A abun da ke ciki na iya hada radiation ... The abun da ke ciki da kuma halaye na rediyoaktif radiations

Nukiliya radiation - daya daga cikin mafi hatsari. Its effects ne unpredictable ga mutum. Me ake nufi da manufar radioactivity? Me ake nufi da "manyan" ko "qananan" radioactivity? Wanne barbashi wani bangare ne na daban-daban na nukiliya radiation?

Mene ne radioactivity?

A abun da ke ciki na radiation iya hada daban-daban barbashi. Duk da haka, duk iri uku radiation kasance a cikin wannan category - an kira su ionizing. Menene wannan lokaci nufi? A radiation makamashi ne mai wuce yarda high - sosai domin idan radiation kai wani zarra, shi darkãke fitar da wani electron daga ta falaki. Sa'an nan zarra, wanda ya zama manufa radiation yana tuba zuwa wani ion wanda aka gaskiya ma da caji. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa atomic radiation kira ionizing, duk abin da ya kasance na wani irin. High yi ionizing radiation bambanta daga wasu nau'in, kamar obin na lantarki ko infrared.

Yadda aka ionized?

Don gane da abin da zai iya zama wani ɓangare na radiation, shi wajibi ne don la'akari daki-daki cikin tsari na ionization. Yana fitowa kamar haka. Kwayoyin zarra da kara kama kadan poppy iri (atomic tsakiya) kewaye da falakinsu da ta electrons kamar harsashi na kumfa. Lokacin da rediyoaktif lalace ya auku, da kwaya daukan kashe daga wannan karami hancin gurtsun dabino ba - Alpha ko beta barbashi. Lokacin da watsi da caje barbashi, da kuma canza lura da tsakiya, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa wani sabon sinadaran abu da aka kafa.

Barbashi cewa yin up da radiation nuna hali kamar haka. Bayar daga core hatsi sunã gaggãwa tare da babbar gudun gaba. A kan ta hanyar da shi zai iya fadi a cikin kwasfa daga wani zarra, kuma kamar buga wani electron daga shi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, irin zarra a nuna cajin ion. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin, da abu ya rage guda a matsayin yawan protons a cikin nucleus din ya kasance canzawa.

Features na rediyoaktif lalata aiwatar

Ilimi na wadannan matakai sa ya yiwu don tantance har zuwa abin da iskar rediyoaktif lalace. Wannan darajar da aka auna a becquerels. Alal misali, idan a daya biyu akwai wani lalata, suka ce: "The aiki na isotope - 1 becquerel." Da zarar a wurin da wannan na'ura ta amfani da naúrar kira da curie. Yana da aka daidaita 37 biliyan becquerels. Kamar haka wajibi ne a kwatanta da ayyukan da wannan adadin abu. Aiki takamaiman naúrar taro na isotope ake kira da takamaiman aiki. Wannan darajar ne inversely na gwargwado ga rabin rayuwata na wani musamman isotope.

Faye hali na rediyoaktif radiations. su kafofin

Ionizing radiation iya faruwa ba kawai a yanayin saukan rediyoaktif lalace. Ku bauta wa a matsayin tushen ga rediyoaktif radiation iya: fission dauki (faruwa a cikin fashewa ko da a ciki na nukiliya reactor), da kira na abin da ake kira haske nuclei (auku ba a cikin hasken rana surface, da sauran star, kuma a wani hydrogen bam), da kuma daban-daban barbashi accelerators. Duk wadannan kafofin na radiation abu daya a cikin kowa - da wani iko da makamashi matakin.

Wanne barbashi wani bangare ne na radiation irin alpha?

Da bambance-bambance tsakanin iri uku ionizing radiation - alpha, beta da gamma - ne a cikin yanayi. Lokacin da wadannan radiations aka gano, babu daya da wani ra'ayin cewa za su iya wakiltar. Saboda haka, suna kawai kira da Girkanci haruffa.

Kamar yadda su da sunan ya nuna, alpha-haskoki da aka gano na farko. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na radiation daga lalata da nauyi isotopes kamar uranium ko thorium. Da yanayi da aka ƙaddara a kan lokaci. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa alpha radiation ne wajen nauyi. A cikin iska, ba za a iya shawo kan ko 'yan santimita. An gano cewa wani sashi daga cikin radiation iya shiga cikin nucleus din helium kwayoyin halitta. Shi ne related to alpha radiation.

Its main tushen rediyoaktif isotopes. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne mai gaskiya ma cajin "sets" na biyu protons kuma wannan adadin neutrons. A wannan yanayin da muke cewa abun da ke ciki ya hada da wani radiation-barbashi ko alpha barbashi. Biyu protons da biyu neutrons samar da wata helium tsakiya, alpha-radiation halayyar. A karo na farko a cikin mutãne irin wannan dauki iya samun Rutherford, tsunduma tana mayar nitrogen oxygen nuclei a cikin kwaya.

Beta radiation, ya gano daga baya, amma ba kasa hatsari

Sa'an nan kuma ya juya daga cewa abun da ke ciki na radiation iya hada ba kawai tsakiya na helium, amma kawai talakawa electrons. Wannan gaskiya ne ga beta radiation - shi kunshi electrons. Amma su gudu ne mafi girma daga cikin kudi na alpha radiation. Wannan irin radiation kuma yana da ƙananan cajin fiye da alpha radiation. Daga cikin iyaye zarra beta barbashi "gada" wani daban-daban cajin da daban-daban gudun.

Yana iya isa 100 dubu. Km / sec har zuwa gudun haske. Amma a waje beta radiation iya yada wa mitoci da dama. Iya shiga su iya aiki ne sosai kananan. Beta-haskoki ba zai iya shawo kan takarda, zane, bakin ciki takardar na karfe. Su ne kawai shiga cikin wannan al'amari. Duk da haka, unprotected daukan hotuna iya kai wa ga fata, ko ido konewa, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da hasken ultraviolet.

Barnatar da cajin beta barbashi an kira electrons da gaskiya ma cajin ake kira positrons. A manyan yawan beta radiation ne mai hadarin gaske ga mutane, kuma zai iya sa radiation cuta. Fiye da m iya zama ingestion na radionuclides.

Gamma haskoki: abun da ke ciki da kuma Properties

A wadannan da aka gano gamma radiation. A wannan yanayin, ya juya waje cewa wani sashi daga cikin radiation iya hada photons da wani zango. Gamma radiation kamar ultraviolet, infrared igiyoyin rediyo. A wasu kalmomin, shi wakiltar electromagnetic radiation, amma makamashi na shigowa photons a shi ne sosai high.

Wannan irin radiation ne musamman high ikon shiga ta hanyar wani obstructions. A denser tsaye a cikin hanyar da ionizing radiation abu, da mafi alheri shi zai iya rike m gamma haskoki. Domin wannan rawa, sau da yawa zabe gubar ko kankare. A waje gamma radiation iya wuce ta hanyar daruruwa da dubban kilomita. Idan rinjayar da mutum, sai ya haddasa lalacewar da fata da kuma kayan ciki. A kan kaddarorin gamma radiation za a iya kwatanta ta da X-ray. Amma da suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin asalin. Bayan X-haskoki ne kawai a wucin gadi yanayi.

Mene ne radiation mafi m?

Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka riga koya wasu haskoki wani bangare ne na radiation, mun aminta da hatsarori da gamma haskoki. Bayan duk, suka iya shawo kan da yawa kilomita, ya hallaka rayuka da haddasa mummunan radiation cuta. Shi ne domin kare da gamma haskoki, makaman nukiliya reactors aka kewaye da babbar kankare ganuwar. Kananan guda na isotopes suna ko da yaushe sanya shi a cikin kwantena da aka yi da gubar. Duk da haka, babban hatsari ga mutane shi ne kashi.

Kashi - wannan shi ne adadin da cewa mafi yawa ana lasafta shan la'akari da nauyin jikin mutum. Alal misali, ga guda haƙuri kashi na magani za su kusanci 2 MG. Ga wani, wannan kashi iya samun wani m sakamako. Just kimanta da kashi na radiation. Its hadari ne m tunawa kashi. Don ayyana shi, da farko auna adadin radiation cewa an samamme ta jiki. Kuma a sa'an nan wannan lambar ne idan aka kwatanta da jikin nauyi.

kashi na radiation - qa'idar ta hatsarori

Daban-daban na radiation iya samun daban-daban cutarwa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka ba shi yiwuwa ya gauraye iya shiga ikon da daban-daban na radiation da su tareda žata effects. Alal misali, sa'ad da wani mutum ba shi da wani hanya don kare da radiation, alpha radiation ne mafi hatsari gamma haskoki. Saboda shi kunshi m hydrogen nuclei. A irin wannan irin yadda alpha radiation da kuma nuna hatsarin kawai a lokacin da sanya a cikin jiki. To, akwai ciki daukan hotuna.

Saboda haka, wani ɓangare na radiation iya hada iri uku na barbashi: shi ne wani helium tsakiya, al'ada electrons da photons da wani zango. A hatsarin da wani irin radiation aka ƙaddara ta kashi. Asalin wadannan haskoki ba kome. Ga wani rai gabar shi ne cikakken wani bambanci inda fizge radiation: zama da shi x-ray na'ura, Sun, makaman nukiliya ikon shuka, rediyoaktif dima jiki ko fashewa. Abu mafi muhimmanci - yadda da yawa m barbashi aka tunawa.

Inda ya aikata nukiliya radiation?

Tare da na halitta bango radiation, wayewar dan adam ne da aka tilasta ta wanzu tsakanin yawa artificially sanya m kafofin na ionizing radiation. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne sakamakon wani mummunan hatsari. Alal misali, wani bala'i a nukiliya ikon shuka "Fukushima-1" a cikin Satumba 2013 ya jagoranci wani zuba na rediyoaktif ruwa. A sakamakon haka, da abun ciki na strontium da cesium isotopes a cikin yanayi ya girma muhimmanci.