Protein biosynthesis - kamar yadda ya faru?

Protein biosynthesis faruwa a duk gabobin, tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin. The most adadin furotin hada a cikin hanta. Ribosomes kawo gina jiki biosynthesis. Chemically, ribosomes - nucleoproteins hada da RNA (50-65%) da kuma gina jiki (35-50%). Ribonucleic acid ne aka gyara na granular endoplasmic reticulum, inda motsi faruwa biosynthesis da kuma hada sunadarai na gina jiki.

Ribosomes ake samu a cikin cell a cikin nau'i na gungu na 3 zuwa 100 raka'a - polysomes (polyribosomes). Ribosomes yawanci juna peculiar thread bayyane ta na'urar hange - da RNA.

Kowane ribosome Odin haduwa nasu polypeptide sarkar, wani rukuni - da dama irin wannan, sarƙoƙi da sunadarai na gina jiki.

Matakai na gina jiki biosynthesis

Rayar da amino acid din. A hyaloplasm daga interstitial ruwa a sakamakon yadawa, osmosis ko aiki kai na amino acid da aka karɓa. Kowane irin amino da imino enzyme interacts tare da mutum - aminoatsilsintetazoy. Halayen kunna magnesium cations, manganese, cobalt. Akwai kunna amino acid.

Protein Biosynthesis (mataki na biyu) - da kuma maida martani da fili da wani kunne amino acid m-RNA. Kunna amino acid (aminoacyl adenylate) ta amfani da enzymes canjawa wuri zuwa t-RNA na cytoplasm. A tsari ne catalyzed da aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. amino acid saura ne guda biyu zuwa wani hydroxyl kungiyar na carboxyl biyu zarra Carbo ribose nucleotide tRNA.

Protein Biosynthesis (na uku mataki) - sufuri na hadaddun na kunna amino acid tare da m-RNA a cikin sel da ribosome. A amino acid da nasaba da tRNA, aka canjawa wuri daga hyaloplasm a kan ribosome. A tsari ne catalyzed ta musamman enzymes, a cikin abin da jiki ba kasa da 20. Wasu amino acid suna hawa da dama tRNA (msl, valine da leucine - uku tRNA). Wannan tsari yana amfani da makamashi na GTP da ATP. A karo na hudu mataki na biosynthesis ne halin da dauri na aminoacyl-t-RNA hadaddun da RNA - ribosome. Aminoacyl-tRNA, za ribosome interacts tare da m-RNA. Kowane t-RNA rabo ƙunshi uku nucleotides - anticodon. A mRNA mãkirci shi yayi dace da uku nucleotides - codon. Kowane codon dace tRNA anticodon da kuma amino acid daya. A lokacin biosynthesis suna haɗe da ribosomes a cikin hanyar aminoacyl-tRNA amino acid, wanda nan a cikin tsari m, a cikin jeri na codons da mRNA aka kafa a cikin polypeptide sarkar.

A na gaba mataki na gina jiki kira - ne qaddamarwa na polypeptide sarkar. Bayan biyu dake makwabtaka da aminoacyl-tRNA anticodon shiga to su codon-RNA, da yanayi na kira na a polypeptide sarkar. Kafa peptide bond. Wadannan matakai suna catalyzed peptide synthetases, kunna MG cations da kuma gina jiki hali qaddamarwa abubuwan F1, F2, F3. A tushen da sunadarai makamashi ne guanozintrifosfatnaya acid.

Ƙarshe na polypeptide sarkar. A ribosome, wanda aka hada a kan surface na polypeptide sarkar, da sarkar kai karshen-RNA, nana "tsalle" daga shi. Don kishiyar ƙarshen mRNA ne a haɗe a cikin wurin wani sabon ribosome, wanda synthesizes wani polypeptide kwayoyin. A polypeptide sarkar da aka ware daga ribosome da aka excreted a hyaloplasm. Wannan dauki ne da za'ayi amfani da wani takamaiman saki factor (R), wanda aka haɗa tare da ribosome, kuma facilitates hydrolysis na ether hadin tsakanin polypeptide da tRNA.

Ethers da kuma kafa a hyaloplasm polypeptide sarƙoƙi na hadaddun sunadarai. Kafa sakandare, manyan da kuma a lokuta da dama - da quaternary tsarin da sunadari. Kamar wancan akwai furotin biosynthesis a cikin cell.