaki da farin ciki, kadaita da ni'ima da natsuwa. "

Ko da yake Hoffman mahaifina shi a Katolika da kuma mahaifiyarsa - a Protestant, ya yi ĩmãni daga wani wuri shekaru, addini rasa abu mafi muhimmanci. Sa'ad da yake 7 ko 8 da shekaru, Albert kuma yana magana da wani aboki game da ko Yesu ya allah. "Na ce ban yi imani da shi, amma Allah dole ne, saboda akwai wani duniya da kuma wani wanda ya halicci shi, - ya ce. - Ina da matukar zurfi dangane da yanayi. "

A zabi na sana'a

Hoffman suka tafi a kan ya yi nazarin ilmin sunadarai a jami'ar Zurich, kamar yadda ya so, don gano duniya a matakan inda makamashi da kuma sinadaran abubuwa hada don ƙirƙirar rayuwa. A shekara ta 1929, sa'ad da yake kawai 23, ya samu digiri na uku a falsafa. Sai ya dauki wani aiki a "Sandoz" dakin gwaje-gwaje a Basel, inda yake janyo hankalin da wani shirin a kan kira na Pharmaceutical abubuwa daga magani shuke-shuke.

"Ranar da keke"

Duk da yake aiki tare da ergot bugawa hatsin rai, ya yi tuntuɓe a kan LSD, da kuma hatsari Jumma'a da yamma a watan Afrilu 1943 amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a ciki. Ba da da ewa da ya samu ƙẽƙasasshen Jihar sani, kama da abin da ya samu kamar yadda yaro.

Wadannan Litinin, LSD Albert Hofmann ganganci dauki. A shirye-shiryen fara aiki lokacin da ya hawan keke gida. Wannan rana, Afrilu 19, daga baya aka immortalized da mai son miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sun kira shi da "Ranar da bike."

Saukar Chemistry

Dr. Hoffman Ya halitta wasu muhimmanci da kwayoyi, ciki har da metergin amfani domin lura da zubar hemorrhage - babban hanyar mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa. Amma shi ya LSD dimbin yawa da aiki da kuma ruhaniya nema.

"Godiya ga na ji a lokacin da shan LSD da kuma nawa sabon hoto na gaskiya, Na lura da mu'ujiza na halitta, da girmamãwa yanayi, Flora da fauna, - ya ce Hoffman, wani likita hauka Stanislav Grof a 1984. - Na zama sosai m ga abin da zai faru da duk wannan kuma da dukan mu. "

tsarki kwayoyi

Dr. Hoffman ya zama mabiyin muhalli. Ya ce cewa LSD ne ba kawai mai muhimmanci da kayan aiki a ilimin halin tababbu, amma za a iya amfani da su tada zurfi sani mutane ta wurin a cikin yanayi, ta dakatar da lalata yanayi.

Amma kamar yadda ya aka damu da girma amfani da LSD a matsayin magani ga nisha. A cewar shi, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kamata a yi amfani da, kazalika da m al'ummu amfani psychoactive alfarma shuke-shuke - a hankali da kuma da m nufi.

Bayan gano da kaddarorin psychotropic abu Albert Hofmann ya ciyar da shekaru karatu alfarma shuke-shuke. Tare da abokinsa Gordon Wasson, ya halarci psychedelic rituals shamans mesatekov a kudancin Mexico. Ya ya iya haduwa da aiki mahadi naman kaza psilocybe Mexicana, ya kira psilocin da psilocybin. Bugu da kari, da sunadarai ya kasaftawa da aiki aka gyara Convolvulus tsaba wanda Mazatec kuma yi amfani da matsayin shi, abin mãye, da kuma gano cewa, sinadaran da abun da ke ciki shi ne kama da LSD.

A lokacin da psychedelic zamanin Hoffman buga wani aminci da irin wannan m mutane kamar yadda Timoti Liri, Allen Ginsberg da Oldos Haksli, wanda, kasancewa a kan gab da mutuwa, a 1963, ya ce wa matarsa ta ba shi allura, LSD don ya rage shan wahala daga makogwaro ciwon daji.

al'adunmu

Duk da haka, duk da ban sha'awa a cikin psychoactive mahadi LSD mahaifin zauna a karshen wani Swiss sunadarai. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, "Sandoz," ya jagoranci Halitta Magunguna Research Sashen har ya yi ritaya a 1971.

Rubuta a kan wani mutum ɗari kimiyya articles, wallafa Albert Hoffman. Books sadaukar da Swiss sunadarai hallucinogenic abubuwa. A "Eleusis: fallasa da sharu ɗ" (1978) ya bayar da hujjar cewa wani yawan Greek ibãdar tare da yin amfani da hallucinogenic namomin kaza. Ya kuma co-rubuta "o da Chemistry da Hallucinogens" Books (1973), "Tsire-tsire daga cikin alloli: asalin yin amfani da hallucinogens" (1979). A shekarar 1989 na ga haske da hasken Insight / Outlook littafin (1989) game da ji na gaskiya, kuma da aiki na "Elixir na Hoffmann: LSD da sabon Eleusis" da aka buga a bayan mutuwarsa (2008).

Albert Hoffman da matarsa, Anita, wanda ya mutu jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, ya tashe a Basel yara hudu. Dan mutu daga shan barasa a '53. Hoffman samu dama jĩkõki, kuma mai jikoki.

Ko da yake Swiss sunadarai kira LSD "magani ga rai", da 2006 da kwanaki lokacin da ya shan hallucinogens, sun dade bari. "Na san LSD. Ba na bukatar ka dauke shi a kan - ya ce da kara, - watakila lokacin da na mutu a matsayin Oldos Haksli. " A cewar shi, LSD ba rinjayi da ra'ayoyin game da mutuwa. "Bayan mutuwar, zan dawo zuwa inda na ke gaba gare shi da aka haife shi ke nan."

Albert Hoffman: quotes

Kasa wasu da aka sani da mũnãna Swiss sunadarai.

• A ci gaba daga mutãne ne tare da girma da kuma fadada sani.
• LSD - shi ne kawai hanyar su sa mu wanda muka kasance.
• Tafi zuwa ga filin, je zuwa Aljanna, tafiya a cikin dazuzzuka. Bude idanu!
• Allah yayi magana kawai ga wadanda suka fahimci ta harshe.
• Na yi imani da cewa idan mutane koya don amfani ruri wahayi na LSD a magani da kuma tunani ne mafi m, a karkashin wani yanayi, wannan matsala yaro zai iya zama wani yaro prodigy.
• Sani - shi ne mai kyauta daga Allah zuwa ga mutane.