Sunadaran: nazarin halittu rawa. A nazarin halittu rawar da gina jiki a cikin jiki

Sunadaran, da nazarin halittu rawar da za a tattauna a yau - gina na high-kwayoyin mahadi da amino acid din. Daga cikin dukan sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, suna daga cikin mafi hadaddun a cikin tsarin. By elemental abun da ke ciki sunadaran bambanta daga fats da kuma carbohydrates: Baya ga oxygen, hydrogen da carbon su ma dauke da nitrogen. Bugu da kari, an ba makawa wani ɓangare na mafi muhimmanci da sunadarai ne sulfur, da kuma wasu dauke da aidin, baƙin ƙarfe da phosphorus.

A nazarin halittu rawar da gina jiki ne sosai high. Yana da wadannan haši sa up wani babban ɓangare na taro na protoplasm, kuma nuclei rayuwa Kwayoyin. All dabba da shuka kwayoyin ne sunadaran.

Daya ko dama ayyuka

A nazarin halittu rawar da ayyuka na daban-daban mahadi daga gare su daban-daban. Kamar yadda wani abu da ciwon takamaiman sinadaran tsarin, kowane sunadari ya yi aikin sosai na musamman aiki. Kawai a wasu lokuta da shi zai iya yi da dama m. Alal misali, epinephrine, wanda aka samar a cikin adrenal medulla, shigar da jini, qara jini da kuma oxygen amfani, jini sugar. Bugu da kari, shi ne mai stimulant na metabolism, yayin da banda kisan gillar da dabbobi - da kuma matsakanci na juyayi tsarin. Kamar yadda ka gani, shi aikin yawa ayyuka a lokaci daya.

A enzymatic (catalytic) aiki

Mahara biochemical halayen da ke faruwa a halittu masu rai, suna da za'ayi a karkashin m yanayi, a karkashin abin da zafin jiki ne kusa da 40 ° C, da kuma PH kusan tsaka tsaki. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, negligible kudi na aukuwa yawa daga gare su. Saboda haka, domin da za a gane, mu bukatar enzymes - takamaiman nazarin halittu catalysts. Kusan duk da halayen, fãce ga photolysis na ruwa a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna catalyzed da enzymes shi. Wadannan abubuwa su ne ko dai sunadaran gina jiki ko gidaje tare da cofactor (kwayoyin kwayoyin ko wani karfe ion). Enzymes ne sosai zabe triggering dole tsari. Saboda haka, catalytic aiki, tattauna a sama, - daya daga cikin wadanda da cewa kawo sunadaran. A nazarin halittu rawar da wadannan mahadi, duk da haka, da aiwatar da aka ba iyakance. Akwai su da yawa wasu siffofin da za a tattauna a kasa.

kai aiki

Domin kasancewar Kwayoyin bukatar cewa a jam'i na abubuwa a cikin ciki na shi, da samar da shi tare da samar da makamashi da kuma gini abu. All nazarin halittu membranes an gina a kan wani na kowa manufa. Wannan biyu Layer na lipids, sunadaran sun sufuri a shi. A lokaci guda mayar da hankali hydrophilic macromolecules shafukan kan membrane surface kuma a cikin kauri su - hydrophobic "wutsiyoyi". Wannan tsari ne mai gagarar da muhimmanci aka gyara: amino acid, sugars, Alkali karfe ions. A shigar azzakari cikin farji daga wadannan abubuwa a cikin sel na faruwa via kai sunadarai na saka a cikin jikin tantanin. A kwayoyin cuta, misali, akwai wani musamman gina jiki da samar da canja wuri na lactose (madara da sukari) ta cikin matsanancin membrane.

A kwayar kwayoyin, akwai wani tsarin sufuri na daban-daban abubuwa daga daya sashin jiki zuwa wani. Muna magana ne da farko game da haemoglobin (hoton sama). A jini jini, a Bugu da kari, shi ne kullum magani albumin (a kai gina jiki). Yana yana da ikon samar da barga gidaje kafa tare da narkewa daga fats m acid, kazalika da yawan hydrophobic amino acid (msl, tryptophan) da kuma da yawa kwayoyi (wasu penicillins, sulfonamides, asfirin). Transferrin, wanda ya samar da kai a jikin baƙin ƙarfe ions, shi ne wani misali. Ambaci iya sanya da kuma tseruplazmin wanda transports jan ions. Saboda haka, za mu dubi kai ayyuka da cewa yin sunadaran. da nazarin halittu rawar da daga wannan ra'ayi ne mai muhimmanci sosai.

tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki

Protein rabe ne na bayar da muhimmanci, musamman ga viability na kwayar kwayoyin. Suna hadedde cikin jini jikin tantanin , kuma ku bauta don gane da ci gaba da canji na sakonni wadda shigar da cell. A wannan yanayin da sigina na iya zama ko dai daga wasu Kwayoyin da kewaye yanayi. Acetylcholine rabe a lokacin da mafi karatu. An same su a cikin wani yawan interneuron lambobi a jikin tantanin, ciki har da a neuromuscular sadarwa a cerebral bawo. Wadannan sunadarai hulɗa tare da acetylcholine da kuma aika wata sigina cikin tantanin halitta.

Neurotransmitter domin karbar siginar da kuma mayar da shi dole ne a cire domin shirya cell ya iya gane da kara sakonni. A saboda wannan dalili, acetylcholinesterase - musamman enzyme, wanda shi ne mai kara kuzari ga hydrolysis da acetylcholine zuwa choline da acetate. Yana ba da muhimmanci da kuma tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki da cewa aikin gina jiki? A nazarin halittu rawar da wadannan, a m aiki ga jiki shi ne babban. Tare da wannan kawai ba zai iya yarda.

m aiki

Jiki ta rigakafi da tsarin amsa ga bayyanar da wani ƙarni na waje barbashi babban adadin lymphocytes. Su ne iya lalata abubuwa selectively. Wadannan kasashen waje barbashi iya zama ciwon daji Kwayoyin, pathogenic kwayoyin supramolecular barbashi (macromolecules, ƙwayoyin cuta, da dai sauransu). B lymphocytes - wani rukuni na lymphocytes, wanda ya fitar na musamman da sunadarai. Wadannan sunadarai an bambanta a cikin jijiyoyi. Suna sanin waje barbashi, fiili wani mataki halaka sosai musamman hadaddun. Wadannan sunadarai ake kira a matsayin immunoglobulins. A antigens ake magana a kasashen waje abubuwa da fararwa da na rigakafi da tsarin mayar da martani.

tsarin aiki

Har ila yau, sunadaran da cewa yin sosai na musamman ayyuka ne kuma wadanda inda darajar sun fi mayar da tsarin. Godiya a gare su, samar da inji karfin da sauran kaddarorin da kyallen takarda rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan sunadarai sun hada da, da farko collagen. Collagen (photo cm. Ƙasa) a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ne game da kwata na gina jiki taro. An hada a babban Kwayoyin cewa yin up da connective nama (da ake kira fibroblasts).

Da farko, da collagen da aka kafa a matsayin procollagen - ta precursor gudãna sinadaran magani a fibroblasts. To, shi ne kafa a cikin wani uku polypeptide, sarƙoƙi da juya a cikin wani karkace. Sun zo tare fita daga fibroblasts a collagen fibrils na 'yan dari nanometers a diamita. A karshen samar da collagen filaments, wanda zai iya riga da za a gani a karkashin wani hange. A na roba kyallen takarda (huhu ganuwar, da jini a cikin fata) extracellular matrix collagen a Bugu da kari, kuma ya ƙunshi mai gina jiki Elastin. Yana za a iya miƙa a wani fairly fadi da kewayon sa'an nan dawo da asali jihar. Wani misali shi ne tsarin gina jiki da za su iya ba a nan - shi ne siliki fibroin. An ware a lokacin da samuwar da pupa asu caterpillars. Shi ne babban bangaren da siliki thread. Mu yanzu bayyana mota da sunadarai.

motor gina jiki

Kuma a aiwatar da mota tafiyar matakai manyan nazarin halittu rawar da sunadarai. A takaice gaya game da wannan, kuma su ayyuka. Tsoka ƙanƙancewa - shi ne wani tsari a lokacin da sinadaran da makamashi ne tuba zuwa cikin inji aiki. Direct membobinta ne biyu da sunadarai - myosin da actin. Myosin yana da matukar m tsarin. An kafa biyu globular shugaban da wutsiya (dogon filamentary rabo). Aƙalla 1600 nm ne da tsawon daya kwayoyin. A shugabannin sulusi da murabba'i haka lissafin kudi don game da 200 nm.

Actin (hoton sama) - a globular gina jiki da ciwon kwayoyin nauyi na 42000. Yana iya zama polymerized ta samar da dogon gini, kuma mu'amala a irin wannan hanyar da shugaban myosin. An muhimmanci alama wannan tsari - ta dogara a kan gaban ATP. Idan ta maida hankali ne isasshe high, kafa myosin da actin hadaddun aka hallaka, to, shi ne gano sake bayan ATP hydrolysis faruwa a sakamakon myosin ATPase. Wannan tsari za a iya lura, misali, a cikin bayani da, a cikinsu duka biyu sunadarai ne ba. Yana zama danko sosai a sakamakon cewa high kwayoyin nauyi hadaddun kafa a cikin rashi na ATP. Bugu da kari shi ƙwarai rage danko saboda halakar da hadaddun halitta, bayan da shi a hankali ya fara mai da a sakamakon ATP hydrolysis. A kan aiwatar da tsoka ƙanƙancewa, wadannan interactions wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa.

maganin rigakafi

Muna ci gaba da bayyana topic "The nazarin halittu rawar da gina jiki a cikin jiki." Very manyan da muhimmanci sosai kungiyar na halitta mahadi abubuwa kira maganin rigakafi. Su na da ake dasu asalin. Wadannan abubuwa suna kasaftawa musamman jinsunan kwayoyin. A nazarin halittu rawar da amino acid da sunadaran ba ne undeniable, amma maganin rigakafi da musamman, da muhimmanci sosai aiki. Sun hana ci gaban na microorganisms cewa gasa tare da su. A cikin 1940s, da samu da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi ya kawo canji, a lura da cututtuka da lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a mafi yawan lokuta da cutar maganin rigakafi kada ku yi ba, don haka amfani da su a matsayin antiviral kwayoyi ne m.

misalai na maganin rigakafi

penicillin kungiyar da aka fara saka a cikin yi. Misalai na wannan kungiya shi ne ampicillin da benzylpenicillin. Maganin rigakafi a kan hanyar mataki da kuma sinadaran halitta dabam dabam. Wasu daga wadanda wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a yau, hulɗa tare da mutum ribosomes, yayin da a cikin kwayan ribosomes hana gina jiki kira. A daidai wannan lokaci ba su hul] a da eukaryotic ribosomes. Saboda haka, domin kwayan Kwayoyin suna pernicious, da kuma dabbobi da kuma mutum low yawan guba. Irin wannan maganin rigakafi hada streptomycin da chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

A nazarin halittu rawar da gina jiki kira da muhimmanci sosai, amma aiwatar da kanta yana da dama, saukarwa. Za mu yi magana game da shi kawai a general sharuddan.

A tsari da nazarin halittu rawar da furotin biosynthesis

Wannan tsari ne mai multistage, sosai hadaddun. Yana auku a cikin ribosomes - musamman wasu gabbansa. A cikin keji akwai wani sa na ribosomes. A E. coli, misali, akwai game da dubu 20.

"Bayyana tsari na gina jiki biosynthesis da nazarin halittu rawa" - wani aiki da yawa daga cikin mu sami a makaranta. Kuma shi ya sa da yawa matsaloli. To, bari mu gano tare.

Sunadarai na gina jiki ne polypeptide sarƙoƙi. Sun kunshi, kamar yadda ka riga sani, daga cikin mutum amino acid. Duk da haka, da karshen ne ba aiki isa. Domin haɗawa da samar da sunadaran kwayoyin, sun buƙaci kunnawa. Yana auku a sakamakon takamaiman enzymes. Kowane amino acid a cikin wannan yanayin na da enzyme, musamman saurare daidai to shi. A tushen samar da makamashi ga wannan tsari ne ATP (adenosine triphosphate). A amino acid sakamakon daga kunnawa zama mafi labile da ta ɗaure a karkashin mataki na enzyme tare da m-RNA, wanda daukawa shi a cikin ribosome (saboda wannan RNA kira kai). A ribosome, saboda haka, aiki da alaka da tRNA kunna amino acid. Ribosome - a irin na'ura mai for taro na shigowa amino acid daga cikin sarkar sunadari.

Kira na rawa na gina jiki shi ne wuya ga overestimate, kamar yadda hada mahadi yi matukar muhimmanci a jiki. Kusan duk cell Tsarin kunshi su.

Saboda haka, mun bayyana a cikin general sharuddan, da aiwatar da furotin biosynthesis da nazarin halittu rawa. Wannan ƙarasa saba da sunadaran. Muna fatan kana da wata bukata domin ci gaba da shi.