A tarihin tururi engine da aikace-aikace

Da sabuwar dabara na tururi injuna wani sauyi a tarihin 'yan adam. Wani wuri a nuna na XVII-XVIII ƙarni shi ya fara maye gurbin wanda ya kasa aiki manual aiki, ruwa ƙafafun da windmills a kan wani sabon gaba daya da kuma musamman sunadaran - tururi injuna. Shi ne da godiya ga su zama zai yiwu fasaha da kuma juyin juya halin masana'antu, da kuma dukan ci gaban 'yan Adam.

Amma wanda ya ƙirƙira tururi engine? Don mutãne shi ne zamar masa dole ya? Kuma idan ya kasance cewa? Duk wadannan tambayoyi kuma mu yi kokarin samun amsoshi.

Kafin mu zamanin

A tarihin tururi engine Dates baya ga farko ƙarni BC. Geron Aleksandriysky bayyana a inji cewa fara aiki ne kawai a lokacin da ta shafi ma'aurata. The na'urar ne wani balan-balan, wanda aka gyarawa bututun ƙarfe. Daga nozzles tangentially fitar da tururi, sa'an nan haifar da mota kafin a juya. Ya na farko na'urar da cewa gudanar a kan tururi.

Mahaliccin tururi engine (ko kuma wajen, wani injin turbin) - Taqi al-Din (Larabawa Falsafa, injiniya da falakin). Ya firtsi suka yadu da aka sani a Misira a cikin XVI karni. The inji An shirya kamar haka: tururi kwarara ne directed kai tsaye a inji tare da vanes, da kuma lokacin da hayaki billowed - ruwan wukake juya. Wani abu irin wannan a 1629, kuma miƙa Italian m Dzhovanni Branka. Babban hasara na wadannan ƙirƙirãwa ya ma high amfani da tururi, wanda a nuna bukata wata babbar adadin kuzari da kuma shi ya ba ta dace. Aukuwa an dakatar tun da sai kimiyya da fasaha da ilmi da mutãne ba su kasance ba su isa ba. Bugu da kari, da bukatar irin qirqire-qirqire gaba daya ba a nan.

zane

halittar tururi engine ba zai yiwu ba har sai da XVII karni. Amma da zaran tsiri matakin na da cigaban dan Adam ya kashe, sa'an nan akwai na farko lokutta da sabuwar dabara. Ko da yake tsanani da suka yi a lokacin ban dauki. Alal misali, a 1663 da Turanci masanin kimiyyar da aka buga a cikin latsa tsara wa sabuwar dabara, wanda ya kafa ta a castle Raglan. Ya na'urar da ake amfani da su tãyar da ruwa hasumiyai a kan bangon. Duk da haka, kamar yadda da dukan sabon da ba a sani ba, wannan aikin da aka samu tare da shakka, kuma tallafawa don ta kara ci gaba da kasance ba.

A tarihin tururi engine fara da sabuwar dabara paroatmosfernoy na'ura. A 1681, masana kimiyya daga Faransa Denis Papin ƙirƙira na'urar cewa farashinsa ruwa daga mahakar. A matsayin tuki da karfi a karon farko amfani da foda, sa'an nan an maye gurbinsu da tururi. Saboda haka akwai paroatmosfernaya na'ura. A babbar gudunmawar da kyautata yi daga cikin masana kimiyya daga Ingila Tomas Nyukomen da kuma Thomas Savery. Invaluable taimako yana kuma kai sanar da Rasha kirkiro Ivan Polzunov.

A kasa ƙoƙari Papen

Paroatmosfernaya na'ura, yayin da kamiltattu, ya janyo hankalin musamman da hankali a fagen Shipbuilding. D. Papin su karshe tanadi ciyar a kan sayan wani karamin jirgin ruwan, wanda tsunduma a cikin shigarwa na ruwa-dagawa inji paroatmosfernoy kansa samar. Ginshikai na aikin sa a gaskiyar cewa, fadowa daga wani tsawo, da ruwan ya fara juya da dabaran.

Its kirkiro gwaje-gwaje gudanar a 1707 a kan Fulda River. Mutane da yawa suka taru don ganin mu'ujiza: kai da kogin jirgin ruwan ba tare da filafili kuma oars. Duk da haka, a lokacin gwajin akwai wani hatsari: engine fashe da kashe mutane da dama. Hukumomi suna fushi a m kirkiro da kuma dakatar da shi daga duk wani aiki da kuma ayyukan. A jirgin da aka kwace, kuma hallaka, da kuma Papen kansa ya mutu 'yan shekaru baya.

kuskure

A steamer Papen ya na gaba manufa. A kasa na Silinda shi ya wajaba a zuba a kananan yawan ruwa. By kanta located roaster Silinda wanda bauta wa zafi da ruwa. Lokacin da ruwa ya fara tafasa, tururi aka kafa, mikawa, ya tashe fistan. Daga cikin sarari sama da fistan ta musamman-dakunan bawul buoyancy. Bayan da ruwa ya fara tafasa da kuma tururi fadi, ya wajaba a cire brazier, don rufe bawul don cire iska, kuma ta hanyar ruwan sanyi don kwantar da Silinda bango. Ta hanyar irin wannan mataki da nau'i-nau'i, wanda yake a cikin Silinda, takaice, an kafa karkashin fistan injin da kuma yanayi matsa lamba saboda da karfi na fistan dawo zuwa na ainihi wuri. A lokacin da downward motsi da kuma yin amfani aiki. Duk da haka, da tururi engine dace Papin ya korau. jirgin engine aka musamman uneconomical. Kuma mafi muhimmanci, shi ne ma rikitarwa da kuma m don amfani. Saboda haka, da sabuwar dabara Papen da wani nan gaba daga farkon.

mabiya

Duk da haka, da tarihi na tururi engine bai kare a can. Next, muna da yawa samu gagarumar nasara fiye Papen, ya juyar da Turanci masanin kimiyya Tomas Nyukomen. Ya dade karatu da ayyukan da suke a gabãninsu, mayar da hankali a kan kasawan. Kuma ya dauki mafi kyau daga aikinsu, halitta a 1712 ta sandarka. A sabon tururi engine (photo nuna) aka gina kamar haka: amfani Silinda ne a tsaye matsayi, da kuma fistan. Yana Newcomen dauki daga aikin Papen. Duk da haka, da nau'i-nau'i kafa a wani daban-daban tukunya. Around da fistan aka gyarawa na game fata, wanda ya karu da muhimmanci tightness cikin tururi Silinda. Wannan na'ura kuma yana da paroatmosfernoy (ruwa tashe shi daga mine ta hanyar yanayi matsa lamba). Babban hasara na da sabuwar dabara sun kasance ta amfani da tsauraran matakan da uneconomical: da na'ura "ci" wata babbar adadin kwal. Duk da haka, shi amfanin kawo muhimmanci mafi girma daga Papin sabuwar dabara. Saboda haka, yana da ake amfani da kusan shekaru hamsin a cikin kogwanni da mahakar. Yana da aka yi amfani da famfo ruwan karkashin kasa, kazalika for bushewa motocin. Tomas Nyukomen yunkurin maida motarsa don haka kamar yadda ya iya yin amfani da shi ga zirga-zirga. Duk da haka, duk wannan yunkuri ya gaza.

A gaba masanin kimiyya, ayyana kanta ya zama D. Hull daga Ingila. A 1736, ya gabatar da duniya zuwa ga sabuwar dabara: paroatmosfernuyu inji, wanda a matsayin engine kasance impellers. Its raya kasa ya yi karin nasara fiye da na Papen. Nan da nan da dama na waɗannan kwanoni da aka samar. Suna yawa amfani da hauling Bartmann-Wulf, jirãge da sauran tasoshin. Duk da haka, da AMINCI na na'ura paroatmosfernoy rasa yiwuwa da kuma jiragen ruwa sanye take da filafili matsayin babban direban.

Ko da yake Hull da mafi arziki fiye da Papen, ya firtsi hankali rasa munasaba, kuma sũ, sun ƙaryata. Duk da haka suna paroatmosfernyh inji cewa lokaci akwai mutane da yawa musamman shortcomings.

A tarihin tururi engine a Rasha

A gaba nasara zo a cikin Rasha Empire. A 1766, a wani metallurgical shuka a Barnaul farko tururi engine, wacce ake kawota zuwa da narkewa makera iska da aka halitta ta amfani da musamman bellows. Sai ya zama, mahaliccin Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, wanda ya sabis kasarsu ko ba da daraja na jami'in. Ginãwa, ya gabatar da magabatansu zane da tsare-tsaren da "wuta mota" iya powering bellows.

Duk da haka, rabo taka m wargi da Polzunova: shekara bakwai bayan ta daftarin da aka soma, da mota da aka taru, ya fadi da rashin lafiya kuma ya rasu na amfani - mako guda kafin gwaji ta fara engine. Duk da haka, ya daftarin aiki ya isa ya fara da engine.

Saboda haka, 7 ga watan Agusta, 1766 Polzunova tururi engine aka kaddamar da kuma sanya karkashin load. Duk da haka, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara, ta rushe. Dalilin da tukunyar jirgi ya zama ma na bakin ciki ganuwar, ba nufi ga load. Bugu da ƙari, mai kirkiro ya rubuta a cikin umarnin, cewa wannan shi ne kawai lokacin da gwajin za a iya amfani da tukunya. Production na sabon tukunyar jirgi zai yi saukin biya kashe, saboda tururi engine Polzunova yadda ya dace ya positive. Fiye da 1023 hours na aikin da taimakon smelleded azurfa fiye da 14 fam!

Amma duk da wannan, babu daya a gyara inji aikata ba. Steam engine Polzunova tara kura for a kan shekaru 15 da a cikin sito, yayin da duniya masana'antu ne ba a tsaye har yanzu da kuma ci gaba. Kuma a sa'an nan gaba daya da aka dismantled for sassa. A fili, a lokacin Rasha ta ba tukuna girma ga tururi injuna.

lokaci da bukatun

A halin yanzu, rayuwata a kan tabo bai tsaya. Kuma mutãne ya kullum yi tunani game da su haifar da wata inji zuwa ba ya dogara ne a kan capricious yanayi, da kuma daukar iko rabo. Daga cikin filafili zai duk son daina maza maza. Saboda haka, da kafa wani m inji ga tururi sun rataye a cikin iska. A 1753 a Paris, ya aka ciyar gasar a tsakanin artists, masana kimiyya da kuma ir. Academy of Sciences sanar da lambar yabo ga duk wanda ya iya ƙirƙirar wani inji cewa zai iya maye gurbin ikon iska. Amma duk da cewa halarci a cikin hamayya irin zukatan kamar yadda L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de Lacroix da kuma sauran m bada shawarwari da aka ba bayar daya.

Wuce (shekaru). Kuma da juyin juya halin masana'antu da aka kwanciya more kuma mafi ƙasashe. Primacy da shugabanci, a tsakanin sauran iko kokari ne addabi Ingila. By karshen karni na sha takwas, ta zama mahaliccin UK manyan-sikelin masana'antu, haka lashe title na duniya ke boye abinci a cikin wannan masana'antu. A batun da ikon-kore kowace rana ya zama ƙara muhimmanci. Kuma wannan engine aka halitta.

A farko tururi engine a duniya

1784 ya ga Birtaniya da kuma duniya sauyi a juyin juya halin masana'antu. Kuma da mutum alhakin wannan shi ne English m Dzheyms Uatt. Tururi engine, wanda ya kafa, da ya zama mafi high-profile samu na karni.

Dzheyms Uatt shekaru da yawa don karatu da zane, da tsarin da aiki ka'idodinta paroatmosfernyh inji. Kuma a kan tushen da wannan duka, ya ƙarasa da cewa yadda ya dace da engine wajibi ne equalize da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin Silinda da tururi, wanda ya shiga cikin inji. Babban hasara paroatmosfernyh inji ne m bukatar sanyaya ruwa na Silinda. Yana da aka m da kuma wasu kaya.

A sabon tururi engine aka gina in ba haka ba. Saboda haka, Silinda ya zuwa da wani musamman shirt da tururi. Kamar wancan ne Watt kulla da m zafi jihar. The kirkiro Ya halitta na musamman jirgin ruwa, tsoma a cikin ruwan sanyi (condenser). An shiga Silinda tube. Lokacin da tururi da ake bi a cikin Silinda ta cikin bututu, da kuma fadi a cikin capacitor akwai tuba dawo ruwa. Aiki a kan kyautata na motarsa, Watt halitta injin a condenser. Saboda haka, duk tururi, ya wuce daga Silinda, takaice a cikinta. Godiya ga wannan bidi'a ƙwarai qara fadada tururi, wanda a nuna ba ka damar cire wannan adadin tururi ne yafi makamashi. Da shi shi ne nasarar da kambi.

Halitta da tururi engine kuma canza da kuma iska wadata manufa. Yanzu farko tururi shiga kasa da fistan, game da shi dagawa da shi, sa'an nan za a sama da fistan, ragewan. Kamar wancan ne biyu da bugun jini a cikin inji aiki karfe cewa ba ko da a baya aka yiwu. A daya-horsepower kwal amfani da aka hudu sau kasa da, bi da bi, a paroatmosfernyh inji, sa'an nan ya nemi Dzheyms Uatt. Steam engine sosai da sauri lashe farko UK da kyau, sa'an nan ga dukan duniya.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Bayan duniya da aka buga da sabuwar dabara na James Watt, ya fara tartsatsi amfani da tururi injuna. Saboda haka, a 1802 a Birtaniya yana ta farko jirgin kamar wata - jirgin ruwan "Charlotte Dundas." Its halittawa yi imani William Symington. Jirgin ruwan da aka yi amfani da matsayin towing na Bartmann-Wulf da tashar. Da muhimmancin da propeller a kan jirgin taka filafili dabaran saka a kan mãsu kauri. Jirgin ruwan ne karo na farko samu nasarar gwada: biyu babbar Bartmann-Wulf towed 18 mil a shida hours. A daidai wannan lokaci shi karfi da ya tsoma baki tare da headwind. Amma da ya gudanar.

Duk da haka, shi da aka sanya a kan wargi, saboda sun ji tsoron cewa saboda karfi taguwar ruwa, wanda aka halicce su a karkashin filafili dabaran, canal bankuna za a Heart. Af, "Charlotte," gwajin mutane sun halarci, wanda dukan duniya ne dauke da mahaliccin da farko jirgin.

A farko jirgin a duniya

Turanci shipbuilder Robert Fulton tare da matasa, mafarkin na wani jirgin tare da wani tururi engine. Kuma yanzu da mafarkinsa ya zama m. Bayan da sabuwar dabara na tururi injuna ya zama wani sabon impetus ga Shipbuilding. Tare da Manzon America R. Livingston, wanda ya dauki kan kudi gefe na batun, Fulton dauki up da daftarin jirgin tare da wani tururi engine. An wani wuya firtsi dogara ne a kan ra'ayin filafili propulsion. Bisa ga jirgin ta tarnaƙi aka kõma a cikin yawan paddles, simulating da dama fun. A wannan yanayin, paddles sa'an nan ya tsoma baki tare da juna da kuma m. Yau, daya iya ce cewa wannan sakamako za a iya cimma idan duk uku ko hudu paddles. Amma ta fuskar kimiyya da fasaha a lokacin ba shi yiwuwa a ga. Saboda haka, shipbuilders da yawa mafi rikitarwa.

A 1803, Fulton ta firtsi da aka gabatar a duniya. A steamer ya sannu a hankali kuma a ko'ina a kan Seine, ban zukatan da tunanin da masana kimiyya da dama da kuma Figures na Paris. Duk da haka, Napoleon ta gwamnatin ƙaryata aikin, da kuma quncin rai shipbuilders aka tilasta neman arziki a Amurka.

Kuma a watan Agusta 1807 duniya na farko jirgin mai suna "Claremont" a cikin abin da ya fi iko tururi engine ya shiga tsakani (photo nuna), ya tafi a kan Hudson Bay. Mutane da yawa kawai ba su yi ĩmãni, a cikin nasara.

A farko jirgin, "da Claremont" ya tafi ba tare da kaya da kuma ba da fasinjoji. Babu wanda ya so ya tafi a kan tafiya a jirgin cikin jirgin wuta-numfashi. Amma a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa, akwai na farko fasinja - wani manomin gida, wanda ya biya shida daloli ga tikiti. Ya zama na farko a cikin tarihin na fasinja shipping kamfanin. Fulton ya sosai koma cewa daredevil ya lifelong free tafiya a kan duk abin da suke ƙirƙirãwa.